初中英语时态与语态

1、中学英语语法：时态与语态一、时态1、 一般现在时一般现在时是英语中应用最广泛的时态之一，是中学英语语法重点；它表示：1常常性、习惯性的动作或存在的状态；e.g（例） .i go to school on foot.he is very busy now.2表示主语的特点、性格、才能、爱好等；e.g. he can swim.i work hard.i like watching tv .3表示客观真理e.g. there are seven days in a week.the moon moves round the earth.其结构按正常语序，即“主语 +谓语 +其它 ”，有时为了起强调

2、作用，时间状语也可提前.其句式变化可分为两种情形:1表示动作，一般人称作主语的，变否定句须在动词前加助动词don；t变一般疑问句须在句首加助动词do；e.g.they have lunch at 12:00.they don t have lunch at 12:00. do they have lunch at 12:00.2）单三人称做主语的，变否定句须在动词前加助动词doesn；t变一般疑问句须在句首加助动词does；e.g.jenny speaks english very well.jenny doesn t speak english very well. does jenny s

3、peak english very well.含有 be 动词的要在be 上做变化 .（ am, is, are）am 用于第一人称，is 用于第三人称单数，如he,she,are 用于其次人称或第三人称复数，如you,theye.g. danny is a good student. danny isn t a good student. is danny a good student.其时间状语为often、 usually 、 always、 sometimes 等频率副词，on saturdays 、 in the morningafternoonevening、every day 等

4、；常见错误如下：一、 be 动词与行为动词同时显现在句子中例： we are plantplant the trees in spring.答案： plant解析：同学往往会用汉语的思维方式去翻译，就成了“我们是在春天植树”；这是学习英语最忌讳的，要看语法 是不是正确，在英语中，be 是表状态， do 是表动作，两种动词不能同时显现在句子中，可记住如下口诀：“英汉语言有差异， be 、do 不能放一起，认真琢磨细分析，语法千万要牢记；”二、单三人称形式易出错例： 1 he plaies play football very well. 2 danny gos go to school at 7

5、:10.答案： 1 plays2 goes解析： 1 以辅音字母加y 结尾的动词变单三人称形式才能把y 换成 i 再加 es；2 与名词变复数不同，变单三人称形式以o 结尾的词要加es.三、在句式变换时易出错例： 1 does jenny has has a good friend. 2 brian doesnt lives not live in china.答案： 1 doeshave2 doesn t live解析：单三人称做主语的一般现在时做句式变化时，可记住如下口诀：“见助动，用原形”；此口诀也可推广用于一般过去时态中；e.g. he didn't go home yeste

6、rday.四、对 do 的懂得易出错例： we dont not do our homework in the afternoon.答案： dont do解析： do 是一个比较难懂得的词，它有三个含义:a是全部行为动词的总称；b是助动词，无实义；c是一个详细的行为动词“做，干”；此句中给出的do 指“做，干”，not 指把此句变为否定句，故须在 do 前加助动词don；t五、对主语的数判定有误例：li ming with me are be in beijing.答案 : is解析 :表面一看是 “我和李明两个人在北京”，但 with 在此做相伴状语，不能做主语，故用is.另外，宾语从句中，

7、从句部分如是表示客观真理，不管主句是何时态，从句都要用一般现在时；在时间和条件状语从句中，主句表将来，从句要用一般现在时；专项训练：一、 单项1 jenny in an office.her parents in a hospital.a work; worksb works; workcwork; are workingdis working; work 2 one of the boys a black hat.a haveb there isc there ared has 3 we will go shopping if it tomorrow.a don't rainb di

8、dn't rainc doesn't raind isn't rain4 he said the sun in the east and in the west. a rose; setb rises; setsc rises, setd rise; sets5 wang mei music and often to music.a like; listenb likes; listensc like; are listeningd liking ; listen 6 jenny english every evening.a has studyb studiesc s

9、tudyd studied二 、填空1 i can take li ming there when he come to visit.2 your sister knowenglish.3 her home 远离her school. 4 the pot not look like yours very much.5 where you havelunch every day. 6 who 想要to go swimming.7 she do the housework every day.8 jenny and danny usually play games in the afternoon

10、 .2 、现在进行时大家知道， 谓语的动词用来表示动作（情形）发生时间的各种形式称为时态；现在进行时表示1、现在（说话的瞬时）正在进行或发生的动作，强调“此时此刻 ”；e.g. he is reading . they are talking now.2、当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作；e.g. they are working these days.*3 某些动词的现在进行时，表预定的方案或即将发生的动作；e.g i am coming.其结构为be+现在分词 . 现在分词的变法有1、一般在动词词尾加上-ing , e.g. jump2、以不发音字母e 结尾的动词，先去e，再加

