InvitationtoLinguistics学习课程

1、1Course DescriptionThe Aims of the Course: - mastery of some linguistic concepts and theories in order to understand how language is constructed, how language operates, how language is used to do things, how language is acquired or learnt, how language changes over time and varies according to the s

2、ituation, etc.; - improvement of English proficiency in general and enhancement of the awareness of patterns and regularities in the English language; - preparation for further study and research about language第1页/共58页第一页，编辑于星期六：二点 八分。2Chapter 1 Invitation to LinguisticsChapter 2 Speech SoundsChapte

3、r 3 LexiconChapter 4 From Word to TextChapter 5 MeaningChapter 6 Language and CognitionChapter 7 Language, Culture, and SocietyChapter 8 Language in UseChapter 9 Language and LiteratureChapter 10 Language and ComputerChapter 11 Linguistics and Foreign Language TeachingChapter 12 Theories and School

4、of Modern Linguistics第2页/共58页第二页，编辑于星期六：二点 八分。3Reference Books1. 胡壮麟.语言学教程.北京大学出版社, 20062. 戴炜栋.新编简明语言学教程.上海外语教育出版社, 20053. 李延福.英语语言学基础读本.山东大学出版社,1988. 4. 刘润清.西方语言学流派.外语教学与研究出版社,19955. David Crystal. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language (Second Edition) 剑桥语言百科全书.北京: 外语教学与研究出版社 : 剑桥大学出版社, 2002 6. St

5、uart C. Poole. An Introduction to Linguistics语言学入门.外语教学与研究出版社,1999第3页/共58页第三页，编辑于星期六：二点 八分。4Course RequirementsClass attendanceClassroom discussionFulfillment of the assignmentExamination 第4页/共58页第四页，编辑于星期六：二点 八分。5Introduction to LinguisticsChapter 1第5页/共58页第五页，编辑于星期六：二点 八分。6 Chapter 1 Introduction

6、to LinguisticsTeaching objectives: let the students have the general idea about language and linguisticsTeaching Focus: design features of language; some important distinctions in linguisticsTime Allocation: Language 90 minutes Linguistics 45 minutes Task 45 minutesTeaching Methods and Strategies: t

7、eacher presentation and class discussion第6页/共58页第六页，编辑于星期六：二点 八分。7 Teaching Procedures 1. Language 1.1 Why study language? 1.2 What is language? 1.3 Design features of language 1.4 Functions of language 2. Linguistics 2.1 What is linguistics? 2.2 Micro linguistics 2.3 Macro linguistics 2.4 Important

8、 distinctions in linguistics 3. Exercises第7页/共58页第七页，编辑于星期六：二点 八分。81. Language1.1 Why study language?A tool for communicationAn integral part of our life and humanity If we are not fully aware of the nature and mechanism of our language, we will be ignorant of what constitutes our essential humanity

9、.LTalkets第8页/共58页第八页，编辑于星期六：二点 八分。91.2 What is language?what a person says( concrete act of speech)a persons consistent way of speaking or writinga particular level of speaking or writing e.g. colloquial languagean abstract systemDifferent senses of language LTalkets第9页/共58页第九页，编辑于星期六：二点 八分。10 A pro

10、cess in which information is transmitted from a source (sender or speaker) to a goal (receiver or listener). Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.What is communication?第10页/共58页第十页，编辑于星期六：二点 八分。11第11页/共58页第十一页，编辑于星期六：二点 八分。12第12页/共58页第十二页，编辑于星期六：二点 八分。131.3 De

11、sign features of language (语言的结构特征) Design features refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. The following 4 are the frequently discussed ones:第13页/共58页第十三页，编辑于星期六：二点 八分。14a.Arbitrariness （任意性）b.Duality （二层性 ）c. Creativity （创造性、

12、原创性）d. Displacement （时空移位性）1.3 Design features of language Human language is unique.第14页/共58页第十四页，编辑于星期六：二点 八分。15 - forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning (Page 4). In other words, it is impossible to predict the meaning from the form, or vice versa. Look at the foll

13、owing diagram. word form meaning 1. Arbitrariness第15页/共58页第十五页，编辑于星期六：二点 八分。16Question 1: Is onomatopoeia (sound-imitating word) arbitrary? Or do the words such as “cuckoo”, “bang”, “crash” etc. bear a non-arbitrary connection between their form and their meanings?1. Arbitrariness第16页/共58页第十六页，编辑于星期

