(完整版)InterculturalBusinessCommunication

1、communication between cultures: verbal communicationchapter 31. verbal communication2. oral communication3. written communicationcontentslanguage is part of culture.semantics is a system that associates words to meaning.pragmatics is the study of the effect that language has on human perceptions and

2、 behaviors. 1. verbal communication (vc)verbal communicationverbal communication definition of vc vc takes place when vc takes place when vc refers to the communication that is carried out either in oral or in written form with the use of words.university students are composing an article, finishing

3、 a professors assignment on campus, the employees are writing a report t to their managers in a company by email. people are chatting with their friends, discussing an issue in a group, or making a public speech. attributes of verbal communication can keep and disseminate information. can express al

4、l kinds of ideas we want to express can be more clarified and efficient than other ways. attributesattributes 兽中之王兽中之王 虎口拔牙虎口拔牙 狐假虎威狐假虎威 lion in the westtiger in chinadogs in the west and chinaa word may have rich culturally created connotative meanings in one language, while it is seldom used with

5、the same meanings in another.cultural factors in verbal communication king of animals the lions mouth ass in the lions skin human best friendsa lucky dog狼心狗肺狼心狗肺 狗急跳墙狗急跳墙 every dog has his day. cultural factors in verbal communicationcultural factors in verbal communicationways of vc between easters

6、 and westernerseasterners are generally more polite, beat about the bush, reasons first, conversational greetings, concern for others, vague, talk the same time.westerners are generally more direct, come to the point, rude, personal opinions first, get down to business, none of my business, above th

7、e board, take turns. do you agree with such saying?as what has been explained above, verbal communication can be conducted both in spoken form and written form. it is has cultural features sometimes. therefore, people from different cultural backgrounds have different ways of verbal communication. i

8、n the following we just show how differently the easterners and the westerners communicate. ways of vc between easters and westernerswhen talking, easterners tend, often superficially, to yield to the other partys views without making any open protest. westerners, however, are usually direct in pres

9、enting their different ideas or protest. superficial and directsuperficial and directbeat about the bush and come to the point easterners are usually indirect while westerners are direct when expressing themselves. in the languages by easterners there are quite a few honorific forms which westerners

10、 think are redundant. westerners do have polite expressions, but for each meeting the phrase for exchanging these expressions is usually very short. to easterners, westerners appear rude. being polite or being rudebeing polite or being rudereasons first and personal opinions firstreasons first and p

11、ersonal opinions firstwhen it comes to a position, easterners tend to state the reasons first. westerners, on the contrary, usually state their position first, then the reasons. before discussion easterners tend to spend a lot of time talking about unimportant things, preparing for the serious discu

12、ssion. westerners dont do so. conversational greetings and get down to businessconversational greetings and get down to businesseasterners often show a lot of concern for others, which westerners consider as bothering other peoples business. concern for others and none of my businessconcern for othe

13、rs and none of my businesseasterners tend to be vague when talking, which often bring unhappiness to westerners as it is against their habit. vague and above the boardvague and above the boardwhen debating in the west, two parties usually take several turns of arguments, while in the east the two si

14、des express their respective views at most once, then both sides either yield to each other, or just keep silent the same time and take turnsthe same time and take turnsthe relationship between language and culturethe influence of culture on languagelanguage reflects the environment in which we live

15、. we label things that are around us. examples ?the environment influences the development of technology, products, and the appropriate vocabulary. examples? the influence of culture on languagelanguage reflects cultural values.language is a mirror of culture, because language reflects human relatio

16、nships, reflects the way the society operates. example: chinese kinship terms reflect the importance of our family system.语言与文化的关系语言与文化的关系1、语言是文化的重要组成部分，是文化的一个方面称赞ways of speaking, behavior2、语言是文化的载体，它反映着一个民族的文化3、 语言与文化相互影响，相互制约 1.2 semantics in intercultural communication3) dictionary, convenient &

17、amp; thorough source of information1) a system that associates words to meaningdenotation, literal meaning or definition of a wordthe explicit, particular, defined meaning.connotation isthe suggestive meaning of a wordvalues, judgments, and beliefs implied by a word2) the study of themeaning of word

