独立主格结构功能、概念、用法

1、独立主格结构（一）：独立主格的概念“独立主格结构”是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语，加上分 词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构 成。这种结构在形式上与主句没冇关系，通常称为“独立主格 结构蔦（二）:独立主格的功能“独立主格结构"实质就是带有自己主语的非限制性状语 从句。众所周知非限制性从句通常以主句的某一成分作为自 己的逻辑主语，从而依附于主句。而有些非限制性从句和无 动词从句带有自己的主语，在结构上与主句不发生关系，因 此成为独立主格结构。其实.虽然叫做独立主格结构，并不 是真正的独立，它还是一种从属分句，在句中有多种作用。 如：表原因、表条件、表方式.表伴随、表吋间等

2、，在句中 通常起状语作用。独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字屮，英作用相当于一 个状语从句，常用来表示时间.原因.条件、行为方式或伴 随情况等。例如：1）表示时间the meeting being over, all of us went home.开完会丿舌 我们都回家了。her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea 她干完 了活，坐下来喝茶。2）表示条件the condition being favorable, he may succeed 若条 件冇利，他或许能成功。3）表示原因there being no taxis, we had to wa

3、lk 没有出租车，我 们只好步行。he wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得严严实实的。4）表示伴随情况almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all.几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导 体。（=almost all metals are good con ductors,and silver is the best of all.）（三）：独立主格结构的构成：名词（代词）+现在分词.

4、过玄分词;名词（代词）+形容词; 名词（代词）+副词;名词（代词）+名词 名词（代词）+不定式;名词（代词）+介词短语构成。（四）独立主格结构的特点：（1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独 立存在。2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式， 介词存在逻辑上的主谓关系，即逻辑主语为动作执行者。3）独立主格结构一般冇逗号与主句分开。举例：（一）1）名词/代词+形容词the men moved slowly forward, neck deep in the water, with their officers guiding them.it stood silent in th

5、e noon sunlight, its door open.2）名词/代词+现在分词winter comi ng, it gets colder and colder. 冬天來了 , 天 气越來越冷了。the rain having stopped, he went out for a walk. 雨停 了，他出去散步。the question being settled, we wound up the meeting. 问题解决之后，我们结束了会议。3）名词/代词+过去分词“marquis,” said the boy, turning to the man, his eyes open

6、ed wide, and his right hand raised4）名词/代词（主格）+不定式we shall assemble at ten fortyfive, the procession to start moving at precisely eleven.农们十点四十五分集合， 队伍十一点准时出发。here are the first two volumes, the third one to come out next month.这是前两卷，第三卷将于下月问世。we divided the work, he to clean the windows and i to swe

7、ep the floor.我们进行了分工，他擦窗户，我扫地。the two boys said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to his friend's.两个男孩彼此道了 别， 一个回了家，另一个去了他朋友家。5) 名词/代词+介词短语i followed him here, climbed in, sword in handthe huntsman entered the forest, gun in hand.曲(位猎 人手里提着枪走进了树林。he sat at the table, coat o

8、ff, head down, and pen in hand.6) 名词/代词+副词nobody in, the thief took a lot of things away.lunch over, he left the house but he was thinking.7) 名词/代词+名词he fought the wolf, a stick his only weapon.彳也和狼搏 斗着，唯一的武器是一根棍棒。(二)the test finished, we began our holiday.=when the test was finished, we began our h

9、oliday. 考试结束了，我们开始放假。the president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow=after the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow. 如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。this done, we went home.工作完成后，我们才回家。the meeting g

10、one over, everyone tired to go home earlier会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。he came into the room, his ears red with cold他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。he came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夹着本厚书，定出了图书馆2. with的复合结构作独立主格表伴随时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合 结构。with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定 式/介词短语举例：he stood there, his hand

11、 raised.=he stood there, with his hand raised raising 亦可】独立主格结构的用法独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、原因、条 件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。1用作时间状语：the work done (=after the work had been done), we went home.工作完成后，我们就冋家了。2. 用祚条件状语：weather permitting (=lf weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允

12、许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。3. 用作原因状语：an important lecture to be given tomorrow (=as an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night.因为明天霎 发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。4. 用作伴随状语：he was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed und

13、er his head).他躺在草地匕，两手交叉枕在脑后。5衣示补充说明： we redoubled our efforts, each man working like two.我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。汝注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一 个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表 伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。 with复合结构一. with复合结构的构成1. with+宾语+名词he died with his daughter vet a school girl.他死的时候，他的女儿还基个学生。2. with+宾语+形容词he

