DefinitionParagraphs学习课程

1、第1页/共25页第一页，编辑于星期五：十六点 三十一分。Touch BarBar第2页/共25页第二页，编辑于星期五：十六点 三十一分。Touch BarBarThe Touch Bar is a screen which replaces The Touch Bar is a screen which replaces the function keys. It changes automatically the function keys. It changes automatically based on what the userbased on what the users are

2、doing to show s are doing to show relevant tools system controls like volume tools system controls like volume and brightness, interactive ways to adjust or and brightness, interactive ways to adjust or browse through content, intelligent typing browse through content, intelligent typing features li

3、ke emoji and predictive text, and features like emoji and predictive text, and more. more. 第3页/共25页第三页，编辑于星期五：十六点 三十一分。HAZEHaze Haze is traditionally an atmospheric phenomenon is traditionally an atmospheric phenomenon where dust, smoke and other dry particles obscure the where dust, smoke and other

4、 dry particles obscure the clarity of the sky. Sources for haze particles include clarity of the sky. Sources for haze particles include farming (ploughing in dry weather), traffic, industry, farming (ploughing in dry weather), traffic, industry, and wildfires.and wildfires.第4页/共25页第四页，编辑于星期五：十六点 三十

5、一分。Abstract word:HappinessAccording to Merriam-Websters Online Dictionary, happiness is a state of well-being and contentment or a pleasurable or satisfying experience 第5页/共25页第五页，编辑于星期五：十六点 三十一分。Definitions of Happiness of some of the greatest minds in history Happiness is different from pleasure.

6、Happiness has something to do with struggling and enduring and accomplishing. - George SheehanHappiness is the meaning and the purpose of life, the whole aim and end of human existence. - AristotleHappiness is not something you experience, its something you remember. - Oscar LevantHappiness is not a

7、 station you arrive at, but a manner of traveling. - Margaret Lee Runbeck Happiness is the spiritual experience of living every minute with love, grace and gratitude. -Denis Waitley 第6页/共25页第六页，编辑于星期五：十六点 三十一分。What is a definition paragraph?Read P99What is definition?Definition means establishing li

8、mits or marking boundaries of a subject.Why do we need definition in our communication?By using definition, we can avoid confusion or misunderstanding of some symbols or ideas.第7页/共25页第七页，编辑于星期五：十六点 三十一分。Three basic ways to define a term:1. Give a synonym2. Use a sentence3. Write a paragraph or even

9、 an essayto mend means to repairInk is colored water which we use for writing. A tornado is usually formed on a hot, sticky day with south winds and an ominous sky. From the base of a thundercloud a funnel-shaped cloud extends a violently twisting spiral toward the earth. As it sucks in objects in i

10、ts path, the twister may turn black, brown or occasionally even white (over snow). The moving cloud shows an almost continuous display of lightning. The funnel is very slender: its area of violence generally averages no more than 400 yards wide.第8页/共25页第八页，编辑于星期五：十六点 三十一分。Two main types of definitio

11、nFormal definitionIt refers to the definition of a word or a concept simply based on the dictionary. The purpose is to identify the word and clarify the meaning of the concept. This type is short and rigid in form.Informal / Extended definitionThis type refers to the definition of a concept or a sub

12、ject which may or may not begin with a dictionary meaning. This type is much longer in length and less formal. (e.g. beauty, happiness, freedom). Various other methods can be used to define it (comparison/contrast, description, example, and so on). 第9页/共25页第九页，编辑于星期五：十六点 三十一分。Two main types of defin

13、itionFormal definitionInformal / Extended definitionA tornado may be identified as a strong dangerous wind which forms itself into an upside-down spinning cone and is able to destroy buildings as it moves across the ground.A tornado is usually formed on a hot, sticky day with south winds and an omin

14、ous sky. From the base of a thundercloud a funnel-shaped cloud extends a violently twisting spiral toward the earth. As it sucks in objects in its path, the twister may turn black, brown or occasionally even white (over snow). The moving cloud shows an almost continuous display of lightning. The fun