11、-ing.e.g have write3、.以重读闭音节末尾只有一个辅音字母结尾的词，它前面是单个元音字母时要先将词尾的辅音字母双写，再加上 -ing. e.g. sit put swim stop let begin其句式变换都在be 上做文章 ；e.g. he is buying a bike.is he buying a bike.he isn t buying a bike.一般由 look, listen, now, at this moment等时间状语做标志；难点易错点：一、把动词变成现在分词形式易出错 例： 1、they are swiming.swim2 、jenny is

12、plaiingplayfootball.答案： 1.swimming 2 .playing解析：动词变现在分词可有如下口诀: “一添一去y 不变 ”. 一“添 ”指双写规章； “一去去 ”指去掉不发音字母e 规章；“y不变 ”指要与名词变复数区分开；二、丢掉be 动词或遗忘把动词变成现在分词例： 1、 look,two children flying.fly a kite in the park.2 、li mingisnt read not read a book in bed now.答案： 1 are flying 2 isnt reading解析 :现在进行时确定句的结构规律为:“be

13、现+在分词 ,缺一不行 ”；这一点必需牢记；三、对动词或动词词组提问时丢掉doing例： 1 、the students are singing in the room. 对划线部分提问 what are the students in the room.答案： what are the students doing in the room.解析 :现在进行时态中对动作提问可记住此句式“what +be +主语 +doing+ 其它 .”或简写为 “what.doing.句式；”.四、现在进行时态的挑选疑问句中易忽视or 后用现在分词形式例：孩子们在跑仍是在跳？are the children

14、 running or jump.答案： are the children running or jumping.解析 : or 连接的是两个并列成分，动词形式须一样；专项训练：（一）、单项1 、 look. he their mother do the housework.a. is helping b. are help c. is help d. is helpping2 、 are the boys doing . they are singing in the room.a .who b .how c.what d.where3 、 dont talk here. my mother

15、 .a. is sleeping b .are sleeping c. sleeping d .sleep4 、danny . don t call him.a. is writeing b .is writing c.writing d .writes5 、when he back.sorry, i dont know.a. does,come b.are coming c.is come d.is coming3、一般过去时一般过去时：简洁地说是表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态；一般过去时的构成：1） be 动词过去式的句式；否定句是在was/were 后面加 not， was not wa

16、sn't/were not weren't ；一般疑问句是把was / were 提前并放到句首，要求首字母要大写； 2）实义动词过去式的句式；确定式：主语+动词过去式 +其它；如： they had a good time yesterday.否定式：主语+did notdidn't+ 动词原形 +其它；如： they didn't watch tv last night.一般疑问句：did+ 主语 +动词原形 +其它？确定回答：yes，主语 +did. 否定回答： no ，主语 +didn't.如： did they have a meeting t

17、wo days ago. yes ， they did. / no ， they didn't.特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+did+ 主语 +动词原形 +其它？如： what time did you finish your homework.知道了一般现在时的构成，我们在看看在什么情形下，我们才能使用它；一般过去时的用法：一般过去时的基本用法a) 表示过去某个特定时间发生的动作或存在的状态；he suddenly fell ill yesterday.昨天他突然生病了；the engine stopped because the fuel was used up.发动机因燃料用光而停机了

18、；b) 表示过去常常发生的动作或存在的状态；i wrote home once a week at college.我上高校时每周给家里写一封信；he was already in the habit of reading widely in his boyhood.他童年时就养成了广泛阅读的习惯；注：表示过去的习惯性动作，除了用过去时外，仍可以用used to 或 would 来表示；she used to study late into the night when she was in senior three.她上高三时常常学习到深夜；he would sit for hours do

19、ing nothing.过去他常常一坐几个钟头什么事也不做；c) 表示过去连续发生的一系列动作；she entered the room, picked up a magazine and looked through it carefully.她走进房间，拿起一本杂志，认真地翻阅了起来；the students go up early in the morning, did morning exercises and then read english aloud in the open air.同学们很早起床，做早操，然后在室外朗读英语；d) 在时间、条件状语从句中表示过去将要发生的动作；

20、we would not leave until the teacher came back.老师回来我们才会离开；she told me she would not go if it rained the next day.她告知我假如其次天下雨的话，她就不去了；一般过去时的特殊用法a) 在虚拟语气中表示现在或将来时间的动作或状态；it's time we went.该是我们走的时候了；i wish i were twenty years younger.但愿我年轻20 岁；i would rather you didn't do anything for the time

