中科院2004博士入学试题

1、2004年春季博士研究生入学考试英语试题PAPER ONESECTION I LISTENING COMPEREHENSION (20 points)Part ADirections: In this part, you will hear 10 short conversations between two people. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken onl

2、y once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A,B,C and D, and decide which is the best answer. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.1. A. She was understanding.B. She was apologetic.C. She was annoyed.D. She was carel

3、ess.2. A. He does not believe what the announcer says.B. He thinks that the announcer is very good at his work.C. He does not have an opinion of the announcer.D. He thinks that they should do what the announcer says.3. A. In a school.B. At the post office.C. In a courtroomD. In a packing plant.4. A.

4、 It comes by mail.B. It arrives earlier than at the newsstand.C. Going to the newsstand is inconvenient.D. Its much cheaper than at the newsstand.5. A. Apologize to her roommate.B. Give the notes to the man.C. Call the man tonight.D. Take the mans notes to her roommate.6. A. Four contestants failed

5、to win prizes.B. The man ate during the show.C. The woman missed the show. D. Five contestants won cars.7. A. A fantastic story.B. A real life experienceC. An imaginary situation.D. A terrible nightmare.8. A. Check for an appropriate apartment at another building.B. Rent the $600 apartment temporari

6、ly.C. Share an apartment with someone. D. Wait until there is a cheaper apartment available9. A. He should move the desk back.B. He should go to the doctor.C. He should have had someone help him.D. He should have 10. A. He would rather not invite other clubs to join them.B. They should prepare extra

7、 refreshments.C. The members of the club always eat a lot.D. There was too much food at a previous meeting.Part BDirections: In this part, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you

8、hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.11. A. Because it might be possible to change its atmosphereB. Because its atmosphere is the same as the carths.C. Because there is a good supply of

9、water on Venus.D. Because there are enough resources on Venus.12. A. They can live in extremely hot atmospheres.B. They can live in very cold atmospheres.C. They can produce oxygen.D. They can reduce rain on Venus.13. A. To grow algae on Venus.B. To produce rain on Venus.C. To reduce carbon dioxide

10、on Venus.D. To place algae into small rockets.14. A. It was a technical failure.B. It was a technical wonder.C. It was a good life-saver.D. It was an effective means to treat heart disease.15. A. It has been banned by the government from producing artificial hearts.B. It will review the effects of a

11、rtificial hearts before designing new models.C. It may continue to work one new models of reliable artificial hearts.D. It can make new models of artificial hearts available on the market in 10 to 20 years.16. A. Artificial heart are seldom effective.B. The country should not spend so much money on

12、artificial hearts.C. The country is not spending enough money on artificial hearts.D. Americas health-care programs are not doing enough for the nations health17. A. 200B. 850C. 4,000.D. 15,000.18. A. The earthquakes occurred some 200 miles from Kabul.B. The earthquakes occurred close to the Earths

13、surfaceC. The earthquakes caused disastrous mudslides.D. The earthquakes were extremely powerful19. A. A temporary cease- fire.B. Occupation of the rebel-held Takhar province.C. Help with relief workers.D. Control over most part of the country.20. A. The aftershocks of the earthquake.B. The ongoing

14、civil war.C. The remoteness of the afflicted areas.D. The intervention from anti-Taliban forces.SECTION II READING COMPREHENSION (30 points)Directions: There are 5 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices m

15、arked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage One Questions 21 to 23 are based on the following passage:As the economic role of multinational, global corporations expands, the international economic environment will be

16、 shaped increasingly not by governments or international institutions, but by the interaction between governments and global corporations especially in the United States, Europe and Japan. A significant factor in this shifting world economy is the trend toward regional trading blocs of nations, whic

17、h has a potentially large effect on the evolution of the world grading system. Two examples of this trend are the United State-Canada Free Trade Agreement (FTA) and Europe 1992, the move by the European Community (EC) to dismantle impediments to the free flow of goods, services, capital, and labor a

18、mong member states by the end of 1992. However, although numerous political and economic factors were operative in launching the move to integrate the ECs markets, concern about protectionism within the EC does not appear to have been a major consideration. This is in sharp contrast to the FTA, the

19、overwhelming reason for that bilateral initiative was fear of increasing United States protectionism. Nonetheless, although markedly different in origin and nature, both regional developments are highly significant in that they will foster integration in the two largest and richest markets of the wo