18、sdictionary definitions are denotative meanings.denotational meaningconnotational meaninga wordmeanings of wordsmeanings of wordsit refers to a definitional meaning depending upon our choice of word selection.denotation means a dictionary definition.it refers to extended meanings or associated meani

19、ngs.connotational meanings have developed over time through use by people and especially by poets and writers.comparison between english and chinese examples ldove: peacelfox: cunninglowl: wisdomlbat: an evil animallcricket: a happy insectldragon: fiercenessl鸽子：和平鸽鸽子：和平鸽l狐狸：像狐狸一样狡猾狐狸：像狐狸一样狡猾l猫头鹰：坏运气

20、猫头鹰：坏运气l蝙蝠：福，幸福，洪福蝙蝠：福，幸福，洪福l蟋蟀：哀愁蟋蟀：哀愁l龙：龙袍，龙的传人龙：龙袍，龙的传人(chinese dragon)culture red yellow green blue europe and north americadanger cautioncowardicesafetygrowth and rebirthmasculinitysweetnesscalmjapan anger danger gracenobilitychildish gaietyfuture youth energy villainychina joy celebration powe

21、r honor royalty no special associationno special associationarabic countriesno special associationhappinessprosperityfertilityvirtuestrengthfaithtruth cultural associations of colorbusiness implicationswestern wedding:something new, something old, something borrowed, something blue.a happy wedding a

22、nd marriagedifferent understanding of colors by chinese and americansspring festivalchristmas dayvery significant point - pay close attention people are containers of meaningin the figure, some people see a duck, some people see a rabbit, and others alternately see a duck and a rabbit . in the pictu

23、re, some see the profile of an indian while others see the back of an eskimo walking away, and still others alternately see both.seeing does not mean believing, sometimes. focus on the dot and move your head back and forth. what is happening?from responding to these pictures, we can gather that peop

24、le see differently and evaluate differently. such an understanding helps form the basis for successful intercultural communication.lucy: whats your step-mom like?mary: she was a blonde and she married my dad.1.3 pragmatics in intercultural communication marys mother was dead or divorced from her fat

25、her. mary doesnt like her stepmother. mary is jealous with her step-moms good-looking. marys step-mom married her father for money. marys step-mom is a vase, pretty but foolish. mary never saw her step-mom. mary doesnt want to carry on this talk about her stepmother. lets change a topic. what inform

26、ation can attain from marys answer?1.3 what does pragmatics mean?1.3 what does pragmatics mean?456we can understand how to communicate properlyit studies language as it is used in cultural context.language can be used to perform many tasks.123the study of the effect that language has on human percep

27、tions and behaviors.the study of how speakers use the language to reachsuccessful communicationit studies language as it is used in a social context.pragmatic failurepragmatic failurelanguage can be used to perform many taskstasks2. different perceptions of titles1. how to address people3. how to sh

28、ow gratitude5. being modest4. conversation topics6. cultural contexts1.5 communication, language and culture1.5 communication, language and culture as the basic building blocks of communication, word communicate meaning, but very often the meanings of words are very much influenced. meaning is in th

29、e person, not in the word, and each person is the product of a particular culture that passed on shared and appropriate meanings. culture and communication are inseparably linked: you cant have one without the other. culture gives meaning and provides the context for communication, and the ability t

30、o communicate allows us to act out our cultural values and to share our language and our culture.uncle sam is a nickname for the united statesdragon is described as chinain reality, almost every aspect of human life is affected by the seemingly omnipresent culture. the way we decorate our roomthe wa

31、y we look after our car.the way we address peoplethe job i choselanguage is much related with culture and communication. when compared to a living organism, language is flesh, and culture is blood. without culture, language would be dead; without language, culture would have no shape. when language

32、and culture are related with communication as a swimming exercise, we can define that communication is swimming, language is the swimming skill, and culture is water. without language, communication would remain to a very limited degree (in very shallow water); without culture, there would be no com

33、munication at all.presentationa good listenertelephone calls2. oral communication language facilitates group cooperation and allows information and knowledge to be transferred from individual to individual, from place to place, and from generation to generation. it also allows for the accum