14、used to sleep with all the windows open.他过去常常开着窗子睡觉。she lay in bed with her face palc<她躺注床上，脸色苍白3with+宾语+副词the girl fell asleep with the light on.那位女孩睡着了，灯还亮着。her mother sat in an armchair with her head down.她母亲坐在椅子上，头低着。4. with+宾语+不定式i can% go out with these clothes to wash.因为这些衣服要洗，我不能出去。i had

15、to go to bed with nothing to do.我没有事可做，只好睡觉。5. with+宾语+介词短语he sat near the fire with his back to the door.他坐在炉子旁，背朝着房门。the teacher came in with a book in his hand*老师进来了，手里拿着本书。6. with+宾语+现在分词with the machine helping us, we could finish the work on time. 由于有机器的帮助，我们能按时完成任务。she lives in the room with

16、the light burning.她住在亮着灯的那个房间里。7. with+宾语+过去分词with everything done，she went home.做完一切童情以后，她回家了。he lav on his back, with his teeth set and his eyes closed.他仰环着，咬着牙、闭着眼。二. with复合结构作定语she saw a brook with red flowers and green grass on both sides. 她看到一条两岸长着红花、绿草的小溪。the woman with a babv in her arms is

17、tonv's aunt.抱着小孩的那位妇女崑汤姆的姑姑。the city lies in a valley with high mountains around it.这位城帯位于一个由喬山环抱的山谷中。anv man with eves in his head can see that he”s exactly like a rope. 任何头上长了幀睛的人都会看出他十足像一条绳子°三. with复合结构作状语1. 表示伴随状况she left the oilice with tears in her eves.她眼里含着泪，离开了办公室。he was covered wi

18、th a national flag with his face exposed. 一面国旗盖在他身上，脸霽在外面。2. 表zk原因with his key lost, he couldnt get into the office.由于钥匙丢了，他进不了办公室。with the weather changed, wc decided to put off the sports meet. 由于天气变化，我们决定推迟举行运动会3. 表示时间the children began to watch tv with the homework done.孩子们完成作业以后开始看电视。the meetin

19、g was over with the problem settled.问题解决以后，会议结束了。4. 表示条件rd like to see the new film with time permitting.如果时间许可，我想看那部新电影。we will have an outing tomorrow with weather fine.如果盟天天气好的话，我们要去郊游5. 表不结果the battle ended with the enemy defeated.战斗结束了，敌人被打败了。they have finished the peace talks with the agreemen

20、ts reached. 他柏结束了和谈，达成了协议。as的用法小结as可以作连词、介词及关系代词和副词。现将其用法小结如下：（一）、as作连词的用法：1作''在期间，当的时候”引导时间状语从句.注意与 when、while的用法区别。 下列情形吋，只用as、而不用when或while。1）用于表示同一个人的两种动作交替进行,指一边-边.如：the girl sings as she goes to school.he looked bchind occasionally as he went forward in the forest2）表示两个同步发心的动作或行为，意思是随着

21、-一的发展.如：as time went on / by, she became more and more beautiful as children get older, they become more and more interested in everythin g.3）表示两个短暂行为或申情儿乎同时发生.如:i watched her as she read the booki thought of it just as you opened your mouthjust as the flying worm hit her face, she gave a loud cry.4

22、）接在名词后而表示某一个年龄段时.如：as a young man, he was active in sports when作”当的时候“解，可以指较短的（一点）吋间，也可指一段 时间 o 如:when i was at college, i could speak several foreign languages when the clock struck twelve. 1 had slept for 2hours while常表不-段较长的时间或一个过程,强调主句谓语动词与 从句谓语动词同时发生。如:work while you work. play while you pby2.

23、as =sincc作既然气由于“解，引导原因状语从句，常用来表示已 为人们所知或显而易见的原因或理由。如：ashe' s been ill for ages, i will help him.as / since you're not feeling well, you may stay at home.as he wasn't ready , we went without him.3. as =in the way that作"像"、"按照的方式"解，引导方式状语从句。如：do as i told you.remember, you must do everything as i do.4. 用于as as或not / so/ as - as中,前一个as是副词，后一个as 是连词，引导比较状语从句。如:they helped the old as much as possible.i dont speak english so/ as well as she does5. 表示虽然，尽管等，引导让步状语从句，常用倒装语序，模式为： adj. /adv. / n.+as + 主语+谓语+主句。如:young as he is, he knows much.tired as t