初中英语基础知识-语法知识梳理

1、语法学问梳理第一节词法在英语中，共有 10 大词类，它们是：名词、动词、形容词、副词、数词、代词、冠词、介词、连词、感叹词；一、名词1. 什么叫名词？名词是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称；如：mother 妈妈 panda熊猫library图书馆pencil铅笔 wish愿望2. 名词是如何分类的？（ 1） 名词依据意义分为专出名词和一般名词； 1 专出名词表示特定的人或事物的名称；如：mr green 格林先生the springfestival 春节the great wall长城britain 英国提示： 1、人名都是专出名词2、专出名词的第一个字母必需大写； 2 一般名词是不属于特

2、定的人或事物名称的词；一般名词又分为个体名词和集体 名词、物质名词和抽象名词；个体名词，如：radio （广播）， watch （手表）；集体名词，如： class （班级）， people （人民）；物质名词，如： milk （牛奶） water （水）；抽象名词，如：work（工作）， health （健康）；2名词依据其表示的事物性质的不同，分为可数名词和不行数名词； 1 可数名词表示的事物是可以用数字一个一个数出来的，有单数和复数两种形式；如： a banana 一只香蕉two bananas两只香蕉 2 不行数名词表示的事物是不行以用数字一个一个数出来的，不分单、 复数；抽象名词、物

3、质名词和专出名词一般都是不行数名词；如：milk牛奶 ice冰 idea想法 france 法国提示：有少数名词既可作可数名词，也可作不行数名词，但含义不同；如：fish鱼肉（不行数） fish 鱼类（可数） chicken 鸡肉（不行数） chicken 小鸡（可数）3. 可数名词复数形式的构成规章是什么？（1） 名词复数形式构成的基本规章：情形变法例词一般情形加-sgirl-girlsbook -books以 sshxch结尾的词加-esbus-buses以“辅音字母+ y 结尾的词变 y 为i 再加eswatch-watchesfamily-falimiesstrawberry-stra

4、wberries以 f 或 fe 结尾的词变 f 或fe 为 v 再加eshalf-halves wife-wives以 o 结尾的词加 es或 sphoto-photospiano-pinaosradio-radioszoo-zoos复数形式词尾是或的读法如下：tomato-tomatoes potato-potatoes情形读法例词在 /p/ /t/ /k/ /f/等清辅音后在/s/ /z/ /t / 等/后d /s/cakes desks cups/iz/buses classes watches在其他情形下/z/bananas zoos windows2需要特殊记住的是英语中有些名词的

5、复数形式是不规章的；如： man-menwoman-womenfoot-feettooth-teethmouse-mice child-childrensheep-sheep deer-deer fish-fish chinese-chinese4. 如何表示不行数名词的数量？（1） 不行数名词没有单、 复数的区分， 是不能直接以数字运算事物的名词， 要表示“一”这个概念，我们可以用“a+表示数量的名词 + of+ 名词”的形式；如：a glass of water一杯水 a cup of tea一杯茶（2） 假如要表达两个或两个以上的概念，表示数量的名词需要用复数形式，不行数名词不变； 如：

6、two glasses of water两杯水five bags ofrice五袋大米提示：这种形式也可以用于可数名词，但名词必需用复数形式；如：a basketofapples 一篮子苹果 five baskets of tomatoes五篮子西红柿5. 什么是名词全部格？名词中表示全部关系的形式叫做名词全部格，意为“的”，一般在名词后加是 s；如 grandmashouse奶奶的房子my parentscar 我父母的车(1) 假如名词代表的事物是有生命的，那么其全部格有以下几种形式：分类构成方式举例一般单数名词在名词末尾加 snancys father以或结尾的复数名词在名词末尾加the

7、 teachers books特殊复数名词（不以或结尾）在名词末尾加 schildrens day表示共有关系的在最终一个名词的末尾加 s表示各自全部关系的在每个名词的词尾都加sjim and henlen s mother（两人共有一个妈妈）jimsandhenlens mothers（两人各自的妈妈）提示：表示公共场所、或住宅的名词，其全部格后面经常省略被修饰的名词；we will go to my sister s for dinner this afternoon.今日下午我们将去我姐姐家吃饭；letsgotothebarber s.我们去理发店吧；（2） ） 假如名词代表的事物是没有

8、生命的，常与组成短语来表示其全部格，表示前者属于后者；its a map of china. 这是一张中国地图；the name of the cartoon is cinderella.这部动画片的名字是灰姑娘；例题引路一、写出以下名词的复数形式；1baby 2.key3.strawberry4.life 5.half6.woman7.german 8.japanese答案 1.babies2.keys3. strawberries4.lives5.halves6.women7.germans8. japanese二、翻译以下词组1.长城 2.很多羊 3.三袋大米 4.五篮子鸡蛋 5 四位女

