常用化学名词-化学专业英语

1、Appendix Table 1. Names of Chemical ElementsAtomic NumberSymbolElement (English)Element (Chinese)1HHydrogen氢2HeHelium氦3LiLithium锂4BeBeryllium铍5BBoron硼6CCarbon碳7NNitrogen氮8OOxygen氧9FFluorine氟10NeNeon氖11NaSodium钠12MgMagnesium镁13AlAlumin(i)um铝14SiSilicon硅15PPhosphorous磷16SSulfur硫17ClChlorine氯18ArArgon氩

2、19KPotassium钾20CaCalcium钙21ScScandium钪22TiTitanium钛23VVanadium钒24CrChromium铬25MnManganese锰26FeIron铁27CoCobalt钴28NiNickel镍29CuCopper铜30ZnZinc锌31GaGallium镓32GeGermanium锗33AsArsenic砷34SeSelenium硒35BrBromine溴36KrKrypton氪37RbRubidium铷38SrStrontium锶39YYttrium钇40ZrZirconium锆41NbNiobium铌42MoMolybdenum钼(cont

3、inued)43TcTechetium锝44RuRuthenium钌45RhRhodium铑46PdPalladium钯47AgSilver银48CdCadmium镉49InIndium铟50SnTin锡51SbAntimony锑52TeTellurium碲53IIodine碘54XeXenon氙55CsCesium铯56BaBarium钡57LaLathanum镧58CeCerium铈59PrPraseodymium镨60NdNeodymium钕61PmPromethium钷62SmSamarium钐63EuEuropium铕64GdGadolinium钆65TbTerbium铽66DyDy

4、sprosium镝67HoHolmium钬68ErErbium铒69TmThulium铥70YbYtterbium镱71LuLutetium镥72HfHafnium铪73TaTantalum钽74WTungsten钨75ReRhenium铼76OsOsmium锇77IrIridium铱78PtPlatinum铂79AuGold金80HgMercury汞81TlThallium铊82PbLead铅83BiBismuth铋84PoPolonium钋85AtAstatine砹86RnRadon氡87FrFrancium钫88RaRadium镭(continued)89AcActinium锕90ThT

5、horium钍91PaProtactinium镤92UUranium铀93NpNeptunium镎94PuPlutonium钚95AmAmericium镅96CmCurium锔97BkBerkelium锫98CfCalifornium锎99EsEinsteinium锿100FmFermium镄101MdMendelevium钔102NoNobelium锘103LwLawrencium铹104RfRutherfordium钅卢105DbDubnium钅杜106SgSeaborgium钅喜107BhBohrium钅波108HsHassium钅黑109MtMeitnerium钅麦110DsDarms

6、tadtium钅达111RgRoentgenium钅仑112UubUnunbium113UutUnuntrium114UuqUnunquadium115UupUnunpentium116UuhUnunhexiumTable 2. SI Base UnitsBase QuantityName of UnitSymbollengthmetermmasskilogramkgtimesecondselectrical currentampereAtemperaturekelvinKamount of substancemolemolluminous intensitycandelacdTable 3.

7、 Derived SI UnitsPhysical QuantityName of UnitSymbolDefinitionAreasquare meterm2Volumecubic meterm3Densitykilogram per cubic meterkg/m3ForceNewtonNkg×m/s2PressurepascalPaN/m2EnergyjouleJkg×m2/s2Electric chargecoulombCA×sElectric potential differencevoltVJ/(A×s)Table 4. Prefixes U

8、sed with SI UnitsPrefixSymbolMeaningExampleyotta-Y10241 yottameter (Ym) = 1 ´ 1024 mzetta-Z10211 zettameter (Zm) = 1 ´ 1021 mexa-E10181 exameter (Em) = 1 ´ 1018 mprta-P10151 prtameter (Pm) = 1 ´ 1015 mtetra-T10121 tetrameter (Tm) = 1 ´ 1012 mgiga-G1091 gigameter (Gm) = 1

9、80; 109 mmega-M1061 megameter (Mm) = 1 ´ 106 mkilo-k1031 kilometer (km) = 1 ´ 103 mdeci-d10-11 decimeter (dm) = 1 ´ 10-1 mcenti-c10-21 centimeter (cm) = 1 ´ 10-2 mmilli-m10-31 millimeter (mm) = 1 ´ 10-3 mmicro-m10-61 micrometer (mm) = 1 ´ 10-6 mnano-n10-91 nanometer (nm

10、) = 1 ´ 10-9 mpico-p10-121 picometer (pm) = 1 ´ 10-12 mfemtof10-151 femtometer (fm) = 1 ´ 10-15 mattoa10-181 attometer (am) = 1 ´ 10-18 mzeptoz10-211 zeptometer (zm) = 1 ´ 10-21 myoctoy10-241 yoctometer (ym) = 1 ´ 10-24 mTable 5. Common Functional Groups and Derivative

11、of AlkanesFunctional GroupGeneral FormulaClass of CompoundExamplesF, Cl, Br, IRF, RCl, RBr, RIhaloalkaneCH3CH2Cl, chloroethaneOHROHalcoholCH3CH2OH, ethanolOR¢ROR¢ether(CH3CH2)2O, diethyl etherNH2+RNH2(primary) amineCH3CH2NH2, ethylamine-CHORCHOaldehydeCH3CHO, ethanal (acetaldehyde)CORCOR&#