15、nel is very slender: its area of violence generally averages no more than 400 yards wide.第10页/共25页第十页，编辑于星期五：十六点 三十一分。Exercise on P102第11页/共25页第十一页，编辑于星期五：十六点 三十一分。Different strategies to define a concept第12页/共25页第十二页，编辑于星期五：十六点 三十一分。Exemplification:The writer first gives a dictionary meaning like t

16、his: A fanatic is a person who is extremely enthusiastic about something. Then he illustrates its meaning this way:For instance, I have an uncle who is fanatic about streetcars. He loves them so much so that he drags them almost into every conversation. If I say something about coming home on the bu

17、s, he says, Now if that had been a streetcar, you wouldnt have had that trouble and then he goes into some long-winded account of where the streetcars used to run and how much cheaper they were to operate. He has a scrapbook full of old pictures he took with the streetcars. He makes everybody who vi

18、sits the house look, even though weve already seen those pictures a thousand times.第13页/共25页第十三页，编辑于星期五：十六点 三十一分。Process analysisWhen you define a device , an event , or a concept , you need to explain what the device does, how the event takes place, or how a procedure is carried out. All this requi

19、res using process analysis to better clarify the particular meaning for the reader.e.g., If your paragraph is about “ happiness”, you should not just define what happiness is, you should also explain how to be happy.第14页/共25页第十四页，编辑于星期五：十六点 三十一分。comparison and contrast:Sometimes you need to use comp

20、arison and contrast to help the reader better understand the distinguishing features of a word or a concept.Look at the following paragraph, noticing how the writer defines parenthood:第15页/共25页第十五页，编辑于星期五：十六点 三十一分。Parenthood refers to the state of being a parent. It is apparently very necessary to d

21、istinguish between parenthood and parentage. Parenthood is an art; parentage is the consequence of a mere biological act. The biological ability to produce, to conceive, and to give birth to a child has nothing to do with the ability to care for that child as it requires to be cared for. It is highl

22、y desirable that parentage should not be undertaken until the parenthood has been learned. Parentage is often irresponsible whereas parenthood is responsible. Parenthood is responsible for the development of a human being-not simply a child, but a human being. It can thus be stated that parenthood i

23、s the most important occupation in the parison and contrast:第16页/共25页第十六页，编辑于星期五：十六点 三十一分。Negation:Negation is often adopted for developing a definition paragraph. Before you explain what something means, you can explain what it does not mean. Take the following for example:Many people think that a

24、nurse is a smiling woman, in a white uniform and cap, whose main job is to take temperature for a patient and change his or her bedpan in the hospital. However, this stereotype is not correct. Today/s nurses are both male and female. They are trained professionals who offer comfort and assistance to

25、 people who are ill or who are experiencing great physical or mental stress. They work in hospital bedrooms and in operating room. They also help people institutions and provide professional home care第17页/共25页第十七页，编辑于星期五：十六点 三十一分。Cause-and-effect:To further clarify the characteristics of certain con

26、cept, a definition essay may need to use cause and effect to explain the causes and consequences concerned.What is cited in the following is an extended definition of “ sudden infant death syndrome “( SIDS ) or “ crib death”:第18页/共25页第十八页，编辑于星期五：十六点 三十一分。.As might be expected, researchers have offer

27、ed many theories concerning the cause of crib death. Dr. R. C. Reisinger, a national cancer Institute scientist, has linked crib death to the growth of a common bacterium, E. coli, in the intestines of newborn babies. The organisms multiply in the intestines, manufacturing a toxin that is absorbed by the intestinal wall and passes into the bloodstream. Breast milk stops the growth of the organism, whereas cows milk permits it. Therefore, Dr. Reisinger believes, bottle-fed babies run a higher risk of crib death than other babies.第19页/共25页第十九页，编辑于星期五：十六点 三十一分。Typical transitional devi