21、being.我宁愿你临时先不要实行什么措施；b) 在口语中，一般过去时往往显示委婉客气； i wondered if you could give me a hand. 我想请你帮个忙；might i come and see you tonight.我想今晚来看你，好吗？一般过去时的时间状语表示一般过去时的时间状语有：a moment ago刚才 ，yesterday morning ，last night/ week ， the day before yesterday 前天 ， just now 刚才 等；我们在前面讲过一般现在时，那一般现在时和一般过去时有什么不同点呢？下面我们来看看两

22、者之间的区分；一般现在时和一般过去时的比较一般现在时要和现在的时间相联系，而一般过去时和说话的“现在 ”没有联系；his father is a film director.他父亲是电影导演； 他现在仍是 his father was a film director.他父亲曾是电影导演；他现在不是 how do you like the novel.你觉得这部小说怎么样？仍在看小说 how did you like the novel.你觉得这部小说怎么样？已看完小说 讲了关于一般现在时的这么多方面，仍有一个特别重要的学问我们必需学会，就是动词的一般过去式；由于英语的不同时态主要是通过动词和时

23、间状语来实现的；动词一般过去式的构成1. 规章动词过去式的变化可速记为直、去、双、改四字诀；一般情形下在动词原形后直接加-ed；如： wanted， played；以不发音的字母e 结尾的动词，去掉e 再加 -ed；如： hoped， lived ；重读闭音节单词需双写最终一个辅音字母再加-ed；如： stopped；以辅音字母 +y 结尾的动词变y 为 i ，再加 -ed；如： studied， worried ；规章动词过去式的读音也有规律可循；请记住：清后t ，元浊 d ， t d 之后读 id ；清辅音 p k f s f tf等后， ed 要读 t ；如： worked ，finis

24、hed ；元音或浊辅音b g v z m等后， ed 要读 d ；如： lived ， called ； t 或d 后， ed 读id ；如： started， needed；2. 不规章动词变化，要逐一熟记；be 动词过去式有两种形式，主语是第一、三人称单数形式使用was，其他人称用 were ；专项训练：一、 be 动词的过去时练习；1. i an english teacher now.2. she happy yesterday.3. they glad to see each other last month.4. helen and nancy good friends.5. th

25、e little dog two years old this year.6. look, there lots of grapes here.7. there a sign on the chair on monday.8. today the second of june. yesterday the first of june. it children s very excited.二、用所给动词的适当形式填空；1. i watch a cartoon on saturday.2. her father read a newspaper last night.3. we to zoo y

26、esterday, we to the park. go4. you visit your relatives last spring festival.5. he fly a kite on sunday. yes, he .6. gao shan pull up carrots last national day holiday.7. i sweep the floor yesterday, but my mother .8. what she find in the garden last morning.she find a beautiful butterfly.9. how be

27、jim's weekend. it be not bad.10. be your mother a sales assistant last year. no. she .11. i have an exciting party last weekend.12. she practice her guitar yesterday. no, she .13. what tom do on saturday evening.he watch tv and read an interesting book.14. they all go to the mountains yesterday

28、morning.15. she not visit her aunt last weekend.she stay at home and do some cleaning.16. when you write this song. i write it last year.4 、一般将来时一般将来时表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态以及方案、准备做某事；e.g. they will have a football match tomorrow. he will be thirty next week. she is going to buy a coat this afternoon.其结构有如下

29、几种:1will +动词原形 will可以用于任何人称 需要留意的是当主语是第一人称时will 可以换成shall,特殊是在以i或 we 作主语的问句中,一般用 shall.e.g. shall we go to the zoo.2be going to +动词原形3某些动词的现在进行时也可表示将来，前边已经讲过,这里不再重复 .第一种结构的句式变化是: 变否定句在will 后边加 not. 变一般疑问句把will 提前 .e.g. she will be back in three days. she will not be back in three days. will she be b

30、ack in three days.其次种结构的句式变化要在 be 上做文章 .e.g. they are going to clean their classroom. they are not going to clean their classroom. are they going to clean their classroom.其时间状语有如下几种1） this 引导的短语如 this year2） tomorrow 及其相关短语如tomorrow morning3） next 引导的短语如 next month4 from now on ; in the future ; in

31、an hour等；常见错误如下：一、易忽视动词用原形形式例： 1 he will is be at school next monday.2 he is going to does do his homework after school.答案： 1 be 2 do解析：第一题有的同学一看he 做主语就用了is，忽视了will 后应加动词原形；我们在写句子时，很简洁把动词丢掉，“英语句子里，动词不能少”的规律必需要牢记；其次题中to 后加动词原形，而不是用单三人称.；二、 be going to + 动词原形与will+ 动词原形用法不清晰例：我正努力学习，预备参与英语考试；i am stud

