初一英语语法专项讲义

1、初一英语语法专项讲义初一英语语法专项讲义主讲：刘汉中课程简介：本课程重点复习初一所学的重要语法点：冠词，名词单复数及其所有格，代词，there be及have的用法和区别，形容词和副词的比较级和最高级，一般现在时，现在进行时，一般将来时，一般过去时。（计划课时数：6）一、冠词的定义冠词是一种虚词,本身不能独立使用,只能置于名词之前,帮助说明名词所指的人或事物及该名词的含义.这个概念在汉语中没有,只在英语中存在.二、冠词的分类冠词分为定冠词(the)及不定冠词(a,an)两类.1.定冠词(the)定冠词the表示"这","那","这些"

2、,"那些"之意,用于可数的单复数名词或不可数名词前.例如:the apple这(那)个苹果the books这些(那些)书the red one红色的那个the bigger one那个更大的2.不定冠词(a,an)不定冠词仅用在单数可数名词前,表示"一"的概念,但不强调数目,只表示该名词不是"特定者".a(an)表示"一"的意义时,不如one的数字概念强.例如:a pen 一支钢笔 an egg 一个鸡蛋a student 一个学生 an apple 一个苹果三、定冠词the的用法(1)指代上文已提到过的人或事物

3、.例如:he has a new pen. the pen was bought in america. 他有一枝新钢笔.这枝钢笔是在美国买的.there is a book called "gone with the wind"on my shelf. the book was written by a foreign writer. 我的书架上有一本名为飘的书.这本书是一位外国作家写的.i saw a film last night. the film is very interesting.昨天晚上我看了一部电影.这部电影非常有趣.(2)特指谈话双方都熟悉的某(些)人

4、或某(些)事物.例如:the bag on the desk isn't mine.桌子上的那个书包不是我的.the angry man on the screen is david.荧屏上的那个怒气冲冲的男人是大卫.is the city of nanjing beautiful 南京这座城市漂亮吗 (3)用在世界上独一无二的事物前.例如:the moon is the satellite of the earth. 月球是地球的卫星.the world is changing all the time.世界无时无刻不在变化着.the sun is far away from the

5、 earth.太阳离地球很远.(4)用在序数词,形容词的最高级前及由only修饰的名词前.例如:the first lesson is as difficult as the last one.第一课和最后一课一样难.this moon cake is the nicest of all.这块月饼是所有月饼中最好吃的.she is the only person who was late today.她是今天惟一的迟到者.(5)用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前.例如:the summer palace 颐和园the communist party of china 中国共产党the usa 美国

6、the people's republic of china 中华人民共和国the great wall 长城the olympic games 奥林匹克运动会(6)用在江河,湖泊,海洋,山脉,群岛等的名词前.例如:the yellow river 黄河 the black sea 黑海the west lake 西湖the himalayas 喜马拉雅山the tianshan mountains 天山山脉the indian ocean印度洋(7)用在姓氏复数前,表示"某某一家人"或"某某夫妇".例如:the greens 格林一家人(格林夫

7、妇)the wangs 王家(姓王的夫妇)the kings 金一家人(金夫妇)the lis李家(姓李的夫妇)注意"the+姓氏复数"作主语,谓语动词用复数.例如:the greens are watching tv at the moment.格林一家现在正在看电视.the whites do their cooking at home only at the weekend. 怀特夫妇仅在周末才在家做饭.(8)the后加某些形容词,表示一类人或事物.例如:the old 老人 the young 年轻人 the rich 富人the poor 穷人 the cleve

8、r 聪明人 the blind 盲人(9)用在乐器前面.例如:play the piano 弹钢琴 play the violin 拉小提琴(10)用在"the+形容词比较级,the+形容词比较级"结构中,表示"越越".例如:the more, the better. 越多越好.the more exercise you take, the healthier you will be. 你锻炼得越多,身体就越健康.the more we get together,the happier we are.我们相处得越多,就越觉得快乐.(11)当名词被短语或从

9、句修饰时,该名词前用冠词.例如:the man under the tree is my grandfather.在树下的那个人是我的爷爷.the one on the left is a new kind of machine.左边的那台是一种新型机器.the girl in white is mary.那个穿白色衣服的女孩是玛丽.(12)用在表示方位的名词前.例如:in the east 在东方 in the west 在西部in the northeast of china 在中国的东北部in the south 在南方(13)用在单数可数名词前,表示一类人或物.例如:the tree

