港航专业英语2013

1、 专 业 英 语主主 讲讲 人：季小梅人：季小梅联系方式联系方式：港口海岸与近海工程港口海岸与近海工程the Yangtze Riverthe Yellow Riverthe Pearl Riverthe East China Seathe South China Seathe Yellow Seathe Bohai SeaI Rivers, stream patterns, flood plains and fluvial processesII Erosion, mechanics of sediment transport, estuarine sediment problems III

2、 Tides, tidal currents and storm surges1. Rivers 河流河流 2. Stream patterns 河流类型河流类型3. Flood plains 滩地滩地4. Fluvial processes 河床演变河床演变I Rivers, stream patterns, flood plains and fluvial processes1. Rivers fresh water 淡水淡水 characteristic 特征特征 roar 吼叫，呼啸吼叫，呼啸 mountain torrent 山洪，山溪，荒溪山洪，山溪，荒溪 vast expanse

3、 广阔水域广阔水域 glide 滑动，滑行滑动，滑行 integral 组成的组成的 civilization 文明，文化文明，文化 undisputed 毫无疑问的毫无疑问的 route 线路，航路线路，航路 supplier 供应者供应者 deposits 沉积物沉积物 irrigation 灌溉灌溉 inspite of 尽管，不管尽管，不管 catastrophic 灾害性的灾害性的 river valley 河谷河谷 cradle 摇篮，发源地摇篮，发源地 exploration 探险探险 renewable resource 可再生资源可再生资源 commodity 商品商品 hy

4、drocarbon 碳氢化合物碳氢化合物 dump 倾倒倾倒 visible 可见的可见的 pollution 污染污染 frighten 可怕可怕 toxic 有毒的有毒的 chlorine 氯氯 water treatment facility 污水处理厂污水处理厂 sewage 污水污水 discharge 排放排放 modify 更改更改 sediment 沉积物，泥沙沉积物，泥沙 pollutant 污染物污染物 as a result of 作为作为的结果的结果 irrigated farmland 灌溉农田，水田灌溉农田，水田 floodplain 滩地滩地 terrace 阶地

5、阶地 alluvial fan 冲积扇冲积扇 indicator 指示物，指标指示物，指标 fertile 肥沃的肥沃的 fertilizer 肥料肥料 adjust to 适应适应 bar 沙洲沙洲 recession 消退消退 crop 庄稼，作物庄稼，作物2. Stream patterns meandering 蜿蜒，蜿蜒型蜿蜒，蜿蜒型 braided 分汊的分汊的 symmetrical loop 对称环线对称环线 bend弯道弯道 median 中位线，中位的中位线，中位的 sinuosity 蜿蜒度蜿蜒度 meander 曲流，河曲曲流，河曲 amplitude 振幅振幅 rad

6、ius of curvature 曲率半径曲率半径 Figure 1. Galays classification of gravel bed rivers.Figure 2. Rivers display different reaches. interwined channel 交织水道交织水道 anabranch 重汇支流重汇支流 formal正式的正式的 geometry几何形态几何形态Figure 3. Reach scale. Above: braided planform of the River Brahamaputra in China. Below: Hii River (

7、Japan). In the pictures smaller scale issues, like bars and dunes, are visible.Figure 4. Anabranched planform: the Amazon River near Iquitos, Peru (courtesy* of Erik Mosselman)courtesy 谦恭有礼，礼貌，请安，有礼貌的举止谦恭有礼，礼貌，请安，有礼貌的举止言词言词，承蒙，承蒙 heterogeneous 非均匀的，非均质的非均匀的，非均质的correspondingly 相应地相应地 flume 水槽水槽 down

8、cut下切下切 dissipation 消散，消耗消散，消耗 in the sense that 指的是指的是 shift移位，移动移位，移动 undergo 经受经受 concave凹的凹的 point bar 边滩边滩 revetment work 护岸工程护岸工程3. Flood plains valley floor 谷底平原谷底平原 incised channel 深切河槽，主槽深切河槽，主槽 inundate 淹没淹没 rework 改造改造 oxbow lake 牛轭湖牛轭湖 levee 堤岸堤岸 invade 入侵入侵Figure 5. Corridor scale: rive

9、r floodplain with meanders. Green River (Wyoming, USA). recurrence interval 重现期重现期 evaluation估计值，评价估计值，评价 return period 重现期重现期 universality 普遍性普遍性 bankfull stage 漫滩水位漫滩水位 transverse 横向的横向的 visual inspection 目检目检 adequately 充分的，适当的充分的，适当的4. Fluvial processes as regards 关于关于 classify 分类分类 colleagues 同

