初中一年级英语语法讲稿

1、grammar-band one1>主谓宾（主谓表）定状补1. he is a student.主语2. marry is working there.谓语3. she washed her face with her hands.宾语4. have a good time.定语5. he studies everyday.状语6. i should advise you not to miss the chance.宾语补足语7. he is a student.表语2> 时态1. he is a student. 一般现在时2. marry is working there.现

2、在进行时3. she washed her face with her hands.一般过去时3> 句型1. he is a student. 陈述句2. can you guess who he is. 一般疑问句3. why does he sing so well.特殊疑问句4. does your sister work in the hospital or in the hotel.挑选疑问句5. let us look at the other side of the problem.祈使句<1> noun 名词：表示人、事物、地点、时间或抽象概念名称的词；分为专

3、出名词和一般名词；1. 专出名词：表示个人、事物、地点、团体、机构或国家等专有的名称的词；一般表示独一无二的事物，第一个字母必需大写；china, jim, no.1middle school, lesson one, the united states of america2. 一般名词：分四类；个体名词，集体名词，物质名词，抽象名词body, school, class, water, tea, room, box.1) dog, girl, car, teacher, student, book, window, day2 class, team, people, family, gro

4、up3water, tea, milk, coffee, meat, gold4 secret, news, work, love, health, friendship3. 一般名词依据名词的可数性，分为可数名词和不行数名词，可数名词有单数和复数两种形式，表示一个人或物用单数形式，表示一个以上的人或物用复数形式；构成和读音：1) 一般在词尾加-s，在元音或浊辅音后读z ，在清辅音后读s ，在 t后与它一起读ts，在 d后与它一起读 dz； book books s day daysdog dogstree trees z2) 以 s, sh, ch, x 结尾的词在词尾加es，读 iz ；s

5、, sh, ch, x iz glasseswatchesboxes3) 以 o 结尾的词，一般以辅音字母加o 结尾的加 -es，以元音字母加o 结尾的加 -s，但是有特殊的辅音字母加 o 结尾的加 -s；如下：o z tomatoespotatoes / s photoszoos4 以 f ,fe 结尾的词，先把f ,fe 变为 v，再加 -es，读 vz knivesleaveslives5 以辅音字母加y 结尾的词，先把 y 改成 i，再加 -es，以元音字母加y 结尾的词，直接加 -s，读iz storiescitiesfamiliesbabies/boystoyskeysdays6有

6、些名词有不规章的复数形式，如：menwomenteethfeet child children7有些名词的单复数形式相同；如：sheepchinesejapanese8) 有些学科名词以s 结尾，但通常都作单数名词看待；如：physicsmathspoliticsnews9) 有些单数形式的名词具有复数的含义，要当作复数看待；如：peoplepolice10) 用来表示不同类别时，可用复数，如：teasfruitsfisheswaters 有些抽象名词是可数名词；如：jobs hopes4. 名词的格1）表示无生命东西的名词的全部格，一般用of 结构来表示；如：the leg of a tab

7、lethe name of the shipthe end of the week5.名词在句子中的作用1) the little girl is about six years old.主语2) his father is a worker.表语3) she borrow a book from the library.宾语或复合宾语4) itcsolaor movie. orange juice, video arcade定语<2> pronoun 代词：为了防止重复而用来代替名词的词；1. this, that , these, those （指示代词：表示“这个”“那个”“

8、这些”“那些”等指示概念的代词；）用法：this 和 these 可以用来指空间或时间上较近的人或物，而 that和 those 就用来指空间或时间上较远的人或物；如：1. this is a desk and that is a table.2. these are american cars and those are english cars.2. i my, you your, he his, she her, it its, we our, you your, they their.人称代词： 指人的代词， 表示“你”“我”“他” “她”“它”“我们”“你们”或“他们”等；人称代词有