14、六：二点 八分。17Onomatopoeic words Apes gibber. 猴子唧唧叫 Roosters crow. 公鸡喔喔叫 Hens cluck. 母鸡咯咯嗒 Chicks peep. 小鸡唧唧唧 Bulls bellow. Cows moo 老牛哞哞哞 Ducks quack.鸭子嘎嘎嘎 Cats mew. 小猫喵喵叫 Frogs croak.青蛙呱呱呱 Goats bleat. 小羊咩咩咩 Pigs grunt. 小猪呼噜噜 Mice squeak. 老鼠吱吱叫 Dogs bark. 小狗汪汪叫第17页/共58页第十七页，编辑于星期六：二点 八分。18 Animals mak

15、e much the same sounds around the world, but each language expresses them differently. English and Chinese cows sound the same, but not in English and Chinese! 第18页/共58页第十八页，编辑于星期六：二点 八分。19 Arbitrary and onomatopoeic effect may work at the same time. “It is only when you know the meaning that you in

16、fer that the form is appropriate.” (Widdowson, 1996:6)Conclusion:1. Arbitrariness第19页/共58页第十九页，编辑于星期六：二点 八分。20Question 2:Arbitrariness （任意性） The arbitrary link between a linguistic sign and its meaning, however, is also conventional. Read the following joke: By the property of arbitrariness, do we m

17、ean that a person can use the language as freely as he likes?第20页/共58页第二十页，编辑于星期六：二点 八分。21 A joke A naughty boy beginning to learn ABC is bothering his teacher repeatedly: “Why we shall read it A?” “Why we shall read it B?” The annoyed teacher pinched his nose. “Ouch, my nose!” The annoyed teacher p

18、inched his ear. “Ouch, my ear!” Then the teacher asked: “Why you call it your ear and nose?” “It is so named and so called.” “Alright, ABC is so named and so called.”第21页/共58页第二十一页，编辑于星期六：二点 八分。22 -the property of having two levels of structure. The units of the primary level are composed of element

19、s of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. (Page 6)the lower or the basic level- the sound units or phonemes which are meaningless, but can be grouped and regrouped into words. the higher level -morphemes and words which are meaningful2. Duality 第22页/

20、共58页第二十二页，编辑于星期六：二点 八分。23 b-o-o-k (meaningless segments: lower level, secondary) Book (meaningful unit: higher level, primary) Questions: Does animal language have this property? How is this related to communicative power? Read the material on P6 and find the answer.第23页/共58页第二十三页，编辑于星期六：二点 八分。24Dua

21、lity （二层性 ） Hierarchy of language: stratification as the infinite use of finite means. Sounds syllables morphemes words phrases clauses sentences/utterances texts/discoursesAdvantage: p6 第24页/共58页第二十四页，编辑于星期六：二点 八分。25 Language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. We can use i

22、t to create new meanings. Words can be used in new ways to mean new things, and can be instantly understood by people who have never come across that usage before. Birds, bees, crabs, spiders, and most other creatures communicate in some way, but the information imparted is severely limited and conf

23、ined to a small set of messages. 3. Creativity 创造性第25页/共58页第二十五页，编辑于星期六：二点 八分。263. creativity Because of duality the human speaker is able to combine the basic linguistic units to form an infinite set of sentences, most of which are never before produced or heard. The recursive nature of language pr

24、ovides a potential to create an infinite number of sentences. For instance: He bought a book which was written by a teacher who taught in a school which was known for its graduates who .第26页/共58页第二十六页，编辑于星期六：二点 八分。27 - Human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts whic

25、h are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication. Language can be used to refer to things, which are not present: real or imagined matters in the past, present or future, or in far-away places4. Displacement 时空移位性第27页/共58页第二十七页，编辑于星期六：二点 八分。28 Animal communication is normally und

26、er “immediate stimulus control”. For instance, a warning cry of a bird instantly announces danger. Human language is stimulus-free. What we are talking about need not be triggered by any external stimulus in the world or any internal state. 第28页/共58页第二十八页，编辑于星期六：二点 八分。29Animal communication system A

27、 gibbon never utters a call about something he ate last year. A dog cannot tell people that its master will be home in a few days.第29页/共58页第二十九页，编辑于星期六：二点 八分。30 The honeybees dance exhibits displacement a little bit: he can refer to a source of food, which is remote in time and space when he reports

28、 on it. Our language enables us to communicate about things that do not exist or do not yet exist.第30页/共58页第三十页，编辑于星期六：二点 八分。31Benefits: Displacement benefits human beings by giving them the power to handle generalization and abstractions. Once we can talk about physically distant thing, we acquire

