(完整版)chapter1IntroductiontoProfessionalEnglishforMicrobiology

1、professional english for microbiologyph. d / professor juquan jiangmicrobiology and biotechnologynortheast agricultural university introductionwhy should we study professional english for microbiology?we have to learn more advanced knowledge and technology in this field from usa and europe, and etc.

2、 we have to interact with world famous researchers, and improve and advance our understanding of what we studied, and finally make progress, keep up with the research progress, even lead the world level research. we also need express ourselves in english, an let the world know ourselves in this fiel

3、d, for example write a paper, make a presentation talk in the international meeting. we have a lot of reasons to study well professional english for microbiology, as the students majored in microbiology. how would we study this subject? i would plan to teach this course by presenting the knowledge r

4、elative to microbiology in english, in which i would let you know the professional words for microbiology, and further let you understand literatures written in english, and finally hope that you could write a paper in english.reference textbook ? the experimental basis of microbiology the general p

5、rinciples of cell structure and function the classification and diversity of microorganisms biochemical processes in cells the genetic basis of microbial growth and evolution the ecological activities of microorganisms in nature. we will discuss: 1.1 what is a microbe?1.2 the importance of microbiol

6、ogy1.3 microbes in our lives1.4 the history of microbiology1.5 important events in the development of microbiologychapter 1 microorganisms and microbiologythe word microbe (microorganism) is used to describe an organism that is so small that, normally, it cannot be seen without the use of a microsco

7、pe. viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and some algae are all included in this category.1.1 what is a microbe? our world is populated by invisible creatures too small to be seen with the unaided eye. these life forms, the microbes or microorganisms, may be seen only by magnifying their image with a

8、microscope. microbial worldorganisms (living)infectious agents (non-living)prokaryotes (unicellular)eukaryotesvirusesviroidsprionseubacteriaarchaeaalgae (unicellular or multicellularfungi (unicellular or multicellularprotozoa (unicellular)other multicellular organismsmost of the bacteria, protozoa,

9、and fungi are single-celled microorganisms, and even the multicelled microbes do not have a great range of cell types. viruses are not even cells, just genetic material surrounded by a protein coat and incapable of independent existence.the size and cell type of microbes microbeapproximate range of

10、sizescell typeviruses0.01-0.25macellularbacteria0.1-10mprokaryotefungi2m-1meukaryoteprotozoa2-1000meukaryotealgae1m-several meterseukaryotemicrobes impinge on all aspects of life, just a few of these are listed below:the environmentmedicinefoodbiotechnologyresearch1.2 the importance of microbiologyt

11、he environmentmedicinefood biotechnologyresearchpress here to continue microbes are responsible for the cycling of carbon, nitrogen and phosphors (geochemical cycles), all essential components of living organisms (topic fi). they are found in association with plants in symbiotic relationships, maint

12、ain soil fertility and may also be used to clean up the environment of toxic compounds (bio-remediation; topics h6 and 14). some microbes are devastating plant pathogens (topic h7), which destroy important food crops, but others may act as biological control agents against these diseases.the disease

13、-causing ability of some microbes such as smallpox. (variola virus; topic ks), cholera (vibrio cholera bacteria; section f3) and malaria (plasmodium protozoa, topic j7) is well known. however, micro-organisms have also provided us with the means of their control in the form of antibiotics (topic f7)

14、 and other medically important drugs.microbes have been used for thousands of years, in many processes, to produce food, from brewing and wine making, through cheese production and bread making, to the manufacture of soy sauce (topic f2). at the other end of the scale, microbes are responsible for f

15、ood spoilage, and disease-causing microbes are frequently carried on food (topic f5).traditionally microbes have been used to synthesize many important chemicals such as acetone and acetic acid (topic f2). more recently he advent of genetic engineering techniques has led to the cloning of pharmaceut

16、ically important polypeptides into microbes, which may hen be produced on a large scale.microbes have been used extensively as model organisms for the investigation of biochemical and genetic processes as they are much easier to work with than more complex animals and plants. millions of copies of t

17、he same single cell can be produced in large numbers very quickly and at low cost to give plenty of homogeneous experimental material. an additional advantage is that most people have no ethical objections to experiments with these microorganisms.microbiologybacteriologyprotozoologyparasitologymicro