10、行同行 mid-stream island 江心洲江心洲 everlasting 无穷无尽的无穷无尽的 wandering 游荡游荡 whereas 而，却，反之而，却，反之 so (as) far as 至于，就至于，就.而言而言 reserve 保留保留 formation 形成形成 erodibility 易蚀性易蚀性 precisely 精确的精确的 mould 模制模制 overflood 泛洪泛洪 clayey 多粘土的多粘土的 morphology 形态学形态学 artificial 人工的人工的 deterioration 恶化恶化 abundance 丰富丰富 sum up

11、总结总结 duly正式的正式的 flood routing 洪水演算洪水演算 channel storage 槽蓄量，槽蓄作用槽蓄量，槽蓄作用 ice-jam 冰塞冰塞 threat 威胁威胁 comprehensive 综合的综合的 manifest 证明证明 wash out 冲失冲失 regulating 调节调节 hydraulic geometry 河相关系（水力几何形态）河相关系（水力几何形态） hypotheses 假设假设 least mobility 最小活动性最小活动性 estuarine 河口湾的河口湾的 non-uniform 非均匀的非均匀的 unsteady非稳定的

12、非稳定的 differencial equation 微分方程微分方程 simutaneously 同步的同步的 characteristics 特征线特征线 sediment carrying capacity 挟沙能力挟沙能力 accretion堆积堆积 in accordance with 根据根据 gauging station 水文站水文站 siltation淤积淤积II Erosion, mechanics of sediment transport, estuarine sediment problems 1. Erosion 侵蚀侵蚀2. Mechanics of sedime

13、nt transport 泥沙输送力学泥沙输送力学3. Estuarine sediment problems 河口湾泥沙问题河口湾泥沙问题1. Erosion detachment 分离分离 impact 冲击冲击 kinetic energy 动能动能 splash 溅击，飞溅溅击，飞溅 downslope 顺坡而下顺坡而下 entrain 拖，带走拖，带走 predominantly 主要的主要的 detach 分离分离 sheet erosion 片蚀片蚀 degradation 剥蚀剥蚀 fence 篱笆篱笆 post 杆，柱杆，柱 pillar 柱柱 terminal veloci

14、ty 沉降速度沉降速度 be proportional to 与与.成成正比正比 conform with 与与.一致一致 storm 风暴风暴 account for 是是.的原因的原因 augment 增大增大 rivulet 溪流，小河溪流，小河 dialodge冲走冲走 gully erosion 沟蚀沟蚀 profile 纵剖面图纵剖面图 headward 向源的，溯源的向源的，溯源的 saturation 饱和，浸透饱和，浸透 overtop 漫顶漫顶 critical 临界的，危急的临界的，危急的 regime 情势情势 infultration capacity下渗容量，下渗能

15、力下渗容量，下渗能力 cohesive 粘性的，粘结的，内聚性的粘性的，粘结的，内聚性的 resist 抗，防抗，防 splash erosion 溅击侵蚀溅击侵蚀 readily 容易的容易的 water-stable aggregate 水稳性团粒水稳性团粒 plentiful 丰富的丰富的 mass movement 块体运动块体运动 offset 抵消抵消 lumber 伐木伐木 index number 指标指标 at best 充其量，至多充其量，至多2. Mechanics of sediment transport stochastic 随机的随机的 fluvial dynam

16、ics 河流动力学河流动力学 formula 公式公式 time-averaged velocity 时均流速时均流速 intensity of turbulence 紊动强度紊动强度 hold true适用适用 boundary layer 边界层边界层 time of rest 休止时间休止时间 single step 单步单步 diffussion 扩散扩散 time requried for leaving the bed 脱离床面时间脱离床面时间 lift force 托举力托举力 drag force 拖曳力拖曳力 initiate 起始起始 threshould 门限值，起动门限

17、值，起动 inception 开始开始 district 地区地区 distortion 变态变态 convert 转换转换 prototype 原型原型 sediment-rating curve 水沙曲线（输沙量水沙曲线（输沙量-流量关系曲线）流量关系曲线） petrography 岩相学岩相学 in contradiction with 与与.相矛盾相矛盾 reality 现实现实 mixing length 混合长度混合长度 dispute 争端争端 as far as 就就.而言，至于而言，至于 logarithmic velocity distribution 对数流速分布对数流速