29、the ability to understand concepts which denote “non-things”, such as truth and beauty. 4. Displacement 第31页/共58页第三十一页，编辑于星期六：二点 八分。321.4 Functions of language Linguists talk about the FUNCTIONS of language in an abstract sense.(p.10-12) Scholars summarize the practical functions and attempt some br

30、oad classifications of the basic functions of language as follows:.第32页/共58页第三十二页，编辑于星期六：二点 八分。33 Jakobson : In his article Linguistics and Poetics (1960) 1. defined six primary factors of any speech event: speaker, addressee, context, message, code, contact. 言语行为的六个要素：说话者，受话者， 语境，信息, 语码，接触 1.4 Func

31、tions of language（Roman Jakobson, 1896-1982）20 世纪著名的美籍俄裔语言学家、文艺理论家和符号学家。作为俄国形式主义、布拉格学派和纽约语言学小组的奠基人与领袖之一，他为20世纪人文科学的发展做出了巨大贡献，尤其在语言学和诗学领域取得了突出的成绩。第33页/共58页第三十三页，编辑于星期六：二点 八分。34ContextREFERENTIAL所指AddresserEMOTIVE情感(e.g. intonation showing anger)MessagePOETIC诗学(e.g. poetry)AddresseeCONATIVE意动(e.g. imp

32、eratives and vocatives)ContactPHATIC交感(e.g. Good morning!)CodeMETALINGUAL元语言(e.g. Hello, do you hear me?)第34页/共58页第三十四页，编辑于星期六：二点 八分。35 1). Referential function-to convey message and information 所指功能 2). Poetic function -to indulge in language for its own sake 诗学功能 3). Emotive function -to express a

33、ttitudes, feelings and emotions 感情功能 4). Conative function -to persuade and influence others through 意动功能 commands and entreaties 5). Phatic function -to establish communion with others 交感功能 6). Metalingual function -to clear up intentions, words and 元语言功能 meanings2. established a well-known framewo

34、rk of language functions based on the six key elements of communicationeg: Water boils at 100 degrees. eg: Yuck! / Bah!(呸), Oh! eg: Come here. eg: Good morning! eg: What do you mean by book? eg: Poetry. 第35页/共58页第三十五页，编辑于星期六：二点 八分。36 Halliday1. proposed seven categories of language functions by obse

35、rving child language development: (In children language, there are seven initial forms) 1.4 Functions of languageM. A. K. Halliday（1925-），英国语言学家。是J.R.弗斯的学生，是伦敦学派的主要成员，系统功能语言学的主将，也是新弗斯派的领袖。他的学术思想，受弗思和马林诺夫斯基影响很深，在60年代后期，他接受了布拉格学派的“功能句子观”和美国S.拉姆的“语言层次和体系”的理论，进一步发展了他的学说。韩礼德的代表性著作有语言功能探索（1973）、语言的系统和功能（1

36、976）、作为社会符号的语言（1978）和功能语法导论（1985）。 韩礼德坚持从系统和功能的角度研究语言，批评乔姆斯基的纯形式理论。世界各地围绕着韩礼德已形成了一支系统功能语法学家的队伍，他的理论对我国语法研究的影响也已日渐加深。第36页/共58页第三十六页，编辑于星期六：二点 八分。37 Instrumental 工具功能: eg: I want some water. Regulatory 控制功能 eg: “Do as I tell you.” Represnetational 表达功能 eg: Ive something to tell you. Interactional 交互功能

37、 eg: “me and you” Personal 自指性功能 eg: Here I come. Heuristic 教导功能 eg: Tell me why Imaginative 想象功能。 eg: Lets pretend as the prince and the princess.seven categories of language functions in children language :第37页/共58页第三十七页，编辑于星期六：二点 八分。38In adult language, these discrete functions are replaced by th

38、ree ones: 2. Halliday: a theory of metafunctions of language 语言元功能的理论 , 1994. Ideational function -constructs a model of experience and constructs logical relations; (概念功能：建构了经验模型和逻辑关系) Interpersonal function -enacts social relationships (人际功能：反映了社会关系) textual functions -creates relevance to context

39、. (语篇功能：创立了语言与语境的关系)第38页/共58页第三十八页，编辑于星期六：二点 八分。39 Hu (2006) 1. Informative function 信息功能 2. Interpersonal function 人际功能 3. Performative function 施为功能 4. Emotive function 感情功能 5. Phatic communion 交感性谈话 6. Recreational function 娱乐性功能 7. Metalingual function 元语言功能 1.4 Functions of language第39页/共58页第三十