10、is a kind of plant. 树是一种植物.the camel is a useful animal.骆驼是一种有用的动物.the computer is an interesting tool.电脑是一种有趣的工具.(14)the常用于一些固定搭配中.例如:in the morning 在早上(上午)in the early morning 一大早in the evening 在晚上in the beginning 在开头(端)in the afternoon 在下午by the way 顺便问一下in the end 最后,终于the next day 第二天at the end

11、 of 在末尾the day after tomorrow 后天at the age of 在岁的时候in the front of 在(内部)的前面the day before yesterday 前天on the right(left)在右(左)边四、不定冠词a(an)的用法(1)表示某一类人或事物中的个体,要在名词前加a(an).例如:your mother is a nurse. 你妈妈是一名护士.please pass me a chair. 请递给我一把椅子.a child needs love in his early life.一个孩子在年幼时需要关爱.(2)用来指某人或某物.

12、但不具体说明是谁或是什么时,名词前要加a(an).例如:a visitor called me up just now.一位游客刚才给我打了个电话.he borrowed a dictionary yesterday.他昨天借了一本词典.(3)用来表示"一"的概念,但不如one的数字概念强.例如:the cage is about a metre high, a metre wide.这个笼子有约一米高,一米宽.an old man is waiting for you.一位老人正在等你.here is a present for you. 这有给你的一件礼物.(4)表示单

13、位,数量,长度等.例如:i write to my pen-friend once a month.我每月给我的笔友写一封信.take this medicine three times a day.这药一天吃三次.my uncle gave me a thousand pounds last time.上次我叔叔给了我1000英镑.(5)用在专有名词前,表示说话者不知道的人或事物.例如:a mr black rang you up just now.一个名叫布莱克的先生刚才给你打过电话.a li is looking for you. 一位姓李的人在找你.a miss chen borrow

14、ed money from me.一位姓陈的女士借过我的钱.(6)月份,星期及morning, afternoon, evening, night等名词前有修饰语时,一律用a(an).例如:on a cold morning在一个寒冷的早上in a sunny sunday 在一个晴朗的星期天in a hot month 在一个很热的月份on a terrible night 在一个可怕的夜晚(7)与表示职业,身份等的名词连用,一般不翻译.例如:the boy wants to be an engineer when he grows up.这个男孩长大后想当工程师.are you a doc

15、tor or a nurse 你是医生还是护士 is your grandfather interested in a foreign language 你爷爷对外语感兴趣吗 (8)用在such a(an),quite a(an), many a(an), rather a(an)与"so+形容词+a(an)+单数名词"的结构中.例如:it is such a tall tree. 这棵树这么高.many a man comes to work on the farm.许多人来这家农场劳动.she is rather a painter. 她真是个画家.(9)用于what引

16、导的感叹句中.例如:what a cold day it was yesterday!昨天真是一个大冷天!what an interesting picture it is!这是一幅多么有趣的画!what a difficult problem! 多难的题啊!(10)用于某些固定搭配中.例如:a few 一些,少数几个 a bit 一点儿a lot(of) 许多,大量 a little 一点儿a piece of 一片/块 have a cold 患感冒have a meal 吃顿饭 have a rest 休息一下have a swim 游泳 have a walk 散步have a goo

17、d time 过得愉快;玩得高兴五、零冠词在英语中,许多情况下名词前不用冠词,通常称为零冠词.(1)在专有名词前不用冠词.例如:china 中国 john 约翰 australia 澳大利亚 middle school 第一中学national day国庆节(2)名词前有指示代词,物主代词,不定代词或名词所有格修饰时,不用冠词.例如:the radio is on her desk. 收音机在她的书桌上.are there any birds in that tree 那棵树上有鸟吗 some young pioneers are working on the farm.一些少先队员正在农场劳

18、动.(3)复数名词表示一类人或事物时,名词前不用冠词.例如:my uncle and aunt are both doctors.我的叔叔和婶婶都是医生.my mother likes cakes.我妈妈喜欢吃蛋糕.horses are useful animals.马是有用的动物.(4)在称呼语或表示头衔的名词前不加冠词.例如:uncle wang 王叔叔 mr green 格林先生miss li 李小姐 chairman hu 胡主席dr smith史密斯博士 professor chen 陈教授(5)在季节,月份,星期前不用冠词.例如:it's very hot in summe