20、rld, as well as provoke questions about the future direction of the world trading system.21. The primary purpose of the passage as a whole is to _.A. describe an initiative and propose its continuance.B. identify a trend and suggest its importance.C. summarize a process and question its significance

21、.D. report a phenomenon and outline its probable future.22. According to the passage, all of the following are elements of the shifting world economy EXCEPT _. A. an alteration in the role played by governments.B. an increase in the formation of multinational trading alliancesC. an increase in integ

22、ration in the two richest markets of the worldD. an increase in interaction between national governments and international regulatory institutions.23. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the European Community prior to the adoption of the Europe 1992 program?A. There were r

23、estrictions on commerce between the member nations.B. The economic policies of the member nations focused on global trading issues.C. There were few impediments to trade between the member nations and the United States.D. The flow of goods between the member nations and Canada was insignificant.24.

24、The author discusses the FTA and Europe 1992 in order to _.A. point out the similarities between two seemingly different trading alliances.B. illustrate how different economic motivations produce different types of trading blocs.C. provide contrasting examples of a trend that is influencing the worl

25、d economyD. identify the most important characteristics of successful economic integrationPassage Two Questions 25 to 28 are based on the following passage:Plants are subject to attack and infection by a remarkable variety of symbiotic species and have evolved a diverse array of mechanisms designed

26、to frustrate the potential colonists. These can be divided into preformed or passive defense mechanisms and reducible or active systems. Passive plant defense comprises physical and chemical barriers that prevent entry of pathogens, such as bacteria, or render tissues unpalatable or toxic to invader

27、. The external surfaces of plants, in addition to being covered by an epidermis and a waxy cuticle, often carry spiky hairs known as trichomes, which either prevent feeding by insects or may even puncture and kill insect larvae. Other trichomes are sticky and glandular and effectively trap and immob

28、ilize insects.If the physical barriers of the plant are breached, then preformed chemicals may inhibit or kill the intruder, and plant tissues contain a diverse array of toxic or potentially toxic substances, such as resins, tannins, glycosides, and alkaloids, many of which are highly effective dete

29、rrents to insects that feed on plants. The success of the Colorado beetle in infesting potatoes, for example, seems to be correlated with its high tolerance to alkaloids that normally repel potential pests. Other possible chemical defenses, while not directly toxic to the parasite, may inhibit some

30、essential step in the establishment of a parasitic relationship. For example, glycoproteins in plant cell walls may inactivate enzymes that degrade cell walls. These enzymes are often produced by bacteria and fungi.Active plant defense mechanisms are comparable to the immune system of vertebrate ani

31、mals, although the cellular and molecular bases are fundamentally different. Both, however, are triggered in reaction to intrusion, implying that the host has some means of recognizing the presence of a foreign organism. The most dramatic example of an inducible plant defense reaction is the hyperse

32、nsitive response. In the hypersensitive response, cells undergo rapid necrosis- that is, they become diseased and die-after being penetrated by a parasite; the parasite itself subsequently ceases to grow and is therefore restricted to one of a few cells around the entry site. Several theories have b

33、een put forward to explain the basis of hypersensitive resistance.25. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. The success of parasites in resisting plant defense mechanisms.B. Theories on active plant defense mechanismsC. How plant defense mechanisms functionD. How the immune system of animals and t

34、he defense mechanisms of plants differ.26. Which of the following substances does the author mention as NOT necessarily being toxic to the Colorado beetle?A. ResinsB. Tannins.C. Glycisides.D. Alkaloids.27. Why does the author mention “glycoproteins” in line 15?A. To illustrate how chemical function

35、in plant defense.B. To compare plant defense mechanisms to the immune system of animals.C. To introduce the discussion of active defense mechanisms in plants.D. To emphasize the importance of physical barriers in plant defense.28. The passage most probably continues with a discussion of theories on

36、_.A. the basis of passive plant defenseB. the principles of the hypersensitive response.C. how chemicals inhibit a parasitic relationship.D. how plants produce toxic chemicalsPassage ThreeQuestions 29 to 32 are based on the following passage:Scientists have discovered that for the last 160,000 years

37、, at least, there has been a consistent relationship between the amount of carbon dioxide in the air and the average temperature of the planet. The importance of carbon dioxide in the regulating the Earths temperature was confirmed by scientists working in eastern Antarctica. Drilling down into a gl

38、acier, they extracted a mile-long cylinder of ice from the hole. The glacier had formed as layer upon layer of snow accumulated year after year. Thus drilling into the ice was tantamount to drilling back through time.The deepest sections of the core are composed of water that fell as snow 160,000 ye