9、老师6.八棵苹果树 7 七张老太太的照片8.她的一个伴侣答案 1 .the great wall2.many/a lot of sheep3.three bags of rice 4.five baskets of eggs5.four women teachers6.eight apple trees 7.seven photos of an old woman8.a friend of hers连接训练一、写出以下名词的复数形式；1.pencil-box 2.wife 3.sunday4.city 5.dress 6.englishman 7.match 8.chinese 9.exam1

10、0.library 11.radio 12. family 13.boy14. photo15.tomato 16.dish 17.american 18.dictionary三、单项挑选1. my father is a .he works in a hospital. a.teacher b. doctor c. farmer d. soldier2. we need some more.can you go and get some ,please.a. potato b. potatos c. potatoes d. a potato 3.in the picture there ar

11、e manyand two.a. sheep; foxes b. sheeps ;foxes c. sheeps; fox d. sheep ; foxs 4.let s meet at 7:30 outside the gate of.a. the people s park b. the peoplespark c. the people park d. peoples park 5.there are sixty-sevenin our school.a.women s teacher b. women teachers c. women teachers d. women teache

12、r6.this shop sells apples,bananas and things like these.its a.a. food shop b. book shop c. fruit shop d. vegetable shop 7.september10th isin china.a.teacher s day b. teachers day c. teacher day d .teachers day8.the football under the bed is.a. su hai and liu taob. su hai s and liu tao s c.su hai s a

13、nd liu tao d. su hai and liu taos 9.the post office is a bit far from here. its about.a. thirty minutes s walkb. thirty minute s walkc. thirty minuteswalkd. thirty minutes walk10.arebig and bright.a. the classroom windowb. the window of the classroom c.the classroom s windowsd.the windows of the cla

14、ssroom四、用所给名词的适当形式填空；1.are there threechildplaying in the classroom. 2.here re twobottleof milk for you.3. daniel always wears a pair ofglass and he looks clever.4. we do too muchhomeworkevery day so we have no time to play. 5.it s sunday and there are so manypeoplein the street.6.you should brush y

15、ourtoothat least twice every day.五、依据汉语提示完成句子；1. beijing is 中国的首都 2. i m hungry. please give me（四片面包）3. are these （你父母的照片）？4.i visited （长城）last year.it s really wonderful.5（tom 和 mike的手表） are new. they bought them last saturday. 6.you can found（一些苹果树） in the garden.7.（杨玲和南希的桌子）is very clean,but（她们的椅

16、子）are very dirty.二、动词1.动词的定义和分类动词是表示动作或状态的一类词；动词充当谓语时， 要受到主语的限制， 与主语在人称和数上一样；用来表示动作或状态在各种时间条件的动词形式称为时态； 动词依据其在句中的功能， 可以分为实义动词、 系动词、助动词和情态动词四类；2.实义动词（ 1）实义动词的分类实义动词也叫行为动词， 即表示动作的动词， 能独立作谓语； 实义动词有及物动词和不及物动词之分； 及物动词是指后面可以直接跟宾语的动词； 不及物动词指后面不行以直接跟宾语的动词；we have friends all over the world.我们的伴侣遍天下；george s

17、 father lives there.乔治的爸爸住在那儿；提示：英语动词中有很多既是及物动词又是不及物动词，如close,begin,study,leave,work等；（3） ） 实义动词的基本形式有动词原形、第三人称单数形式、过去式、现在分词、过去分词；3.系动词（ 1）系动词的定义.系动词亦称连系动词，不能单独做谓语，后面必需跟表语；（ 2）系动词的功能系动词的主要功能是把表语（名词、形容词、副词、非谓语动词、介词短语、从句）和其主语联系在一起，以说明主语的属性、特点或状态；它和其后的表语一起构成句子的谓语；（ 3）常见系动词my fatheris a policeman.you wi

18、ll feel better after a nights sleep. its gettingwarmer and warmer in spring.he lookedangry/sad/happy. the applestastevery good.提示：有部分系动词也可以作为实义动词来使用；he lookedsad at the news.（“看起来”，系动词用法）he kookedsadiy at the boy.（“看着”，实义动词用法）4.助动词（ 1）助动词的定义助动词是语法功能词，本身没有词义，不行单独使用；he doesn t like english.(2) 助动词的功能