32、ying hard and i will try for my english exams.答案： i am studying hard and i am going to try for my english exams.解析：“ be going to ” 表示方案、准备要做某事；e.g. he is going to visit his friends.仍表示某种迹象说明会发 生某事 .e.g. look at the clouds. it s going to rain.而“ will+ 动词原形”指对将来事物的预见、表示意愿、决心；e.g.i will wait for you un

33、til you come.在单纯猜测将来时，二者可以互换， 但在此题中只能用be going to ，而不能用will ；三、there be 结构的一般将来时易出错例： there a basketball match this afternoon. ba is going to be b is going to have c are going to be d are going to have答案： a解析： there be 结构的一般将来时既要符合there be 结构，又要符合一般将来时；有的同学认为have 当“有”讲，所以选了b ，但 there be 结构就不成立了，此句中i

34、s 是 be going to 中的，是由后边的单数名词打算的.四、be going to 结构中易丢掉to例： im going go school by bike tomorrow. ca to will go b to go to c go to d to go答案： b解析： 由 tomorrow 可知是一般将来时，be going to + 动词原形， 所以先确定用to go , 在 b、 d 当中选， 而 go toschool是固定词组，不能由于前边有一个to 而省略，这是一个易错点，需要留意；另外，在时间状语或条件状语从句中，如主句用了将来时，从句就用一般现在时，前边已经讲过,

35、这里不在重复.专项训练：（一）、 单项1 you a doctor when you grow up.a will; going to be b are; going to be c are; / d will; be2 i don t know if his uncle . i think he if it doesn t rain.a will come; comes b will come; will come c comes; comes d comes; will come 3 he will be back a few minutes.a with b forr c on d in

36、4 what time we meet at the gate tomorrow. a will b shall c do d are5 he will have a holiday as soon as he the work next week. a finishes b doesn t finish c will finish d wont finish6 there some showers this afternoon.a will be b will have c is going to be d are going to have7 it my brother s birthda

37、y tomorrow. she a party.a is going to be; will have b will be; is having c will be; is going to have d will have; is going to be 8 li ming is 10 years old now, next year he 11.a is b is going to be c will be d will to be（二）、 填空1 - “ i need some paper.”- “ i bringsome for you. ”2 beyou free tomorrow.

38、3 they not leave until you come back.4 we go to the party together this afternoon. 5 they want to know when the meeting start.6 i go with you if i have time. 7 hurry up. or we be late.8what you do tomorrow afternoon.9 jenny do an experiment the day after tomorrow.10 if she isn t free tomorrow, she n

39、ot take part in the party.5、过去进行时一）定义过去进行时，是表示过去某个详细时刻正在进行的事情或动作；（二）结构was/were +doing 现在分词）（三）用法1、过去进行时表示过去某段时间内连续进行的动作或者事情；常用的时间状语this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while例如：we were watching tv from seven to nine last night.昨天晚上七点到九点的时候我们在看电视；wha

40、t was he researching all day last sunday. 上周日他一成天都在讨论什么？my brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.我哥哥骑自行车的时候从车上摔下来，受伤了；it was raining when they left the station.他们离开车站的时候天正在下雨；when i got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.当我到达山顶的时候，阳光辉煌；2. 过去进行时可以表示在过去某个时间点发生的事情；时

41、间点可以用介词短语、副词或从句来表示；如：what was she doing at nine o'clock yesterday.昨天晚上九点她在做什么？介词短语表示时间点 when i saw him he was decorating his room.当我观察他的时候他正在装饰房间；when 从句表示时间点3. 在复合句中， 假如主要动作和背景动作都是连续的或同时发生的，那么主从句的动词都可用过去进行时；例如：while he was waiting for the bus, he was reading a newspaper.他边等车边看报；两个动作都是连续的 he was

42、 cleaning his car while i was cooking. 他擦车时我在做饭；两个动作同时进行4. 通常不能用于过去进行时的动词主要有：agree, be, believe, belong, care, forget, hate, have拥有 , hear, know, like, love, mean, mind, notice, own, remember, seem, suppose, understand, want, wish 等； 例如：误： i was knowing the answer.正： i knew the answer. 我知道答案；误： i wa

