改写步骤和技巧

1、整理ppt1Academic English Writing Week 2: plagiarism & paraphrase整理ppt21. What is plagiarism?oPlagiarism means taking ideas or words from a source without giving credit (acknowledgement) to the author. 整理ppt3Plagiarism oPlagiarism is wrongly using someone elses words or ideas, and it is a serious o

2、ffense. oStudents who plagiarize may fail a class or even be expelled from school. 整理ppt4oTwo kinds of plagiarism. oUsing information from an outside source without citing the sourceoWhen paraphrase is too similar to the original 整理ppt5The main difficulty that students face is that they are expected

3、:(a) to show that they have read the principal experts on a subject-by giving citations(b) to explain these ideas in their own words and come to their own original conclusions 整理ppt6Reasons why students must avoid plagiarism:lCopying the work of others will not help you develop your own understandin

4、glTo show that you understand the rules of the academic communitylPlagiarism is easily detected by teachers and computer softwarelIt may lead to failing a course or even having to leave college整理ppt72. Acknowledging sourcesoTwo ways to provide the correct acknowledgement:uSummary and citation Smith

5、(2009) claims that the modern state wields power in new ways. uQuotation and citation According to Smith: The point is not that the state is in retreat but that it is developing new forms of power(Smith, 2009:103)整理ppt8oThe in-text citations are linked to a list of references at the end of the main

6、text, which includes the following details:Author DateTitlePlace of publicationPublisher Smith, M. 2009Power and the StateBasingstokePalgrave Macmillan 整理ppt93. Degrees of plagiarism oWorking with a partner, consider the following academic situations and decide if they are plagiarism.situationYes/no

7、1Copying a paragraph, but changing a few words and giving a citation. Yes 2Cutting and pasting a short article from website, with no citation. 3Taking two paragraphs from a classmates essay, without citation. 整理ppt10Decide which are plagiarized and which are acceptable, and give reasons. oRailway Ma

8、niasoIn 1830 there were a few dozen miles of railways in all the world-chiefly consisting of the line from Liverpool to Manchester. By 1840 there were over 4,500 miles, by 1850 over 23,500. Most of them were projected in a few bursts of speculative frenzy known as the railway manias of 1835-7 and es

9、pecially in 1844-7;most of them were built in large part with British capital, British iron, machines and know-how. These investment booms appear irrational, because in fact few railways were much more profitable to the investor than other forms of enterprise, most yielded quite modest profits and m

10、any none at all: in 1855 the average interest on capital sunk in the British railways was a mere 3.7 per cent. o(From The Age of Revolution by Eric Hobsbawn, 1995, p.45)整理ppt11o(a) Between 1830 and 1850 there was very rapid development in railway construction worldwide. Two periods of especially fev

11、erish growth were 1835-7 and 1844-7. It is hard to understand the reason for this intense activity, since railways were not particularly profitable investments and some produced no return at all. (Hobsbawm,1995:45)整理ppt12o(b) There were only a few dozen miles of railway in 1830, including the Liverp

12、ool to Manchester line. But by 1840 there were over 4,500 miles and over 23,500 by 1850. Most of them were built in large part with British capital, British iron, machines and know-how, and most of them were projected in a few bursts of speculative frenzy known as the railway manias of 1835-7 and es

13、pecially in 1844-7. Because most yielded quite modest profits and many none at all these investment booms appear irrational. In fact few railways were much more profitable to the investor than other forms of enterprise. (Hobsbawm,1995:45)整理ppt13o(c) As Hobsbawn (1995) argues, nineteenth-century rail

14、way mania was partly irrational: because in fact few railways were much more profitable to the investor than other forms of enterprise, most yielded quite modest profits and many none at all: in 1855 the average interest on capital sunk in the British railways was a mere 3.7 per cent. (Hobsbawm, 199

15、5:45)整理ppt14o(d) Globally, railway networks increased dramatically from 1830 to 1850; the majority in short periods of mania (1835-7 and 1844-7). British technology and capital were responsible for much of this growth, yet the returns on the investment were hardly any better than comparable business

16、 opportunities. (Hobsbawn, 1895:45)整理ppt15o(e) The dramatic growth of railways between 1830 and 1850 was largely achieved using British technology. However, it has been claimed that much of this development was irrational because few railways were much more profitable to the investor than other form

17、s of enterprise; most yielded quite modest profits and many none at all. 整理ppt16Plagiarized or acceptable?abcde整理ppt17Plagiarized or acceptable?aacceptable - a correctly referenced summarybplagiarised -original wording with minor changes to word order cacceptable -a correctly referenced quotation dt

18、echnically plagiarism-mistake in date means the citation is incorrect eplagiarised -some original wording and no citation整理ppt185. Avoiding plagiarism by developing good study habits Plan your work carefully so you dont have to write the essay at the last minute. Take care to make notes in your own

19、words, not copying from the source. Keep a record of all the sources you use ( e.g. author, date, title, page numbers, publisher)Make sure your in-text citations are all included in the list of references. 整理ppt191. The elements of effective paraphrasing oParaphrasing attempts to restate the relevan

20、t information. oE.g.oThere has been much debate about the reasons for the industrial revolution happening in eighteenth-century Britain, rather than in France or Germany. 整理ppt20oParaphrased version:oWhy the industrial revolution occurred in Britain in the eighteenth century, instead of on the conti

21、nent, has been the subject of considerable discussion. 整理ppt21An effective paraphrase usually:has a different structure to the originalhas mainly different vocabulary Retains the same meaning Keeps some phrases from the original that are in common use (e.g. industrial revolution or eighteenth centur

22、y整理ppt22Three keys to write a good paraphraseo1. Use your own words and your own sentence structure. o2. Make your paraphrase approximately the same length as the original. o3. Do not change the meaning of the original. 整理ppt23Five steps to write a good paraphraseStep 1 Read the original passage sev

23、eral times until you understand it fully. Look up unfamiliar words, and find synonyms for them. It may not be possible to find synonyms for every word, especially technical vocabulary. In this case, use the original word. 整理ppt24Step 2 It helps to take notes. Write down only a few words for each ide

24、anot complete sentences. oLanguage-people use to communicate-but so many difficult to understand one anotherpeople wish universal international languagereasons: cultural, economic bonds, better feelings between countries整理ppt25o It may be helpful to make a brief outline such as the following:oA. lan

25、guagepeople use to communicateo 1. so many languages make it difficult to understand one another. o 2. People wish for one universal international language. o B. Reasonso 1. cultural, economic bondso 2. Better feelings between countries 整理ppt26Step 3 Write your paraphrase from your notes. Dont look

26、at the original while you are writing. Step 4 Check your paraphrase against the original to make sure you have not copied vocabulary or the sentence structure too closely. Above all, make sure that you have not changed the meaning of the original or given any wrong information. Step 5. Add an in-text citation at the end. 整理ppt27o(a) A focus on demand may help to explain the UK o