19、1 表示时态he is singing.he doesntgo to school on saturday. 2 构成疑问句do you like college life.did you study english before you came here. 3 与否定副词 not连用构成否定句i don t like playing computer games. theyare notwatching tv now.3 目前学过的助动词有： beam/is/are,dodoes/did 1 “am/is/are+ 现在分词”构成现在进行时态；they are havinga meetin

20、g. englishis becomingmore and more important. 2 do/does/did构成一般疑问句、否定句、否定祈使句；do you want to pass the english exam.he doesn t like to study.don t be late for school.提示：do也可以作实义动词， 表示“做”；变否定句时必需借助don t/doesn t/didn t he doeshomework every day. hedoesn t watch tv on school days.6. 情态动词（1） 情态动词的定义及功能情态动

21、词是一种本身有肯定的词义，但要与一般动词一起使用，给谓语动词增加情态颜色，表示说话人对有关行为或事物的态度和看法，认为其可能、应当或必要等得一类词；情态动词一般本身无人称和数的变化，其后面的实义动词要用动词原形；she can swim fast, but ican t. you mus t stay here until i come back.（2） 常见情态动词的用法 1can 表示才能，意为“会，能”；表示客观可能性或估计时，用于否定句和疑问句； she can sing english songs.itcant 不行能 be jim.i saw him at school just

22、now. can /may 可以 i borrow your bike. 2may表示许可， 用于陈述句； 表示正式的恳求或许可， 用于一般疑问句；回答 may提出的问题，确定形式为：yes,please./ yes, please do./yes,certainly./yes,you may.否定形式为： no,you mustn t./no, youcan t./please don t.you may go out to ply now.-may i smoke here.-yes,you may./no you mustnt. 3 must 指客观可能性或推测时，意为“肯定”；表示“应

23、当，必需”时，其否定形式为 mustn t 意为“禁止，不答应，千万别”；回答由must 构成的一般疑问句，确定形式为： yes，主语+must；否定形式为： no ，主语 +needn t/don t have to ；it must确定be nancy s book.her name is on the cover. you mustn t 千万别 play football in the street.- musti hand in my homework tomorrow.-yes, you must. / no, you neednt/don t have to. 4 should表

24、示“应当，应当”， shouldn t 表示“不应当”；you shouldtell your mother the truth. you shouldnt make the same mistake.例题引路一、用所给动词的适当形式填空；1. my father alwayshelpmy mother with housework.2. the shipsnot bein the river now;they bethere a moment ago. 3.our familyhavea new computer last month.4.i can do it better than yo

25、u .二、仿照例词写出所给动词的相应形式；例词:dodoes doing did1. write 2.carry 3.wash 4.meet连接训练 一、单项挑选1.my brother a teacher. he his pupils very much.a. is ; likeb.is;likesc.are;likesd. are; like 2.-how many days there in a week.-there seven.a. is; isb.are;isc. is;ared. are; are 3.my english teacher .a. all look youngb.

26、 looks youngc. look youngd. all looks young4.i busy now, but i free next week.a. am;amb. am; willc. am;will bed. being;will be 5.may i to helen brown.a. tellb. speakc. talkd. say 6.yang ling can clothes for the doll.a. make;b. makesc. maded. making7. she looks because she will go to hainan for a hol

27、iday.a. happilyb. be happyc. happyd. happiness8. - i use your pen,dad.-yes,you can .a. mayb. doc. amd. must二、用所给动词的适当形式填空；1. two and six be eight.2. there belots of sheep on the farm last year.3. the boy with his friends havesome homework every day. 4.you must listento your teacher in class.5.we lik

28、e watchcartoons at the weekend. 6.listen. someone singin the next room.7.su hai wants bea teacher when she grows up. 8.what you dolast night.9. not speakloudly in the reading room.10. i like read very much,but i dont like readtoday.im too tired.三、形容词1.什么是形容词？形容词是用来修饰或描述名词或代词，以说明人或事物的性质、 状态或特点的一类词； j

29、ane is abeautifulgirl.is there anything wrong with your mp4.2.形容词在句中的位置是怎样的？几个形容词连用时，如何排序？（ 1）形容词作定语一般放在被修饰的名词之前，系动词和不定代词之后； she is a goodgirl.i am tall and thin.there is somethingimportantto tell her.提示： 1.有的形容词只能作表语，如：afraid 可怕， alone独自的， asleep 睡着的， awake 醒着的， alive 活着的， well 健康的， ill 病的2.某些形容词加上

30、定冠词可以泛指一类人或整体的东西，谓语动词用复数；the chinese have long history.we should help the old(2) 多个形容词修饰名词时，音节少的形容词在前，音节多的在后.she bought herself a new silk skirt. i have long straight golden hair.提示：多个形容词和其他词修饰名词时，其次序是：限定词（冠词、指示代词、形容词性物主代词、数词）+描画词（大小、长短、外形、新旧、长幼、颜色）+出处+材料性质 +类别+名词3.什么是形容词的比较等级？绝大多数形容词有三种形式：原级、比较级和最高