18、分布 sediment bearing flow 挟沙水流挟沙水流 hyperconcentration 超高浓度超高浓度3. Estuarine sediment problems funnel 漏斗漏斗 tidal range 潮差潮差 fame 使闻名使闻名 bore 涌潮涌潮 propagation 推进推进 mouth bar 拦门沙拦门沙 delta 三角洲三角洲 offshore zone 近岸带近岸带 restriction 限制，缩小限制，缩小 avulsion 改道改道 out of 出于出于 low-flow 低水低水 as a whole 基本上基本上 muddy be

19、ach 淤泥质海滩淤泥质海滩 facilitate 便于便于 erection 建立建立 barrage 挡潮闸挡潮闸 agitate 搅动搅动 flood tide 涨潮涨潮 ebb tide 落潮落潮 The tide is the periodic rise and fall of ocean waters produced by the attraction* of the moon and sun. Generally, the average interval* between successive* high tides is 12 h 25 min, half the time

20、 between successive passages of the moon across a given meridian*. The moon exerts a greater influence on the tides than the sun. Tides, however, are often affected by meteorological* conditions, including propagation of storm tides from the sea into coastal waters.III Tides, tidal currents and stor

21、m surgesattraction 吸引力吸引力interval 间隔间隔successive 连续的连续的meridian 子午线子午线 meteorological 气象的气象的潮汐是海洋水体在月亮和太阳引力的作用下周期性的升降。一般而言，潮汐是海洋水体在月亮和太阳引力的作用下周期性的升降。一般而言，连续两个高潮之间的平均间隔为连续两个高潮之间的平均间隔为12小时小时25分钟，也就是月亮连续两次分钟，也就是月亮连续两次经过特定子午线时间的一半。月亮对潮汐施加的影响比太阳大。然而，经过特定子午线时间的一半。月亮对潮汐施加的影响比太阳大。然而，潮汐经常收到气候条件的影响，包括风暴潮汐由海洋向

22、海岸水体的推潮汐经常收到气候条件的影响，包括风暴潮汐由海洋向海岸水体的推进。进。The highest tides, which occur at intervals of half a lunar month*, are called spring tides*. They occur at or near the time when the moon is new or full, i.e., when the sun, moon, and earth fall in line, and the tide-generating forces* of the moon and sun are

23、 additive*. When the lines connecting the earth with the sun and the moon form a right angle, i.e., when the moon is in its quarters, then the actions of the moon and sun are subtractive, and the lowest tides of the month, the neap tides, occur.lunar month 农历、阴历农历、阴历spring tide 大潮大潮tide-generating f

24、orce 引潮力引潮力additive 添加添加right angle 直角直角quarter 季，四分之一季，四分之一subtractive 消减消减 neap tide 小潮小潮农历每半个月出现一次的最高潮被称为大潮。大潮在新月或满月前后农历每半个月出现一次的最高潮被称为大潮。大潮在新月或满月前后出现，也就是当太阳、月亮和地球在一条线上的时候，此时月亮和太出现，也就是当太阳、月亮和地球在一条线上的时候，此时月亮和太阳的引潮力是叠加的。当地球和太阳、地球和月亮的连线成直角时，阳的引潮力是叠加的。当地球和太阳、地球和月亮的连线成直角时，也就是当月亮处于上下弦时，太阳和月亮的作用是消减的，发生每

25、月也就是当月亮处于上下弦时，太阳和月亮的作用是消减的，发生每月的最低潮，即小潮。的最低潮，即小潮。 Tidal waves are retarded* by frictional forces* as the earth revolves* daily around its axis, and the tide tends to follow the direction of the moon. Thus, the highest tide for each location is not coincident with* conjunction* and opposition* but oc

26、curs at some constant time after new and full moon. This interval, known as the age of the tide, may amount to as much as 2 days.retard 减速，阻滞，延迟减速，阻滞，延迟frictional force 摩擦力摩擦力revolve 旋转旋转be coincident with 与与.一致一致/符合符合conjunction （恒星、行星等的）合、会（恒星、行星等的）合、会opposition 冲冲full moon 满月满月new moon 新月新月地球每日绕轴