9、人称、数和格的变化；1) i you he she it we you they （主格）一般来说，人称代词的主格在句中用作主语；当几个不同的人称代词作主语时，常用and 或 or 连接，他们的排列次序是（1）单数： you, he / she and i; 2 复数： we, you and they. 假如是做错了事，当事人应承当责任时，通常把第一人称i 放在句首；1. i like basketball.2. you have a lovely cat.3. he is my favorite.4. she has a big body.2) it （特殊用法）1. it s my ca

10、t.用来代替小孩或婴儿，或小动物；2. it sa big park. 用作主语；指代地点或距离；3. it is five o cl用oc作k.主语；指时间；4. it is fine today.用作主语；指天气；5. hello, it is jackson. 打电话时用于指人；3) my your his her its our you r形e 容th词eir性物主代词的用法：具有形容词的特点，在句中用作定语，后面接名词；1. our teacher is coming to see us.2. this is her pencil-box, and that is your penc

11、il-box.4) for yourself, by yourself （独自地，单干不要人帮忙） , of itself（自动的）1. it s good for yourself.2. you can do it by yourself.3. the door opened of itself.3. all, each, some, most, another, nobody, nothing, little, a little, few, a few 不定代词：仅具有非确定特指含义，通常用作替代词；1) all 的用法；意为“全部” ；在谈到三个或三个以上的人或物时以及在谈及到不行数的事

12、物时用；但它作主语指人时，谓语动词用复数形式；作主语指物时，谓语动词常用单数形式；作定语时，既可修饰可数名词，又可修饰不行数名词；1. thats all.表语2. all is going well； 主语，知物，谓语动词用单数；3. all the apples in that box go bad. 定语2) each 意为“每一个” ；1. each of us has a bike.主语在 each of 后面必需接复数名词，但谓语动词只能用单数形式；2. each student has got a new pen. / every student has got a new pe

13、n. each 和 every 均可作定语， 后面的名词只能是单数可数名词，谓语动词只能用单数；且因every 只能做定语，所以两者要互换，必需是都作定语时；3) little 很少，几乎没有a little 有一些它们后面接不行数名词，在句中可作定语、主语和宾语；当句子前面有only 时，后面只能用a little1. can you speak english. yes, i can speak a little.宾语2. there is little left. 主语4) few 很少，几乎没有a few 有一些它们后面接可数名词，在句中可作定语、主语和宾语；当句子前面有only 时，

14、后面只能用a few1. i have a few books but i have few notebooks. 定语5) many 和 much 的用法均表示“很多” ，前者修饰可数名词，作定语修饰可数名词复数；后者修饰不行数名词，谓语动词用单数形式，作定语修饰不行数名词；1. many expressed themselves at the meeting.主语many people are over there now. 定语2. there is much to talk about .主语 much time has been wasted that way. 定语6) a lot

15、 of = lots of = many或 much 用法均表示“很多”，但 a lot of = lots of 修饰可数名词复数或不行数名词，前者多用于确定句中；many 和 much可用在确定句、疑问句和否定句中；1. we have got a lot of new books.2. they havent built many houses here.3. there is not muchmilk in the bottle.7) otheranother 用法other 意为“另外” ；当它前面有定冠词the 时，后面可接一个单数或复数名词，当它前面没有时，后面必需跟复数名词；1

16、. other / the the ball is blue, and the other ball is red.another 意为“另外一个” “再一（个） ”“类似的另一个” “不同的一个” ；它的前面不能用定冠词，它作为限定词（定语）与单数名词连用，但当它后面跟基数词或few，后面的名词须用复数；2. another / the xwould you like another cup.8) someany用法；是表示不定数量的代词，相当于“一些”，常用作定语，可修饰可数名词复数和不行数名词，前者常用于确定句中，后者常用于疑问句、否定句或条件句中，且均可用作宾语；1. i have s

17、ome friend here.2. he has not any bananas.3. is there any milk in the bottle.4. some students like basket ball, some like football.5. you can come to see me any day if you like.6. everyone, nobody / nothing 用法1) everyone ： everyone 的意思等同于“everybody” ,只能指人； every one 既可指人也可指物，仍可以和of 了连用；当形容词或else（另外）