19、r. 夏季天气很热.this kind of flowers comes out in february.这种花在二月份开放.we usually have class meetings on wednesday.我们通常在周三开班会.(6)在一日三餐,学科,球类,棋牌类名词前不用冠词.例如:we have chinese, maths, english, and other subjects at school.我们在学校学习语文,数学,英语和其他课程.i have lunch at a quarter to twelve every day.我每天11:45吃午饭.children lov

20、e to play football. 孩子们爱踢足球.(7)在表示交通方式的介词短语中,不用冠词.例如:do you usually come to guangzhou by plane or by train 你通常乘飞机还是乘火车来广州 we are going to the zoo on foot tomorrow.我们打算明天步行去动物园.how do you like going there by bike 你觉得骑自行车去那儿怎样 (8)当抽象名词或物质名词表示一般概念时不用冠词.例如:the girl enjoys music very much.这个女孩非常热爱音乐.plea

21、se put sugar into it. 请往里面加些糖.milk is necessary for children.牛奶是儿童所必需的(食品).(9)两个相同或相对的名词并用时,不用冠词.例如:father and son 父与子 hand in hand 手拉手day and night 日夜 face to face 面对面sun and moon 日月 side by side 肩并肩(10)在某些固定搭配中不用冠词.例如:go to work 去上班 go to school 去上学on time 按时;准时 at home 在家go to college上大学go to chu

22、rch去做礼拜in bed 在睡觉;卧病在床in front of 在前面at table 进餐 in future 今后on earth 究竟 in hospital 住院六、习惯用语中使用冠词和不使用冠词的差异与辨析(1)in front of 在的前面(外部)in the front of在的前面(内部)(5)in future (从今以后的)将来in the future (较为遥远的)将来(8)in bed 在睡觉;卧病在床in the bed 在床上(9)go to church 去做礼拜go to the church 去教堂注意在一些短语中,有无冠词并无区别.例如:at lea

23、st(at the least)至少at most(at the most)至多turn to right(turn to the right)向右拐in face of(in the face of)面对on one hand (on the one hand)on the other hand一方面 另一方面冠词练习1. -did you do well in_english exam -yes,i got_”a” athe; an ; the ; / ; a2. he is _honest boy,so we all like him. d./3.have you seen _umbre

24、lla here? you mean_black one it was here a minute ago. ;the ;an ;a ;the like to see films on_tv instead of going to_cinema. ;the b./the ;/ is_australian studies in_university in shanghai. ;a ;a ;a ;an6.have you got_e-mail address -i want to e-mail some photos to you. ;it ;one ;one d./;it7. he is_uni

25、versity student and he comes from_island in england. ;an ;a ;an ;a singer usually sings while playing_piano. d./ think suzhou is_most beautiful tourist city in china and ill come for_second time. ;a ;the ;a ;the:did you see_dog just now b:is it_black dog? a:oh,i just saw it passing the door. ;a ;a ;

26、/ leader in china is_man called luhao. ;a ;the ;a ;an you good at playing_basketball or playing_piano? ;a ;the ;/ d./;the13.who is_girl in pink -she is our new classmate,kate a./ you make a mistake,dont always make_excuse for yourself. c./15.do you have_bike -sorry,i dont have one. c./ is xiao ming

27、-he is having_rest over there. d./ sunday,my parents took me to the the zoo we saw_elephant. _elephant was from africa.;the ;/an ;the ;a bought_useful is also very interesting. ;the ;the c an;the ;a, what shall we have for_dinner -dumplings. -oh,what_wonderful dinner!i enjoy it very much. ;/ ;the c.