18、bial morphologymycologyvirologyphycology or algologymicrobial physiologymicrobial taxonomymicrobial geneticsmolecular biologymicrobial ecologythe discovery of microorganismsthe spontaneous generation conflictthe recognition of microbial role in diseasethe discovery of microbial effects on organic an

19、d inorganic matterthe development of microbiology in this century1.4 the history of microbiologythe discovery of microorganisms the first person to accurately observe and describe microorganismsantony van leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)the first person to observe and describe microorganisms was the amateur

20、microscopist antony van leeuwenhoek of delft, holland.leeuwenkoek made his simple, single-lens microscope which could amplify the object being viewed 50 300 times. between 1673 1723, he wrote a series of letters to the royal society of london describing the microbes he observed from the samples of r

21、ainwater, and humam mouth.leeuwenhoeks drawings of bacteria from the human mouth.a drawing of one of the microscopes showing the lens a; mounting pin b; and focusing screws c and d.lensobject being viewedadjustingscrews final refutation of spontaneous generation birth of microbiology as a science di

22、scovery of the existence of anaerobic life fermentation vaccines pasteurizationpasteurs contributions:louis pasteur working in his laboratorylouis pasteur (1822 1895)pasteur (1857) demonstrated that lactic acid fermentation is due to the activity of microorganisms.2. pasteur (1861) conflict over spo

23、ntaneous generation birth of microbiology as a science3. pasteur (1881) developed anthrax vaccine4. pasteurizationthe conflict over spontaneous generation spontaneous generation that living organisms could develop from nonliving or decomposing matter.pasteurs swan neck flasks used in his experiments

24、 on the spontaneous generation of microorganismsconclusion: microorganisms are not spontaneously generated from inanimate matter, but are produced by other microorganismsrobert koch in his laboratorythe recognition of microbial roles in diseaserobert koch (1843 1910)the microorganisms must be presen

25、t in every case of the disease but absent from healthy organisms.the suspected microorganisms must be isolated and grown in a pure culture.the disease must result when the isolated microorganisms is inoculated into a healthy host.the same microorganisms must be isolated again from the diseased host

26、kocks postulatesthe golden age of microbiology koch and pure cultures fermentation and pasteurization germ theory of disease vaccinationbeijerinck made fundamental contributions to microbial ecology. he isolated azotobacter and rhizobium.the discovery of microbial effects on organic and inorganic ma

27、tterthe russian microbiologist winograsky discovered that soil bacteria could oxidize iron, sulfur and ammonia to obtain energy, and also isolated nitrogen fixing bacteria.sir alexander fleming discovered the antibiotic penicillin. he had the insight to recognize the significance of the inhibition o

28、f bacterial growth in the vicinity of a fungal contaminant when most other scientists probably would have simply discarded the contaminated plates.alexander fleming (1881-1955)1676 leeuwenhoek discovers animalcules1.5 important events in the development of microbiologythe future of microbiology as t

29、he preceding sections have shown, microbiology has had a profound influence on society. what of the future? science writer bernard dixon is very optimistic about microbiologys future for two reasons. first, microbiology has a clearer mission than do many other scientific disciplines. second, it is c

30、onfident of its value because of its practical significance. dixon notes that microbiology is required both to face the threat of new and reemerging human infectious diseases and to develop industrial technologies that are more efficient and environmentally friendly.some well-known modern microbiolo

31、gists. what are some of the most promising areas for future microbiological research and their potential practical impacts? what kinds of challenges do microbiologists face?1. new infectious diseases are continually arising and old diseases are once again becoming widespread and destructive.2. micro

32、biologists must find ways to stop the spread of established infectious diseases.3. research is needed on the association between infectious agents and chronic diseases such as autoimmune and cardiovascular diseases.4. we are only now beginning to understand how pathogens interact with host cells and

33、 the ways in which diseases arise.5. microorganisms are increasingly important in industry and environmental control, and we must learn how to use them in a variety of new ways.6. microbial diversity is another area requiring considerable research.7. microbial communities often live in biofilms, and these biofilms are of profound importance in both medicine and microbial ecology.8. the genomes of many microorganisms already have been sequenced, and many more will be determined in thecoming years.9. further res