18、修饰复合不定代词everyone 时，形容词或else 必需放在复合不定代词的后面；she took my bottles of water and emptied everyone down the sink.2) nobody 当主句中的主语是指人的复合不定代词nobody 等时，其反意疑问句的主语通常用代词they；nobody knows it.3) nothing 当主句中的主语是指物的复合不定代词如nothing 时，其反意疑问句的主语通常用代词it；there is nothing in the classroom.7. what which who 疑问代词： 用来构成特殊疑问

19、句的代词；who 常用作主语和表语；whom 作宾语；what which用作主语、表语、宾语或定语；1) whatwhat is your father. 表语，用来指人的职业；2) whichwhich is yours, the white one or the black one. 主语3) whowho are you talking about. who和 whom 均可用； with whom / who x did you go there yesterday.whom不能改用 who ，由于前面有介词with ；8. each other 用法表示两人或两物之间的相互；1)

20、we two should look after each other. 宾语<3> article 冠词：位于名词之前，用来修饰名词并帮忙说明名词的含义；分为两类：定冠词the 和不定冠词a an1. the / a an1) the 的用法1. there is a car under the tree. the car is red.用在其次次提到的人或事物的名词前；2. the sunthe moonthe worldthe earththe sky 用于世界上独一无二的事物名词前；3. open the window, please. 用于说话双方都知道所指的名词前；4.

21、 february is the second month of the year. 用在形容词最高级和序数词之前；5. the yellow riverthe tianshan mountainthe west lake 用在山、河、湖、海、岛屿等名词前；6. the united nationsthe peoples dailythe communist party of china用在由一般名词和形容词构成的专出名词前；7. the piano the violin 用在乐器名称前；2) a an1. a booka chaira university / an eggan applea

22、n hour 用于名词前，表示“一个”或“一”；a 用于辅音音标开头的名词之前；an 用于以元音音标开头的名词之前；2. i only know it was a dog not a cat that bit me.表示一类中的一个；3. i write to my father once a week. a daya thousand pounda meter表示单位、数量、长度、时间等；4. he is a student. an engineera teachera worker 与表示职业、身份等的名词连用，常常省译；2.用在such a 的结构中；she is such a beau

23、tiful girl.3. no art. 不用冠词的情形：1. beijingenglishmr. brownmary 专出名词前；2. musicmilksugarlife/ flowersstudentsdesks 当抽象名词或物质名词用来表示一般概念时；3. beihai parkzhongshan park 表示“公园” “火车站”的名词前；4. new year s daychristmas 表示节日的名称前不用；但是定冠词却用于表示民族节日的名称前；5. it s very hot in summer here. / winter is coming. on friday, ma

24、y 13th, 2003 in march / the story took place in the summer of 1965. in the june of 2003on the wednesday of last week 季节、月份、星期的名称前；假如 季节、月份、星期后面带有修饰语，它们前面就得加定冠词；6. chairman maoteacher zhang 在称呼语、职位或头衔前；7. we have chinese, english,maths and other subjects at school. forbreakfast / lunch, play basketba

25、ll / volleyball / football / chess / cards 在三餐饭、学科、球类、棋牌之前；8. did you come by bus or by ship. / we will go to the park on foot tomorrow. by air, by ship在表示交通手段的介词短语中不用；9. which way shall we go. / look this way. / on her way to school当物主代词、疑问代词、指示代词、不定代词用在名词前时；4.使用定冠词和不定冠词的辨析及差异；1. in front of在（外部）的前

26、面 in the front of在（内部）的前面/ at table 进餐 at the table 坐在桌子旁边 / in future（从今以后的）将来 in the future （较为遥远的）将来/ three of us 我们当中的三个人 the three of us 我们三人（共计三人）/ next year 其次年 the next year（ 过去某一时间之后的）其次年/ on earth 到底 on the earth 在地球上/ we are students of class 6.我们是 6 班的部分同学； weare the students of class 6.