28、/;a ;a said he wanted to be_university student after he graduated from the high school. . c./ -5abcbc 6-10bccbb 11-15adbaa 16-20 acbcb人称代词物主代词单数复数单数复数主格宾格主格宾格形容词性（短）名词性（长）形容词性（短）名词性（长）第一人称imeweusmymineourours第二人称youyouyouyouyouryoursyouryours第三人称hehimtheythemhishistheirtheirssheherherhersitititsits代

29、词1、 人称代词和物主代词人称代词：有主格和宾格之分。一般动词前用主格，动词和介词后用宾格。物主代词：有两类：形容词性物主代词（短的）和名词性物主代词（长的）一般看后面有没有名词，如有，就用形容词性物主代词（短的）；如无，就用名词性物主代词（长的）。练习：（用括号中单词的正确形式填空）1. that is not _ kite. that kite is very small, but _ is very big. ( i )2. the dress is _. give it to _. ( she )3. _ is my brother. _ name is jack. look! tho

30、se stamps are _. ( he )4. _ dresses are red. (we) what colour are _ ( you )5. show _ your kite, ok (they)6. i have a beautiful cat. _name is mimi. these cakes are _. ( it )7. shall _ have a look at that classroom that is _ classroom. ( we )8. _ sister is ill. please go and get _. ( she )9. _ dont kn

31、ow her name. would you please tell _. ( we )10. so many dogs. lets count _. ( they )11. look at that desk. those book are on _. ( it ） girl behind _ is our friend. (she )选择填空。 black is a kind teacher .we all like .a. him b. he c. her s name -amy .a. shes b. his c. her 3. - is the young lady -she is

32、my math teacher . s like apples ,becanse sweet .re s 5. - is your mother - the one under the tree . 6. birthday is in september many are there in january 8. - do you go to school - by bike . is jim .whos speaking ,please 10. - do you have lunch - at school . are ways to go somewhere . man a trip nex

33、t week . taking going to take can take shopping . teaches english . often do homework . you like teach math ! ,me ,i ,my is my little sister .do you know whats hobby ,sam has two friends at school . is tom ,and is zach . ,other ,the other ,another 19. - from and five - its nine .s many is much is 20

34、. - floor do you like we live the twelfth floor . ,on ,in ,on wants to cook the meals now .what about teach english .i am english teacher .there be 句型与have, has的区别1、there be 句型表示：在某地有某物（或人）2、在there be 句型中，主语是单数，be 动词用is ; 主语是复数，be 动词用are ; 如有几件物品，be 动词根据最接近be 动词的那个名词决定。3、there be 句型的否定句在be 动词后加not ,

35、 一般疑问句把be 动词调到句首。 用be动词的适当形式填空： there         a lot of sweets in the box. there         a picture and two maps on the wall. there        some people under the big tree.4、there be句型与have

36、(has) 的区别：there be 表示在某地有某物（或人）；have(has) 表示某人拥有某物。填空： i _ a good father and a good mother. _a telescope on the desk.5、some 和any 在there be 句型中的运用：some 用于肯定句， any 用于否定句或疑问句。 there are_ (一些) maps on the wall.there arent _ (一些)  flowers in our garden last year. _any books in the bookcase?6、an

37、d 和or 在there be句型中的运用：and 用于肯定句， or 用于否定句或疑问句。7、针对数量提问的特殊疑问句的基本结构是：   how many +         名词复数 + are there + 介词短语？   how much + 不可数名词 + is there + 介词短语？ how many students _in the classroom?练习：一、用“have, has” or “there is , ther

38、e are” 填空1. he _a tape-recorder. 2. _a basketball in the playground. 3. she _some dresses. 4. they _a nice garden. 5. what do you_ 6. _a reading-room in the building 7. my father _a story-book. 8. _any flowers in the vase 9. davids friends _some tents. 10. _many children on the hill.二、用恰当的be动词填空。1、t

39、here         some milk in the glass.2、there                a box of rubbers near the books.3、there               &#

40、160;a tin of chicken behind the fridge yesterday.4、there              two end tables and a air-conditioner 三、用  “ have,  has ”填空。1.  he _a good friend.2.  they_ some masks.3.  we _

41、some flowers.4.  my father_ a new bike.5.  our teachers _a basketball.6.   their parents _some blankets7.   david _some jackets.8.   what do you_9.   what does mike_形容词和副词的比较级和最高级1形容词的比较级（一）形容词比较级的构成1.规则变化a.单音节和少数双音节形容词的

42、规律变化。（1）一般情况下，直接在形容词词尾家-er。 例如：this house is smaller than that one.这栋房子比那栋房子小。（2）以字母e结尾的形容词，在词尾加-r。 例如：this ruler is nicer than mine.这把直尺比我那把好。（3）以重读闭音节结尾的形容词，且末尾只有一个辅音字母，应先双写该辅音字母再加-er. 例如：the apple in the boys hand is bigger than that one on the desk.这个男孩手里的苹果比课桌上的那个苹果大。（4）以“辅音字母加-y”结尾的形容词，变y为i再加-