12、162;ketoneCH3COCH2, propanone (acetone)CO2HRCO2Hcarboxylic acidCH3CO2H, ethanoic acid (acetic acid)CO2RRCO2ResterCH3CO2CH3, methyl acetateCONH2RCONH2amideCH3CONH2, acetamideTable 6. Names of Common SubstituentsFormulaNameFormulaName-CH3methyl-NH2amino-C2H5ethyl-Ddeuterio-CH2CH2CH31-propyl (n-propyl)

13、-Clchloro-CH(CH3)22-propyl (isopropyl or sec-propyl)-Brbromo-C(CH3)3tertiary-butyl (tert-butyl)-Ffluoro-CH=CH2ethenyl (vinyl)-CNcyano-C6H5phenyl-NO2nitro-OH hydroxylTable 7. Some Common AcidsAcidAcid NameAcidAcid nameHClO4Perchloric acidHCO2HFormic acidHClOHypochlorous acidCH3CO2HAcetic acidHClHydro

14、chloric acidCH3CH2COOH Propanoic acidHFHydrofluoric acidC6H5CO2HBenzoic acidH2SO4Sulfuric acidHO2CCO2HOxalic acidH2SO3Sulfurous acidCH3CH(OH)CO2HLactic acidHNO3Nitric acid(HO)C(CO2H)(CH2CO2H)2Citric acidH3PO4Phosphoric acidHNO2Nitrous acidHCNHydrocyanic acidTable 8. Selected Hydrocarbons of the Alka

15、ne FamilyMolecular FormulaNameCH4methaneC2H6ethaneC3H8propaneC4H10butaneC5H12 (pent- = 5)pentaneC6H14 (hex- = 6)hexaneC7H16 (hept- = 7)heptaneC8H18 (oct- = 8)octaneC9H20 (non- = 9)nonaneC10H22 (dec- = 10)decaneC11H24undecaneC12H26dodecaneC13H28 (tri- = 3)tridecaneC14H30 (tetra- = 4)tetradecaneC15H32

16、pentadecaneC16H34hexadecneC17H36heptadecaneC18H38 (octadec- = 18)octadecaneC19H40nonadecaneC20H42 (eicos- = 20)eicosaneC21H44 heneicosaneC22H46docosaneC23H48tricosaneC24H50tetracosaneC25H52 pentacosaneC26H54hexacosaneC27H56heptacosaneC28H58octacosaneC29H60 nonacosaneC30H62triacontaneC31H64 hentriaco

17、ntaneC32H66dotriacontaneC33H68tritriacontaneC34H70tetratriacontaneC35H72 pentatriacontaneC36H74hexatriacontaneC37H76heptatriacontaneC38H78octatriacontaneC39H80nonatriacontaneC40H82tetracontaneC41H84 hentetracontaneC42H86dotetracontaneC43H88tritetracontaneC44H90tetratetracontaneC45H92 pentatetraconta

18、ne(continued)C46H94hexatetracontaneC47H96heptatetracontaneC48H98octatetracontaneC49H100 nonatetracontaneC50H102pentacontaneC51H104 henpentacontaneC52H106dopentacontaneC53H108tripentacontaneC54H110tetrapentacontaneC55H112 pentapentacontaneC56H114hexapentacontaneC57H116heptapentacontaneC58H118octapent

19、acontaneC59H120nonapentacontaneC60H122hexacontaneTable 9. Commonly Used Prefixes and Suffixes in Chemistry1词头附加意义例词anti-反，抗，对，阻，减anticatalystanticancerantibiotics反催化剂抗癌剂抗菌素，抗生素aqu-水aquaticaqueous水的水性的bi-两个，双，联biphenyl联苯bromo-溴代bromoethane溴乙烷com-共，联合composition组成chloro-氯代chloroacetic acid氯乙酸cis-顺cis-

20、form顺式de-去除，脱decompositiondebrominatedeaquation分解脱溴脱水di-二，重dichloridedioxidedibasic aciddichromic acid二氯化物二氧化物二元酸重铬酸(continued)dis-分开，除去disappearappeardissociation消失出现离解（作用）fluoro-氟代fluoro-acid氟代酸hemi-半hemicolloid半胶体hepta-七，庚hepta-tomic七原子的，七元的hexa-六hexavalence六价的hydro-水hydrometerhydroushydrolysis液体

21、比重计含水的水解作用hypo-次，低hypochlorous acidhypochloritehypotension次氯酸次氯酸盐低血压im-不，无impermeable不可渗透的in-inactiveinorganic不活泼的无机的inter-相互，在之间interchange变换ir-不，无irreversible不可逆的iso-异，同，等isobutaneisoelectronicisotopeisopoly-acid异丁烷等电子的同位素同多酸meta-偏metaphosphoric acidmetaboric acid偏磷酸偏硼酸mono-一monohydrate一水合物multi-多

22、multi-componentmultilayer多组分的多层，多分子层non-非，不，无，防non-metalnonflammablenoncorrodible非金属不燃的防腐蚀的octa-八，辛octahedron八面体(continued)ortho-原，正(ortho)silicic acid原硅酸penta-五，戊dinitrogen pentaoxide五氧化二氮per-过，高peroxideperchloric acid过氧化物高氯酸peroxy-过氧peroxydisulfuric acid过（氧）二硫酸photo-光，感光的photochemistryphotic光化学感光的poly-聚，多polyethylenepolysulfide聚乙烯多硫化物pre-预，前preheatprecondi