27、 我们是 6 班的全体同学；/ go to school上学 go to the school到学校去 / turn to the right向右转 turn right 向右转2. sound 声音（表抽象的概念） a sound 声音（的确听到的声音）/ space 太空、宇宙 a space 空间3. 在每日三餐的名称前，一般不用不定冠词，但假如这些名词前有形容词修饰或指特定的“餐”时，庆祝某种活动、 向某人庆贺、 举办的宴会等也可用不定冠词；a big breakfasta good luncha dinnergiven to welcome the new foreign teach

28、er from england.4. 当两个并列的单数名词同指一个人或物时，后一个名词前不用不定冠词；如： he is a teacher and writer.假如后一个名词前也用不定冠词，就指两个人或物；如：they are a teacher and a writer.5. 使用定冠词和不定冠词的差异1. 在序数词前加定冠词，表示“第几”；如： will you be the first to read the text.加不定冠词就表示“又、再”如： will you have a second try.2. 在有些短语中， 用定冠词和不定冠词意思不一样；如：the number of

29、 our school students is about 1000./ a number of our school students will go back. number修饰可数名词；6.1.带有定冠词 the的固定词组： in the morning in the afternoon in the evening in the day time by the way in the dark go to the cinema go to the theater on the way in the snow in the sun at the beginning on the right

30、 on the left in the tree from the beginning2. 带不定冠词a/an 的常用词组： have a timetake a restin a wordhave a tryhave a walkhave awonderful time3.不用冠词的短语：go to school, go to college, get home, go home, be at home, stay at home, go to sleep, go to bed, be in bed, on fire, lose heart, learn by heart, from time

31、 to time, at night, day by day, day and night, yesterday morning, tomorrow evening, out of class, after class, at last, at first, by bus, by ship, by air, on foot, at work, in hospital, be on show, father and son, husband and wife, mother and child, one by one, step by step, bit by bit, side by side

32、, on duty, in return, for example, in fact<4> numeral数词：表示数字、数目和次序次第的词；1书写：基数词的构成形式： 基数词 112 无规律可循；从 1319，其中多数是在基数词后加 -teen，但应特殊留意 13、15 和 18 的拼法；从 2090 的整十位数词均是在基数词后加 -ty ，但要特殊留意 20、30、40、 50、80 的拼法；另外，表示“几十几“的基数词是由十位数词和个位数词合成，十位数和个位数之间需要用连字符号”“；百位以上的单位是千，但千位数以上的单位是百万，英语中没有万这个词，是用十千来表示，而十万在英语

33、中用百万来表示；101999 等基数词的构成方法是：19 的数字 +hundred + and+ 末两位数或末一位数；1,000 以上的数，先把数字分段，倒数每三位前点一逗号，倒数第一个逗号前的数为千位，读作thousand，倒数其次个逗号前的数为百万位，读作million ，依次类推；序数词的构成形式： 第一至第三有各自特殊的形式；序数词中的第四至第十九都是在基数词后加 -th ，但要特殊留意第五、第八、第九和第十二的拼法；其次十至第九十的十的倍数都是在基数词后将词尾的-y 改为 i ，再加 -eth 构成的；十位以上的基数词变成序数词时，把个位数变成序数词即可，十位数不变；第一百，第一千，

34、第一百万都是在基数词后面直接加-th 构成；序数词的缩写形式是由阿拉伯数字加上序数词的最终两个字母构成；1. 21 twenty-one, one / a hundred2. twenty-first, one hundredth 3. 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 21st, 32nd2) 作用1. five of us are students.主语2. i can give two. / i like the first.宾语3. now, let s come to the second picture.定语4. he is over sixty.表语3) 1. 3+6=9t

35、hree and six is nine. 表示四就运算2. lesson one the first lesson / class 3 the third class / room 308 表示编号4) on the first of june / on june the first / june 1st / on may 1st, 2003表示日期5) at six oclock / at ten past eight or eight ten / a quarter to ten or nine forty-five表示时刻6) she is fifteen years old. / h