43、er. 例如：my mother is happier than me. 妈妈比我高些。b.多音节形容词和部分双音节形容词的规则变化，此类形容词直接在次前面加more. 例如：this song is more popular than that song.这首歌比那首歌更受欢迎。2.不规则变化此类变化需要我们特殊去记。 例如：goodbetter farfather/further littleless many/ muchmore(二)形容词比较级的用法1原级的用法（1）“a+谓语动词+as+形容词的原级+as+b”表示“a，b两者程度相同。” 例如：this question is as

44、 difficult as that one.这个问题和那个问题一样难。（2）“a+谓语动词+not+as/so+形容词的原级+as+b.”表示“a不如b” 例如：the horse isnt as/so strong as the elephant.马不如象强壮。2.比较级的用法（1）“a+谓语动词+形容词的比较级+than+b”表示“a比b.” 例如：tom is taller than daming.汤姆比大明高。（2）“形容词的比较级+and+形容词的比较级”表示“越来越.” 例如：she is more and more beautiful.他越来越美丽。it is warmer a

45、nd warmer.天气越来越暖和。（）“the+形容词的比较级.,the+形容词的比较级.”表示“越,（就）越.” 例如：the more, the better. 越多越好。the busier he is ,the happier he feels. 他越忙就越感到越高兴。（4）“which/who+is+形容词的比较级，a or b?”表示“a和b 相比，哪一个更.一些？”例如：which is better,this picture or that one?这幅画和那幅画相比，哪一副更好一些？who is busier,your fater or your mother?你父亲和你母

46、亲相比，谁更忙些？注意：形容词的比较级前可用much, far, a little, even等修饰。 例如：your school is a little bigger than ours.你们的学校比我们的学校略大一些。chinese is much more difficult than english.汉语比英语难许多。2副词的比较级1.“a+实义动词+副词的比较级+than+b。” 例如：i got up earlier than my mother this morning.今天早上我气得比我妈妈早。she drives more carefully than her husban

47、d.她开车比她丈夫更小心。2.表示“和b相比，更喜欢a”用“like a better than b.” 例如：i like spring better than winter.冬天相比，我更喜欢春天。i like movies better than books.和书相比，我更喜欢电影。3形容词、副词的最高级最高级表示三者或三者以上的人或事物之间的比较。形容词的最高级前应加定冠词the，而副词的最高级前可以省略定冠词the。（一）形容词、副词的最高级的构成1.单音节和少数双音节形容词或副词（1）一般情况下，直接在词尾加-est。 例如：highhighest fast fastest(2)以

48、重读闭音节结尾的形容词或副词，如果末尾之一偶一个辅音字母，应先双写该辅音字母，再加-est. 例如：bigbiggest thinthinnest(3)以“辅音字母+-y”结尾的形容词或副词，先把y变成i再加-est。 例如：ealyealiest busybusiest2.大多数多音节和部分双音节形容词或副词直接在词前加most。 例如:dangerousmost dangerous carefullymost carefully3.形容词或副词的最高级的不规则变化。 例如：wellbest badlyworst muchmost littleleastfarfarthest/furthes

49、t(二)形容词，副词的最高级的用法1.形容词的最高级的用法（1）“a+be+the+形容词的最高级+of/in.”意为“a是.中最.的。” 例如：tom is the happiest of us.汤姆是我们当中最幸福的。she is the youngest in the class.她是班级里班级里年级最小的。（2）“one of the+形容词的最高级+可数名词复数形式”意为“.是最.之一” 例如：shanghai is one of the most beautiful cities in china.上海是中国最美丽的城市之一。one of the most important languages is english.英语是最重要的语言之一。（3）“which/who+is+the+形容词的最高级+of/in”意为“在中哪一个、谁最.” 例如：which is the biggest of the five apples?这五个苹果中哪一个最大？who is the youngest in our class?在我们班级里谁最年轻？2.副词的最高级的用法“a+实义动词+(the)副词的最高级+of/in.” 例如：tom runs (the) fastest in our school.汤姆在我们学校跑得最快。she dances (the) be