语言学教程第四版 练习 第一章

1、Chapter One Introduction to Linguistics LIUMINGChapter One Introduction to LinguisticsI. Mark the choice that best completes the statement.1.All languages have three major components: a sound system ,a system of_and a system of semantics.A. morphology B. lexicogrammar C. syntax D. meaning2.Which of

2、the following words is entirely arbitrary? A.tree B.typewriter C.bowwow D.bang3.The function of the sentence Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade is _. A.interpersonal B.emotive C.informative D.performative4.In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely

3、to say 碎碎（岁岁）平安as a means of controlling the forces which they believe might affect their lives. Which function does it perform? A.interpersonal B.emotive C.informative D.performative5.Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and plac

4、e of speaking (due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation)?A. Transferability B. DualityC. Displacement D. Arbitrariness6. What language function does the following conversation play?(The two chatters just met and were starting their conv

5、ersation by the following dialogue.)A：A nice day, isnt it?B : Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. Emotive B. Phatic C. Performative D. Interpersonal 7.- refers to the actual realization of the ideal language users knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.A.Performative B.Competence C.

6、Langue D. Parole 8.When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists here and now. It couldnt be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone. This indicates that dogs language does not have the feature of - .A. Reference B. Productivity C. Displacement D.Duality 9

7、.- answers such questions as we as infants acquire our first language.A. Psycholinguistics B. Anthropological linguistics C. Sociolinguistics D. Applied linguistics 10.- deals with the study of dialects in different social classes in a particular region.A. Linguistic theory B. Practical linguistics

8、C. Sociolinguistics D. Comparative linguisticsII. Mark the following statements with “T” if they are true or “F” if they are false.(10%)1. The widely accepted meaning of arbitrariness was discussed by Chomsky first.2. For learners of a foreign language, it is arbitrariness that is more worth noticin

9、g than its conventionality.3. Displacement benefits human beings by giving them the power to handle generalizations and abstractions.4. For Jakobson and the Prague school structuralists, the purpose of communication is to refer.5. Interpersonal function is also called ideational function in the fram

10、ework of functional grammar.6. Emotive function is also discussed under the term expressive function.7. The relationship between competence and performance in Chomskys theory is that between a language community and an individual language user.8.A study of the features of the English used in Shakesp

11、eares time is an example of the diachronic study of language.9.Articulatory phonetics investigates the properties of the sound waves.10.The nature of linguistics as a science determines its preoccupation with prescription instead of description.IIIFill in each of the following blanks with an appropr

12、iate word. The first letter of the word is already given(10)1. Nowadays, two kinds of research methods co-exist in linguistic studies, namely, qualitative and q_ research approaches.2. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences bas

13、ed on limited rules. This feature is usually termed as p_.3.Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about language. This function is m_function.4.The claim that language originated by primitive man involuntary making vocal noises while performing heavy work has been called the ytheo

14、ry.5.P_ is often said to be concerned with the organization of speech within specific language, or with the systems and patterns of sounds that occur in particular language.6.Modern linguistics is d in the sense that linguist tires to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for peo

15、ple to observe.7.One general principle of linguistics analysis is the primacy of s_over writing.8. The description of a language as it changes through time is a d_ linguistic study.9. Saussure put forward the concept l_ to refer to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech com

16、munity.10. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure s langue and Chomsky s c_. IV. Explain the following concepts or theories.1. Design features2. Displacement3. Competence4. Synchronic linguistics V. Answer the following question briefly.(10%) 1.Why do people take duality as one of the important

17、 design features of human languages? Can you tell us what language would be like if it had no such design features? 2.How can we use language to do things? Please give two examples to show this point.VI .Match each term in Column A with one relevant item in Column B.(10%) A B(1)language varietiesa.

18、phonetics(2)information retrievalb. phonology(3)shape of syllablesc. morphology(4)emergence of languaged. syntax(5)word formation e. semantics(6)production of speechf. pragmatics(7)immediate constituentsg. psycholinguistics(8)reference ,force and effecth. sociolinguistics(9)denotation of wordsI. ant

19、hropological linguistics(10)cognitionj. computational linguisticsII. Fill in each of the following blanks with (an) appropriate word(s).1. Language is _in that communicating by speaking or writing is a purposeful act.2. Language is_ and_ in that language is a social semiotic and communication can on

20、ly take place effectively if all the users share a broad understanding of human interaction.3.The features that define our human languages can be called_, which include_, _, _, _. 4._is the opposite side of arbitrariness.5.The fact that in the system of spoken language, we have the primary units as

21、words and secondary units as sound shows that language has the property of_. 6.Language is resourceful because of its_ and its_, which contributes to the_ of language.7._benefits human beings by giving them the power to handle generalization and abstractions.8.In Jakobsons version, there are six fun

22、ctions of language, namely, _, _, _, _, _and metalingual function.9.When people use language to express attitudes, feelings and emotions, people are using the _ function of language in Jakobsons version.10.In functional grammar, language has three metafunctions, namely, _,_,_.11.Among Hallidays thre