43、sn't understanding him.正： i didn't understand him.我不明白他的意思；典型例题：1) mary a dress when she cut her finger.a. madeb. is makingc. was makingd. makes答案 c. 割伤手指是已发生的事情，应用过去时；同时，when 表时间的同时性，“玛丽在做衣服时”供应事情发生的背景，因此用过去进行时；2) as she the newspaper, granny asleep.a. read; was fallingb. was reading; fellc

44、. was reading; was fallingd. read;fell答案 b. 句中的 as = when, while ，意为 "当之时 "；描述一件事发生的背景时，用过去进行；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生；句意为" 在她看报纸时，奶奶睡着了；" 句中的fell fall的过去时 ，是系动词，后跟形容词，如：fall sick ；（四）过去进行时和一般过去时的区分1一般过去时表达旧事，过去进行时描述背景；、一般过去时 ）表达过去状态、动作或大事he went to beijing the other day. （带详细时间） ）表示过

45、去的习惯a) would ,used to 与过去时would表间断性不规章的习惯，常带频率时间used to 表一贯性有规律的习惯they used to meet and would sometimes exchange one or two words.he smoked a lot two years ago.（过去行为）b) would用于文中不用于句首，只表过去习惯；used to 表今昔对比的含义，表达习惯动作可与would换用；when he was a boy , he would often go there .（表达过去）she isn't what she us

46、ed to be. 今昔对比 c) 表示状态时一般只用used totom used to be fat /there used to stand a tree there. 状态 d) was were used to +ving 表示 “合适于，适应于. ”he used to work at night . 习惯“”表常常 he was used to working at night. 习惯表适应 ）表示过去的经受，平行动作，依此大事用一般过去时；he sat there and listened to the radio. 依此发生 ）表示客气委婉的语气，用于情态动词，助动词和wan

47、t , wonder , hope等how did you like the film. / could you help me.b. 过去进行时表示在过去某阶段或某一时刻正在发生what were you doing at 8:30 last night. 过去某时刻正在发生短暂性动词用过去进行时表示按方案、准备during that time he was going with us.表示准备 与 always ,often ,usually等连用表宠爱，厌恶等感情颜色；he was always changing his mind.2、过去进行时与一般过去时的区分a.进行时表某一行为的“

48、片断 ”一般时表示行为的“整体 ”和存在的状态；i was reading the book at that time. 未读完， “读”的片段 i read the book yesterday. 已读完，表整个“读”b、一般连续时间状语多与进行时连用it was raining all night. 优先用 was raining ,rained为连续动词，故也可使用he was writing a letter the whole of afternoon. 短暂动词与连续时间连用，表反复，连续发生，不行用一般过去时 c、 while时间状语从句中用短暂动词时只能用进行时；例： he b

49、roke a chair while he was jumping up and down.d 、while所在主从句动作大致连续相等时主从句一般都用进行时，但如是连续动词可都用一般过去时，两个动作一长一短时短的用一般时，长的用进行时；i was cooking the dinner while he was playing the piano.平行 i cooked the dinner while he played the piano.i saw him while i was walking to the station.3、英语中有四类动词一般不用进行时（不用现在进行时和过去进行时）

50、1表心理状态、情感的动词，如love ,hate ,like ,care ,respect ,please ,prefer ,know等，如用进行时就词意改变；i m forgetting it . =beginning to forget 2表存在、状态的动词，如appear ,exist ,lie ,remain ,stand ,seem 等3表感觉的动词，如see ,hear ,feel ,smell ,sound ,taste 等.4表一时性的动词，如accept ,allow ,admit ,decide ,end ,refuse ,permit ,promise等；5、例题考题 1

51、 as she the newspaper ,granny asleep .a. read /was falling b .was reading /fellc. was reading /was falling d. read/fell分析时间从句的动作长，而“入睡 ”动作短，故前者用过去进行时，而较短动词用一般过去时，选b考题 2 tom into the house when no one .a. slipped/was looking b. had slipped /lookedc. slipped/had looked d. was slipping /looked分析此题先要懂得好

52、when ，表 “此时 ”，说明主句中slipped 是较短行为，而look 是较长行为的片断，即汤姆溜进房子，此时没人观察，应选a 为正确；专项训练：1 what from three to four yesterday afternoon.a have you doneb had you donec did you dod were you doing 2 i call you yesterday evening, but there was no answer.- oh., im sorry i dinner at my friends home. a homeb hadc was ha

53、vingd have had3 my mother while my father tv.a cooked; was watchingb was cooking; was watching c was cooked; watchedd cooked; watched4 when i got home, my son the music.a am listening tob listened toc was listening tod was listening 5 we heard a cry when we tv last night.a were watchingb would watchc watchd watched 6 she asked him whether he back for lunch.a comeb was comingc camed had come 7 co