31、级；liu hai is as tall as me .tall是原级 it is warmer today than it was yesterday.warmer 是比较级 she is the best student in her class.best 是最高级 4.形容词比较等级的构成规章是什么？（见八年级上语法附录）5.形容词比较等级的几种用法（ 1）形容词的原级可用于两个人或事物的比较，常用的有两种结构： 1 确定结构： as+形容词的原级+ as，意为“和一样”；she is as careful as her mother. 2 否定结构： not as /so + 形容词的

32、原级 +as，意为“不如”；this dish is not as nice as that one.（ 2）形容词的比较级用于两个人或事物的比较，常用的有四种结构： 1 形容词比较级 +than，表示“比”；this film is more interesting than that one. 2 形容词比较级 +形容词比较级，表示“越来越”；my sister is getting taller and taller. 3the + 形容词比较级， the+形容词比较级，表示“越越”；the more, the better.the more careful you are ,the f

33、ewer mistakes you wii make. 4the + 形容词比较级+ of the two，表示“两者中较的一个”；tom is the cleverer of the twins.提示：比较级前可以加表示程度的副词much ,even,a little等来修饰；he is much stronger than mike.(3) 形容词的最高级用于三个或三个以上的人或事物的比较，常用“the + 形容词的最高级 +名词+范畴（of/ in短语或从句） ”结构，意为“中最的” ；he is the busiest boy in our class.yao ming is one

34、of the most famous basketball players in nba.提示：形容词的最高级前要加the ，但假如形容词的最高级前有物主代词时，不需要加the； today is my happiest day.7.常见形容词的反义词，你记住了吗？bad-goodbetter-worstbest-worstbig-small/littlebeautiful-ugly black-whitebusy freecheap-expensiveclean dirtyclever-foolish cloudy-sunnycool warmcold-hotdangerous-safeda

35、rk-bright/lightdry-wetearly-lateeasy difficulteast west far-nearsunny-rainyfirst-lasthappy-unhappy/sadhard-soft ill-healthy/welllight-heavymore-less/fewmost-least/fewestold-newold youngpoor richquiet-noisysame differentshort-longshort-tallslow-quicksmall-big/large/great strong-weakthin-fatthin-thick

36、例题引路一、单项挑选1.i have to do today.i couldnt help you now.a.anything importantb.somethingimportantc. important nothingd. important something 2.-is chemistry more difficult than physics.-no, chemistry isnt as as physics.a. easyb. easierc. difficultd. moredifficult二、同义句转换；1. liu t ao is not as strong as g

37、ao shan.liu t ao is gao shan. gao shan.is liu t ao.2. david is the tallest student in his class.david is than in his class.连接训练一、用所给词的适当形式填空；1.of the three girls,i found millie is the clever. 2.there are fewpeople here today than yesterday. 3.my sister is two years oldthan i .4. jane s parents have

38、four daughters, and she is the youngchild.5. the cheapthings are not always the worst ones. 6.the short one is expensiveof the five.7. the boy is not so interestingas his brother.8. she will be much happyin her new house.二、单项挑选1.he feels today than yesterday.a. tiredb .more tiredc. more tirederd. mu

39、ch tired 2.of the two toys,the child chose .a. the more expensive oneb. one most expensivec. a least expensived.the most expensive of them 3.the line is than that one.a. more longerb. not longerc. much more longerd. many more longer4.the book is of the three.a. thinnerb . the thinnerc .morethinnerd.

40、 the thinnest 5.she looks than she is.a. the more olderb, very olderc. much olderd. more older6. the garden is becoming .a. more and more beautifulb. more beautiful and beautifulc. more beautiful and mored. more beautiful and beautifuler 7. hurry, speed.a. more; less b. much; littlec. the more; the

41、lessd. the much; the little 8 looking at his mother, the little boy looked .a. happy;goodb. happy; wellc. sad; sadlyd. sadly; sad三、依据汉语提示完成句子；1.这本书跟那本书一样好玩；this book is that one.2.这个故事不如那个好玩；this story is than that one.3.今日比昨天冷得多；it is today it was yesterday.4.他对英语越来越感爱好；he is becoming in english.5.