27、自转，潮波受到摩擦力的阻滞，潮汐有沿着月亮方向的地球每日绕轴自转，潮波受到摩擦力的阻滞，潮汐有沿着月亮方向的趋势。因此，各地的最高潮并不与冲合一致，而是发生在新月和满月趋势。因此，各地的最高潮并不与冲合一致，而是发生在新月和满月后一段固定时间内。这个间隔被称为潮龄，时长可达两天半。后一段固定时间内。这个间隔被称为潮龄，时长可达两天半。 合是指行星、太阳与地球合是指行星、太阳与地球位于同一条直线，且太阳位于同一条直线，且太阳和这个行星位于地球的同和这个行星位于地球的同一侧。一侧。 冲是行星同太阳相距冲是行星同太阳相距180度的情况。度的情况。 对于月球而言，合即为朔，对于月球而言，合即为朔，冲为

28、望，东方照为上弦，冲为望，东方照为上弦，西方照即为下弦。西方照即为下弦。 合合conjunction 上合上合superior conjunction 下合下合inferior conjunction东大距东大距Greatest Eastern Elongation西大距西大距Greatest Western Elongation冲冲opposition东方照东方照Eastern Quadrature 西方照西方照Wastern Quadrature Large differences in tidal range* occur at different locations along the

29、 ocean coast. They arise because of secondary tidal waves* set up by the primary tidal wave* or mass of water moving around the earth. These movements are also influenced by the depth of shoaling water and configuration* of the coast. The highest tides in the world occur in the Bay of Fundy*, where

30、a rise of 100 ft has been recorded. Inland and landlocked* seas, such as the Mediterranean and the Baltic, have less than 1 ft of tide, and the Great Lakes are not noticeably influenced.tidal range 潮差潮差secondary tidal wave 副潮波副潮波primary tidal wave 源潮波源潮波configuration 构造，形状，外貌，轮廓构造，形状，外貌，轮廓 Bay of Fu

31、ndy 芬地湾芬地湾landlocked sea 内陆海内陆海沿着海岸不同地点潮差区别很大。潮差的增加是因为源潮波引起的沿着海岸不同地点潮差区别很大。潮差的增加是因为源潮波引起的副潮波或者是因为水体绕地球运动。这些运动也受到浅水水深和海副潮波或者是因为水体绕地球运动。这些运动也受到浅水水深和海岸轮廓的影响。世界上最高潮发生在芬地湾，记录到的最高潮位为岸轮廓的影响。世界上最高潮发生在芬地湾，记录到的最高潮位为100英尺。内陆海如地中海和波罗的海，潮汐低于英尺。内陆海如地中海和波罗的海，潮汐低于1米，五大湖没有米，五大湖没有受到显著影响。受到显著影响。 Tides that occur twice

32、 each lunar day* are called semidiurnal tides*. Since the lunar day, or time it takes the moon to make a complete revolution* around the earth, is about 50 min longer than the solar day*, the corresponding high tide on successive days is about 50 min later. In some places, such as Pensacola, Florida

33、, only one high tide a day occurs. These tides are called diurnal tides. If one of the two daily high tides is incomplete, i.e., if it does not reach the height of the previous tide, as at San Francisco, then the tides are referred to as mixed diurnal tides. lunar day 太阴日太阴日semidiurnal tide 半日潮半日潮re

34、volution 旋转，运行，公转旋转，运行，公转solar day 太阳日太阳日diurnal tide日潮日潮mixed diurnal tide 混合潮混合潮一个太阴日出现两次的潮汐为半日潮。由于太阴日，或者说是月亮绕一个太阴日出现两次的潮汐为半日潮。由于太阴日，或者说是月亮绕地球旋转一周的时间，大约比太阳日长地球旋转一周的时间，大约比太阳日长50分钟，相应地高潮出现的时分钟，相应地高潮出现的时间比前一天晚大约间比前一天晚大约50分钟。有一些地方，比如佛罗里达州彭萨科拉，分钟。有一些地方，比如佛罗里达州彭萨科拉，一天只发生一次高潮。这种潮汐被称为日潮。如果一天中的两次高潮一天只发生一次高

35、潮。这种潮汐被称为日潮。如果一天中的两次高潮又一次不完整，即它没有达到前一次潮汐的高度，比如在圣佛朗西斯又一次不完整，即它没有达到前一次潮汐的高度，比如在圣佛朗西斯科，这种潮汐被称为混合日潮。科，这种潮汐被称为混合日潮。There are other exceptional tidal phenomena. For instance, at Southampton, England, there are four daily high waters, occurring in pairs, separated by a short interval. At Portsmouth, there

36、are two sets of three tidal peaks per day. Tidal bores*, a regular occurrence at certain locations are high crested waves caused by the rush of flood tide* up a river, as in the Amazon, or by the meeting of tides, as in the Bay of Fundy. The rise of the tide is referred to some established datum* of