36、e went to school at the age of seven. 表示岁数7) every other day / every three days.every 可以构成“ every+ 基数词 +名词复数”或“every+序数词 +单数可数名词”的形式，意为“每”或“每隔” ；<5> adjective1) 1. he is a good boy.定语2. our school is beautiful ；表语2) littlea little（ a nice little house 一幢别致的小房子）不能说the house is little. 但可以说the h

37、ouse is small3) afraid （只能作表语，不能作定语）don t be afraid .r / the afraid child is crying. x4) big and small , white and black5) busy with / good at1. he is busy with his study.2. she is good at english.6) big large / large hall large family big hall , big family , big girl , big great man这两个都是“大”的意思，在很多情

38、形下他们可以互换；一般地说，large 的“大”，着重在体积、容积上，big用得比较广泛，除了可以代替large 的用法外，仍可以表示“庞大”、“宏大”的意思；<6>adverb1. it is raining hard. 修饰动词 it is raining very hard. （修饰副词）it is very easy.（修饰形容词）2. （分类）1) yes, ok, 确定副词no, not, never 否定副词2) hardly easily 方式副词very much too so程度副词3) now early soon yesterday时间副词4) usuall

39、y often never频度副词5) there here around outside down out upstairs地点副词6) how when where why疑问副词（一般用于疑问句句首）/ 关系副词（用于引导宾语从句和定语从句）3. 作用1) she drives very well.状语 / that s not very nice thing to say. （那事就不太好说了； ）状语2) school is over. 标语3) the students there are very kind to us .定语 / life here is full of joy

40、.定语4) when we came into the room ,we found him out . 宾语补足语 / we found her there.宾语补足语4.位置1) yes, i do.放在句首；2) he studies very hard. 多数副词都可以放在它所修饰的动词后面；3) they went to park yesterday. 时间副词一般放在句末；也可放在句首，起强调的作用；4) 1. i often write to her mother.频度副词通常放在它所修饰的动词前面/ sometimes she comes here by bus and som

41、etimes by bike. 有时为了加强预期，频度副词也可以放在句首；2. very often 往往quite often常常都不能放在动词前，必需放在句末或句首；very often the weather was too bad for us to go out. / i meet him quite often.3. we must always remember this . / she is often ill.假如句子里有情态动词、助动词或动词be，频度副词就应放在这类动词的后名，放在实意动词前面；4.i never wrote to him. 否定副词一般防在行为动词之前、

42、系动词be 或助动词之后；有时也可以放在句首，但要用倒装语序；5) i heard him sing english songs over there. 地点副词和方式副词一般放在句末；6) when can you come . / where were you born . 疑问副词放在特殊疑问句的句首；5.1) asas 既可用于确定句中，也可用于否定句，且在两个as中间用副词的原级；we also have great salad as well as soda and iced tea.2) so 用于确定句中； 主要用于 （ so+ 助动词/ 连系动词/ 情态动词 +主语） 的句型

43、；he likes skating. so do i.3) also too either都翻译为“也”also 多用于书面语，一般位于行为动词的前面，助动词、连系动词或情态动词的后面；too 一般用于确定句中，常位于句子的末尾，有时也可放在主语的后面；either 就用于否定句中；如：i am also a chinese . / you like it .i like it ,too. / his father wont go, either.4) very much very muchhe runs very fast. my brother walks much faster than

44、 i. he likes skating very much.<7> preposition（介词）（常用介词的基本用法距离）1. at1) children begin to go to school at age of seven. 表时间：在时刻，在点种，在岁（时）2) her mother works at a cotton factory. 表示地点：在（地点），常用于小地方3) he is sitting at the table and reading today s newspaper.表示位置：在的旁边4) he threw a stone at the dog.