42、他吃得越多，就越胖； he eats , he gets.6.他比我大两岁；he is than i.四、副词1.什么是副词？副词是一种用来修饰动词、 形容词、副词或全句的词， 以说明时间、 地点、程度、方式等概念；we should listen to our teacherscarefully. in spring , i can see flowerseverywhere.2.副词的种类有哪些？（ 1）方式副词，如quickly,neatly,happily（ 2）地点、方位副词，如here,away,outside,west（ 3）时间副词，如yesterday,already,jus

43、t,now,before,later,often,sometimes（ 4）强调副词， very,too,even,only,4.副词在句中的位置和排列次序（ 1）时间、地点副词，小在前，大在后； he comes fromnew york,america.（ 2）方式副词，短在前，长在后；please writeslowly and carefully.（ 3）方式 +地点+时间the old woman runsvery slowly along the river at 6:00 every morning.4.副词同形容词一样也有比较级和最高级形式；5.常见副词的区分：（ 1） ver

44、y,much,very muchvery 用于修饰形容词或副词的原级；much 用于修饰形容词或副词的比较级；very much用于修饰动词；john is very good.this garden is much bigger than that one.i love music very much 2so , such 1so 修饰形容词或副词； such 修饰名词；my brother runs so fast that i cant follow him. he is such a boy. 2 so 修饰的形容词后可以有一个单数的可数名词，其结构是“so+ 形容词 +a/an+可数

45、名词单数”； such 可修饰可数名词单复数和不行数名词，名词前可以有形容词作定语，其结构是“such+ （ a/an ）+形容词 +可数名词单数 /复数/不行数名词”；he is so clever a boy.=he is such a clever boy.it is such cold weather.they are such good students.提示：假如可数名词复数前有many,few或不行数名词前有much，little修饰，用 so 不 用 such ； 3also ,too, as well, eitheralso ,too, as well, 用于确定句， als

46、o 常用于 be 动词、情态动词、助动词之后，行为动词之前， too, as well 用于句末； either 用于否定句末；my father is a teacher. my mother is also a teacher.= my father is a teacher.my mother is a teacher as well.= my father is a teacher.my mother is a teacher,too. i can t speak french. jenny cant speak french,either.(4) sometime,sometimes

47、, some time, some timessometime 意为“某一时间“，可指将来， 过去；sometimes意为“有时”；sometime 指“一段时间”； some times指“几次，几倍”；we ll have a test sometime next month.sometimes we are busy and sometimes,we are not. he stayed in beijing for some time last year.i have been to beijing some times.例题引路一、用所给词的适当形式填空；1.he is too ti

48、red and he cant walk as quickas his father.2.i feel welltoday than yesterday.3.helen draws careof the girls in her class.二、单项挑选1.remember not to speak when we are in the reading room.a. fastb. slowlyc. politelyd.loudly 2.-what was the weather like yesterday.-it was terrible.it rained so that people

49、could go out. a.hardly; hardb. hardly; hardc. hard ; hardlyd. hard; hard3.there was an accident at the corner. ,the girl wasnt hurt.a.luckily; badlyb.luck; hardlyc. lucky; heavily d. lucky;strongly连接训练一、用所给词的适当形式填空；1. who gets up early,yang linor miss liu.2. tom did well in the exam,so his classmate

50、s spoke highof him.3. he put on his coat and went out quick4. it s dangerous to stand outside,for the wind is blowing strong. 5.he learns math quick than the other students.6. english is wideused in the world.7. they don t know why you talked to them so angry. 8.it is raining heavy,so you d better n

51、ot go out now. 9.he did the work as careful as most of us.10.li lei and lin tao are working much hardthan before.二、单项挑选1. jack s brother doesn t work so as jack.a.harderb. hardc . hardestd. hardly 2.jim speaks chinese very .a. goodb. betterc. welld. best3. he drives much than he did three years ago.

52、a. carefulb. carefullyc . morecarefuld. morecarefully4. i think math is more difficult than english.a. muchb. veryc. tood. so5. my son looks today.he is playing with other children.a. happy; happyb. happy ; happilyc. happily; happilyd. happily; happy6. look. there is ice on the lake.a. too muchb. to

53、o manyc. much tood. so many7. she walked into the room because her mother was sleeping.a. clearb.quietc.quick. d. quietly8. jim s computer is than . dont you think so.a. a lot newer; lin taob. very new; lin taosc. much newer; lin taosd.a little newer; lin tao五、数词1.什么是数词？表示数目“多少” 和次序“第几” 的词叫数词； 分为基数词和序数词； 参看课本，记牢读音和拼写；2.基数词的用法（ 1） 表 示 “ 哪 一 年 ”， 每 两 位 数 一 读 ；1998 年，读作nineteen ninety eight20xx 年读作two thousand and nine2表示“几点”at five o clock（ 3）表示编号no.101