37、 the charts*, which varies in different parts of the world. In the United States, it is mean lower low water (MLLW)*.还有一些其他例外的潮汐现象。例如，在英国南安普顿一天有四次高水位，还有一些其他例外的潮汐现象。例如，在英国南安普顿一天有四次高水位，成对出现，中间有短暂间隔。在朴茨茅斯，每天有两组三次潮峰。涌潮是特成对出现，中间有短暂间隔。在朴茨茅斯，每天有两组三次潮峰。涌潮是特定地点经常出现的高峰波，它可能是由涨潮进涌入河流引起，如亚马逊河；定地点经常出现的高峰波，它可能是由涨

38、潮进涌入河流引起，如亚马逊河；也可能是由潮汐的交汇引起，如芬地湾。潮汐起伏是相对于某些海图基准面也可能是由潮汐的交汇引起，如芬地湾。潮汐起伏是相对于某些海图基准面而言的，世界不同地区的基准面不一样。美国采用的是平均低低潮水位。而言的，世界不同地区的基准面不一样。美国采用的是平均低低潮水位。high water 高水位高水位tidal bore 潮涌潮涌flood tide 涨潮涨潮datum 基准基准tidal datum 潮高基准，潮位基准面潮高基准，潮位基准面chart 图，图表图，图表tidal chart 潮汐图，潮流图潮汐图，潮流图mean lower low water 平均低低潮

39、平均低低潮ebb tide 落潮落潮low water 低水位低水位 Mean high water* is the average of the high water over a 19-year period, and mean low water* is the average of the low water over a 19-year period. Higher high water* is the higher of the two high waters of any diurnal tidal day, and lower low water* is the lower o

40、f the two low waters of any diurnal tidal day. Mean higher high water* is the average height of the higher high water over a 19-year period, and mean lower low water* is the average height of the lower low waters over a 19-year period (tidal epoch*). Highest high water* and lowest low water* are the

41、 highest and lowest, respectively*, of the spring tides of record. Mean range is the height of mean high water above mean low water. The mean of this height is generally referred to as mean sea level (MSL)*. Diurnal range is the difference in height between the mean higher high water and the mean lo

42、wer low water.mean high water 平均高水位平均高水位mean low water 平均低水位平均低水位higher high water 高高潮高高潮lower low water 低低潮低低潮mean higher high water 平均高高潮平均高高潮mean lower low water 平均低低潮平均低低潮tidal epoch 高潮间隙高潮间隙highest high water 最高高水位最高高水位lowest low water 最低低水位最低低水位respectively 分别，各自，顺序为，依次为分别，各自，顺序为，依次为mean sea l

43、evel (MSL）平均海平面）平均海平面 The National Ocean Service annually publishes tide tables that give the time and elevation of the high and low tides at thousands of locations around the world and that can be used to forecast water levels at all times. The tide tables forecast the repeating, astronomical porti

44、ons* of the tide for specific locations but do not directly account for the day-to-day effects of changes in local winds, pressures, and other factors. Along most coasts, the tide table forecasts are within 1 ft of the actual water level 90% of the time.国家海洋服务中心每年发布潮汐表，给出世界上成千上万个地点的高国家海洋服务中心每年发布潮汐表，

45、给出世界上成千上万个地点的高低潮潮位和出现时间，它可以用来预报每时每刻的水位。潮汐表预报，低潮潮位和出现时间，它可以用来预报每时每刻的水位。潮汐表预报，特定地点潮汐中重复出现的天文潮部分，而没有直接考虑当地风、气特定地点潮汐中重复出现的天文潮部分，而没有直接考虑当地风、气压及其它因素每日变化的影响。大多数海岸，压及其它因素每日变化的影响。大多数海岸，90%的时间里，潮汐表的时间里，潮汐表预报的潮位与实际水位相差不超过预报的潮位与实际水位相差不超过1英尺。英尺。tide table 潮汐表潮汐表astronomical tide 天文潮天文潮Theory of Ocean Tides Tides

46、 have been so important for commerce and science for so many thousands of years that tides have entered our everyday language: time and tide wait for no one, the ebb and flow of events, a high-water mark, and turn the tide of battle. Tides produce strong currents in many parts of the ocean. Tidal cu