45、表示方向5) the book is sold at $50 each. at a very good price表示速度、价格等2. in1) i will come in a week. 表示时间（年、月、季节、早晨、下午、晚间等）2) he spent his childhood in the countryside. 表示地点、场所3) this is a girl in red skirt. 表示“穿着、戴着（衣服、帽子等）”4) i can speak it in english. 表示“用语言”3. on1) he went home on sunday last week. 表

46、示时间“在（某一天，某天早上，某天前夕等）”2) the pen is on the table. 表示位置“在上” （与物体接触）3) we will have a talk on the history of the party this afternoon.表示“关于” （表示关系）4) he is on duty today. / he is on holiday.引申意义，表示“从事”“处于情形中”4. for1) we usually play sport for 2 hours after class. 表示一段时间2) i have come here for the umbr

47、ella. 表示目的3) this train is for beijing.表示目标、去向；去到（某地），开往（某地 -）5. about1) i dropped the key about the school gate. 表示“在的四周” “在的邻近”2) he told us a story about lei feng. 表示“关于” “对于”3) it s about two o clock now. 表示“大约”6. after1) i found the letter after an hour. / summer comes after spring. 表示时间“在以后”2)

48、 pronounce this word after me. 表示方式“仿照” “依照”7. before1) i will be back before twelveoclock. years before, when mr. wang s wife was also there.表示时间“在之前”2) we mustnt put the desk before chair. / he appeared before the judge. 表示地点“在前面”8. to1) could you tell me the way to the railway station.表示“向（某处） ”

49、“去（某地） ”2) it s ten to four by my watch. 表示“到”9. by1) there is a school by the river. / he stood by me. 表示“在的旁边” “在邻近”2) i will be here by five oclock. 表示“最迟在” “在以前”3) the boy was beaten by his father. 表示“被”“由”4) what time is it by your watch. / we learn swim by swimming.表示“依照” “依据”5) i will go to b

50、eijing by plane. / you may send the book by post.表示“通过” “靠”“坐”10. with1) i shall have dinner with an old friend. / he had a talk with her last sunday.表示“和一起”2) cut it with a knife.表示“用”3) i ll do it with pleasure. / they were talking with a smiling face.表示缘由4) i saw an old man with gray hair in the

51、street./ china is a country with a long history.表示“有”“穿戴”5) are you happy with your english.表示关系“对于” “关于”11. of1) he is the son of my friend. / can you see the wall of the city.表示“（属于）的”2) i have heard of her. 表示“（关于）的”3) a piece of paper, two bags of rice, a kind of oil, a glass of milk表示“的数量或种类”4)

52、 three of us, the whole of china, most of the students表示“的部分或全部”5) a house of brick, a table of wood表示“由做成的”12. near（接近、靠近）1) he lives near the river. 他住在河边2) my birthday is near christmas. 我的生日接近圣诞节3) she is near seventy.他快 70 岁了；13. under （在的下面）1) they put their shoes under the bed. 他们把鞋放在床下2) he

53、is under sixty. 他不到 60 岁14. over1) the lamp is over the table. 表示“在上面” （不与物体接触）2) he jumped over a chair. 表示“越过”3) they want to go over china. 表示“遍及”4) there are over sixty books in his room. 表示“多于” “超过”5) what did you do over weekend. 表示时间“在的过程中”15. behindtheyre behind the jazz cds 在的后面16. betweent

54、he park is between a supermarket and a hospital. 在之间17. nextnext we re talking to peter.下一个 our classroom is next to the library.在.隔壁 , 靠近 ., 贴近 . can you please put my opinions in next month s magazine. 紧接着来到的, 下年, 月, 日等 18. off 从.离开 , 脱离turn left off the busy street.19. upthe village is high up in

55、 the hills.表示位置，“到高处” “沿着”“在那边”20. downand then go down long street. 表示动向“沿向下”21. fromthey get money from me. he is from usa.表示地点“从（地点）”22. acrossthe pay phone is acrossthe library. 表示地点“在对面”23. throughtake a walk through the park. the windowby the apple tree is open and the branches climbed in through thewindow.表示动向“从” “由”“穿过”24. withoutcan we go into the classrooms without the teacher. 表示条件“如无” “假如没有”25 aswe have a job for you as doctor.表示方式“作为”26 likehe can talk like our tea