34、ulation of knowledge through the stories, or history of a people. this process began, of course, orally. long before writing was developed, groups of people told stories to educate the young and to preserve the history of the group.in business, oral communication, whether in face-to-face situations

35、or telephone conversations, serves many of those same functions. people learn the history of an organization and about its culture primarily through the stories people tell, and relationships are forged or broken, primarily by what and how things are said. bmw in munich germany 2.1 presentation2.1 p

36、resentation oral presentations effectively inform and persuade because they convey immediacy(直接 ). this immediacy allows the speaker to reveal his or her attitudes toward the topic and helps to forge(建立)group commitment to a project. although oral presentations employ the same rhetorical( 修辞的 ) prin

37、ciples, strategies of organization, audience analysis, and audience accommodation(适应) that written presentations do, written and oral communication are not identical. to design an effective oral presentationto design an effective oral presentation1) analyze your audience working adultsordinary peopl

38、euniversity students crazy fans 2) reduce your residual(剩余的) message, the idea you want your listeners to take away with them, to a single clear sentence and determine your rhetorical purpose.ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country 3) restrict your main points

39、to three to seven. add as many supporting ideas under each point as your time limit will allow.4) design your introduction. in the introduction, establish credibility, arouse audience interest, and orient listeners to your talk. provide a clear statement of your rhetorical purpose and an introductor

40、y summary. conclude by introducing your key points. just do it 5) design the conclusion to summarize your main points. you may also want to add an urge to action an encompassing quotation or illustration, or a personal endorsement.and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, sha

41、ll not perish from the earth 6) prepare linking visuals that will help keep your audience on track. a multimedia room, including computer, overhead projector, microphone, etc.7) design additional illustrations if they will clarify or emphasize your key point the photos you took or you made or you pr

42、epared after you have developed your talk, return to your audience analysis and identify questions your audience may raise during the question-and-answer period. redesign your talk if you think any of these concerns are important enough to be included. if illustrations will make responding to antici

43、pated questions easier, prepare additional illustrations. 2.practice out loud1. note cards for main points5.being nervous is natural3.good posture and natural gestures4. maintain eye contact6. evaluate your performance.effective presentationhow to have an effective presentationhow to have an effecti

44、ve presentation1) use note cards rather than a prepared text to practice your speech. note cards for main points evaluate your pitch, tone and pace2) practice out loud until you feel comfortable with your talk, but do not memorize it. if possible, record a practice session to help you evaluate your

45、pitch( 音调), tone, and pace. 3) when you stand in front of your audience, use good posture and natural gestures. good posture and natural gestures4) project your voice and maintain eye contact. maintain eye contact5) remember that nervousness is natural and that it will fade as you begin to talk. bei

46、ng nervoushow was my performance? 2.2 a poor listening and a good listener 2.2 a poor listening and a good listener communication is a two-way process because there needs to be someone in the receiving, listening role as well as someone in the expressing, speaking role. both parts are equally import

47、ant. if there is a problem with one half of the process, then there is likely to be a breakdown in communication2. the feedback from the subordinates may be neglected or misunderstood. a poor listening on the employees side often leads to the distortion. 3.a poor listening may result in a wrong orde

48、ring of goods or appointments4. a poor listening causes a complaint or a personal conflict. 5. a poor listening may result in damaging an organizations profile.a poor listening1) in internal communication, a poor listening on the employees side often leads to the distortion of directives and decisio

49、ns coming from the management. 2) poor listening also occurs with the management, i.e. the feedback from the subordinates may be neglected or misunderstood by managers or even ceos, which has a negative impact on the relationship between the two sides and may even discourage subordinates in their fu

50、ture feedback. 3) in external communication, poor listening may result in a wrong ordering of goods, a misscheduling of appointments. 4) it may turn a consumers suggestion into a complaint or a discussion into a personal conflict. 5) it may even result in damaging an organizations profile. reasons for poor listening1) the speakers side. speaker-oriented reasons include lack of eye contact, lifeless voice, few gestures, neglect of proper clothing and poor speech organizations. 2) the listeners side. listeners own reasons cover ones perception of the spe