40、九页，编辑于星期六：二点 八分。401. - Good morning, Ms Zhang! - Hello, Mary. 2. - Its really cold today. - Yeah, really.3. Lets begin our class.4. “The design features of languages are arbitrariness, duality, creativity and displacement”. 5. “I announce that you are husband and wife. And now the bridegroom can kis

41、s the bride.”6. I love this class. 7. what I mean is, I do hope you can enjoy the class.Exercise: Read the material from P10-14 and decide which function the following statements belong to.InterpersonalPhaticPerformativeInformativePerformativeMetalinguisticEmotive第40页/共58页第四十页，编辑于星期六：二点 八分。41Exercis

42、e: Read the material from P10-14 and decide which function the following statements belong to.8. Twinkle, twinkle, little bat! How I wonder what youre at! Up above the world you fly! Like a teatray in the sky! 小小蝙蝠眨眼睛， 你在干嘛我说不清， 高高在上把翅展， 好似空中一茶盘。Twinkle, twinkle, little star,How I wonder what you ar

43、e!Up above the world so high.Like a diamond in the sky. parody (仿词） Recreational第41页/共58页第四十一页，编辑于星期六：二点 八分。422. Linguistics2.1 What is linguistics?-Linguistics is the scientific study of language. -A person who studies linguistics is known as a linguist. LTalkets第42页/共58页第四十二页，编辑于星期六：二点 八分。43The sc

44、ope or major branches of linguisticsTheoretical linguistics1. Phonetics2. Phonology3. Morphology4. Syntax5. Semantics6. Pragmatics2.2 Micro linguistics第43页/共58页第四十三页，编辑于星期六：二点 八分。44Use of linguistics1. Applied linguistics -linguistics and language teaching 2. Sociolinguistics -social factors (e.g. c

45、lass, education) affect language use 3. Psycholinguistics -linguistic behavior and psychological process 4. Anthropological linguistics -human history and structure of formerly unwritten languages5. Computational linguistics -the use of computers to process or produce human language; machine transla

46、tion6. Stylistics- linguistic and literature 7. Neurolinguistics-human brain and language 2.3 Macro linguistics第44页/共58页第四十四页，编辑于星期六：二点 八分。452.4 Important distinctions in linguistics1. Descriptive vs. prescriptive ( (“描写式描写式”与与“规定式规定式”）2. Synchronic vs. diachronic ( (“共时共时”与与“历历时时”) )3. Langue vs. p

47、arole ( (“语言语言”与与“言语言语”) )4. Competence vs. performance ( (“语言能力语言能力”与与“语言运用语言运用”) )第45页/共58页第四十五页，编辑于星期六：二点 八分。46vs. prescriptive Descriptive(描写式):a kind of linguistic study in which things are just described. eg: American dont say “Ill give you some color see see.” Prescriptive(规定式): a kind of lin

48、guistic study in which things are prescribed how ought to be, i.e. laying down rules for language use. eg: Dont say “Ill give you some color see see.”(描述事情是怎样的)(规定事情应该是怎样的)第46页/共58页第四十六页，编辑于星期六：二点 八分。47They represent two different types of linguistic study. If a linguistic study aims to describe and

49、 analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive; If the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language, i. e. to tell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive.vs. prescriptive 第47页/共

50、58页第四十七页，编辑于星期六：二点 八分。48 Synchronic study - description of a language at some point of time Diachronic study - description of a language through the course of its history (historical development of language over a period of time) 第48页/共58页第四十八页，编辑于星期六：二点 八分。49For example: a study of the features of

51、the English used in Shakespeares time a study of the changes English has undergone since thena synchronic studya diachronic study第49页/共58页第四十九页，编辑于星期六：二点 八分。50 Langue: the linguistic competence of the speaker. (说话者的语言能力.) Parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics (utterances). (语言的实际现象或语料.

52、)vs. parole (F. de Saussure) The distinction was made by the Swiss linguist Saussure in the early 20th century. Question: what are the differences between langue and parole?第50页/共58页第五十页，编辑于星期六：二点 八分。51According to Saussure,(1) Langue is abstract, parole is specific to the speaking situation. (2) La

53、ngue is not actually spoken by an individual , parole is always a naturally occurring event.(3) Langue is relatively stable and systematic, parole is a mass of confused facts, thus not suitable for systematic investigation. What linguists should do is to abstract langue from parole, i. e. to discover the regularities governin