23、e metafunctions _creates relevance to context.12.The_function of language is primary to change the social status of persons.13.Please name five main branch of linguistics:_,_,_, _and _.14.In_phonetics,we study the speech sounds produced by articulatory organs by identifying and classifying the indiv

24、idual sounds.15.In_phonetics,we focus on the way in which the listener analyzes or processes a sound wave16._is the minimal unit of meaning.17.The study of sounds used in linguistic communication is called_.18.The study of how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication is ca

25、lled_.19.The study of the way in which symbols represent sounds in linguist communicate are arranged to form words has constituted the branch of study called_.20.The study of rules which governs the combinations of words to form permissible sentences constitutes a major branch of linguistic studies

26、that is_.21.The fact that we have alliteration in poems is probably because of the_ function of language.III. Mark the choice that best completes the statement.1. The description of a language at some print in time is a_ study.A. descriptive B. prescriptive C. synchronic D. diachronic2. According to

27、 Chomsky, a speaker can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentence because_ A. he has come across all of them in his life B. he has internalized a set of rules about his language C. he has acquired the ability through the act of communicating with others language3. Saussures disti

28、nction between langue and parole is very similar to Chomskys distinction between competence and performance, but Saussure takes a _view of language and Chomsky looks at language from a_ point of view A. sociological, psychological B. psychological, sociological C. biological, psychological D. psycho

29、logical, biological4. The fact that there is no intrinsic connection between the word pen and the thing we write with indicates language is_A. arbitrary B. rule-governed C. applied D. illogical5. We can understand and produce an infinitely large number of sentence including sentences we never heard

30、before, because language is_A. creative B. arbitrary C. limitless D. resourceful6. _means language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situation of the speakerA. Duality B. Displacement C. productivity D. Arbitrariness7. _examines how meaning is encoded in a languageA. Phonet

31、ics B. syntax C. Semantic D. Pragmatics8. _is concerned with the internal organization of words.A.Morphology B. syntax C. Semantic D. phonology9. _refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaningA.Duality B. Arbitrariness C .Replacement D. Creativit

32、y10. _of language makes it potentially creative, and_ of language makes learning a language laborious A. Conventionality, arbitrariness B. Arbitrariness, replacement C. Arbitrariness, conventionality D. Conventionality, arbitrariness11. When people use language to indulge in itself for its own sake,

33、 people are using the_ function of languageA.poetic B. creative C. phatic D. metalingual12. _proposes a theory of metafunctions of language.A. Chomsky B.Saussure C.Jacobson D. Halliday13. _function constructs a model of experience and constructs logical relations.A.Interpersonal B. Textual C. Logica

34、l D. Ideational14. Interpersonal function enacts_ relationship.A. social B. experiential C. textual D. personal15. By_ function people establish and maintain their status in society.A. experiential B. referential C. metalingual D. Interpersonal16. The study of the description and classification of s

35、peech sounds, words and connected speech belongs to the study of_.A.phonology B. phonetics C. morphology D. syntax17. In_ phonetics, we investigate the properties of the sound waves.A.articulatory B. acoustic C. auditory D. sound18. French distinguishes between nouns like GARE(station)which is femin

36、ine and nouns like TRAIN which is masculine. This shows that French is a language which_.A.is illogical B. has grammatical gender C.has biological gender D. has two cases19. Competence, in the linguistic sense of the word, is_.A.pragmatic skill B. intuitive knowledge of language C.perfect knowledge

37、of language skill D. communicative ability20. French has Tu (means: you) aimera (means: will love) Jean and English has You will love Jean. This shows us that_.A. both languages are alike in expressing future timeB. Both languages have a future tense but English requires more wordsC. English is loos

38、e while French is compactD. French forms its future tense by adding a special suffix21. Knowing how to say something appropriate in a given situation and with exactly the effect you intend is a question of the_A. lexis B. syntax C. semantics D. pragmatics22. A(n)_is a speaker/listener who is a membe

39、r of homogeneous speech community, who knows language perfectly and is not affected by memory limitations or distractions.A. perfect language user B. ideal language userC. proficient user D. native language userIV. Analyze the following with your linguistic knowledge.1. Use the following two example

40、s to support the idea that language is not all arbitrary.a. They married and had a baby.b. They had a baby and married.2. Examine the way the following words are separated. Comment on the way of separation in relation to Bloomfields idea that word is minimal unit of meaning.a.typical,success.ful.ly,

41、organiz.action,hard.ly,wind.y,word3. What is the difference between the following two statements in terms of attitude to grammar? What kind of linguistic concepts do they represent?a. Never put an a before an uncountable noun.b. People usually do not put an a before an uncountable noun.4. How do you understand the sentence Music is a universal language?5. What are the two interpretations of the sentence They are hunting dogs? What is the linguistic knowledge that enables you to distinguish the meanings of this sentence?V. Match each term in Column A with one relevant item