47、rrents can have speeds of up to 5 m/s in coastal waters, impeding* navigation and mixing coastal waters. time and tide wait for no one 时不我予时不我予 high-water mark 高水位线，高潮线高水位线，高潮线 （成就的）最高点，最高峰（成就的）最高点，最高峰 turn the tide of battle 改变战争形势改变战争形势 tidal current 潮流潮流 impede 妨碍，阻碍，阻止妨碍，阻碍，阻止 Tidal currents gen

48、erate internal waves over seamounts, continental slopes, and mid-ocean ridges. The waves dissipate tidal energy. Breaking internal waves and tidal currents are a major force driving oceanic mixing. Tidal mixing helps drive the deep circulation, and it influences climate and abrupt climate change. Ti

49、dal currents can suspend bottom sediments, even in the deep ocean. internal wave 内波内波 seamount 海山，海峰海山，海峰 continental slope 大陆坡大陆坡 mid-ocean ridge 洋中脊洋中脊 tidal energy 潮汐能潮汐能 oceanic mixing 海洋混合海洋混合 tidal mixing 潮汐混合潮汐混合 deep circulation 深层环流深层环流 climate change 气候变化气候变化 Earths crust is elastic. It be

50、nds under the influence of the tidal potential. It also bends under the weight of oceanic tides. As a result, the sea floor, and the continents move up and down by about 10 cm in response to the tides. The deformation of the solid earth influence almost all precise geodetic measurements. Oceanic tid

51、es lag behind the tide-generating potential. This produces forces that transfer angular momentum between earth and the tide producing body, especially the moon. As a result of tidal forces, earths rotation about its axis slows, increasing the length of day; the rotation of the moon about earth slows

52、, causing the moon to move slowly away from earth; and moons rotation about its axis slows, causing the moon to keep the same side facing earth as the moon rotates about earth. crust 外壳，地壳外壳，地壳 elastic 有弹力的，可伸缩的，灵活的有弹力的，可伸缩的，灵活的 tidal potential 潮汐势能潮汐势能 sea floor 海底，海床海底，海床 in response to 对对.反应反应 de

53、formation 变形变形 geodetic 测地学的，测量的测地学的，测量的 lag 滞后，（两事件之间的）时间间隔滞后，（两事件之间的）时间间隔 tide-generating potential 引潮力引潮力 angular momentum 角动量角动量 Tides influence the orbits of satellites. Accurate knowledge of tides is needed for computing the orbit of altimetric satellites and for correcting altimeter measureme

54、nts of oceanic topography. Tidal forces on other planets and stars are important for understanding many aspects of solar-system dynamics and even galactic dynamics. For example, the rotation rate of Mercury and Venus result from tidal forces. altimetric satellite 测高卫星测高卫星 altimeter 高度计高度计 oceanic to

55、pography 海洋地形海洋地形 solar-system 太阳系太阳系 galactic 银河的，星系的银河的，星系的 Mercury 水星水星 Venus 金星金星 Tides are important for navigation; they influence accurate geodetic measurements; and they change the orbits and rotation of planets, moons, and stars in galaxies. Tides are produced by a combination of time-varyi

56、ng gravitational potential of the moon and sun and the centrifugal forces generated as earth rotates about the common center of mass of the earth-moon-sun system.Important concepts about tides galaxies 星系星系( galaxy的名词复数的名词复数 )，银河系，银河系 time-varying 随时间变化，时变随时间变化，时变 gravitational potential 引力势，重力势，重力位

57、引力势，重力势，重力位 centrifugal force 地心引力，离心力地心引力，离心力 Tides have six fundamental frequencies. The tide is the superposition of hundreds of tidal constituents, each having a frequency that is the sum and difference of five fundamental frequencies. Shallow water tides are predicted using tide measurements ma

58、de in ports and other locations along the coast. Tidal records of just a few months duration can be used to predict tides many years into the future. superposition 重叠，重合，叠合，叠加，叠置，叠覆重叠，重合，叠合，叠加，叠置，叠覆 tidal constituent 分潮分潮 Tides in deep water are calculated from altimetric measurements, especially To

59、pex/Poseidon measurements. As a result, deep water tides are known almost everywhere with an accuracy approaching 2 cm. The dissipation of tidal energy in the ocean transfers angular momentum from moon to earth, causing the day to become longer. Tidal dissipation mixes water masses, and it is a majo

60、r driver of the deep, meridional-overturning circulation. Tides, abyssal circulation, and climate are closely linked. Topex/Poseidon is a joint satellite mission between NASA, the U.S. space agency, and CNES, the French space agency, to map ocean surface topography. meridional-overturning circulatio