39、ars ago. Scientists in Grenoble, France, fractured portions of the core and measured the composition of ancient air released from bubbles in the ice. Instruments were used to measured the composition of isotopes in the frozen water to get an idea of the prevailing atmospheric temperature at the time

40、 when that particular bit of water became locked in the glacier.The result is a remarkable unbroken record of temperature and of atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide. Almost every time the chill of an ice age descended on the planet, carbon dioxide levels dropped. When the global temperature dropped

41、 9F (5），carbon dioxide levels dropped to 190 parts per million or so. Generally, as each ice age ended and the Earth basked in a warm inter glacial period, carbon dioxide levels were around 280 parts per million. Through the 160,000 years of that ice record, the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosp

42、here fluctuated between 190 and 280 parts per million, but never rose much higher- until the Industrial Revolution beginning in the eighteenth century and continuing today.There is indirect evidence that the link between carbon dioxide levels and global temperature change goes back much further that

43、 the glacial record. Carbon dioxide levels may have been much greater that the current concentration during the Carboniferous period, 360 to 285 million years ago. The period was named for a profusion of plant life whose buried remains produced a large fraction of the coal deposits that are being br

44、ought to the surface and burned today.29. Which of the following does the passage mainly discuss?A. Chemical causes of ice ages.B. Techniques for studying ancient layers of ice in glaciers.C. Evidence of a relationship between levels of carbon dioxide and global temperature. D. Effects of plant life

45、 on carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere.30. According to the passage, the drilling of the glacier in eastern Antarctica was important because it _.A. allowed scientists to experiment with new drilling techniques.B. provided insight about climate conditions in earlier periods.C. permitted the stu

46、dy of surface temperatures in an ice-covered region of Earth.D. confirmed earlier findings about how glaciers are formed.31. The passage implies that the warmest temperatures among the periods mentioned occurred _.A. in the early eighteenth centuryB.160,000 years agoC. at the end of each ice age.D.

47、between 360 and 285 million years ago32. According to the passage, the Carboniferous period was characterized by _.A. an abundance of plantsB. the burning of a large amount of coalC. a reduction in the number of coal deposits.D. an accelerated rate of glacier formation.Passage FourQuestions 33 to 36

48、 are based on the following passage:The question of whether war is inevitable is one which has concerned many of the worlds great writers. Before considering this question, it will be useful to introduce some related concepts. Conflict, defined as opposition among social entities directed against on

49、e another, is distinguished from competition, defined as opposition among social entities independently striving for something which is in inadequate supply. Competitors may not be aware of one another, while the parties to a conflict are. Conflict and competition are both categories of opposition,

50、which has been defined as a process by which social entities function in the disservice of one another. Opposition is thus contrasted with cooperation, the process by which social entities function in the service of one another. These definitions are necessary because it is important to emphasize th

51、at competition between individuals or groups is inevitable in a world of limited resources, but conflict is not. Conflict, nevertheless, is very likely to occur, and is probably an essential and desirable element of human societies.Many authors have argued for the inevitability of war from the premi

52、se that in the struggle for existence among animal species, only the fittest survive. In general, however, this struggle in nature is competition, not conflict. Social animals, such as monkeys and cattle, fight to win or maintain leadership of the group. The struggle for existence occurs not in such

53、 fights, but in the competition for limited feeding areas and for the occupancy of areas free from meat- eating animals. Those who fail in this competition starve to death or become victims to other species. This struggle for existence does not resemble human war, but rather the competition of indiv

54、iduals for jobs, markets, and materials. The essence of the struggle is the competition for the necessities of life that are insufficient to satisfy all.Among nations there is competition in developing resources, trades, skills, and a satisfactory way of life. The successful nations grow and prosper

55、; the unsuccessful decline. While it is true that this competition may induce efforts to expand territory at the expense of others, and thus lead to conflict, it cannot be said that war-like conflict among nations is inevitable, although competition is. 33. In the first paragraph, the author gives t

56、he definitions of some terms in order to _.A. argue for the similarities between animal societies and human societies.B. smooth out the conflict in human societies.C. distinguish between two kinds of opposition.D. summarize the characteristic features of opposition and cooperation.34. According to t

57、he author, competition differs from conflict in that _. A. it results in war in most cases.B. it induces efforts to expand territoryC. it is a kind of opposition among social entities.D. it is essentially a struggle for existence.35. The phrase “function in the disservice of one another”(Line 7, Par

58、a.1) most probably means _.A. betray each otherB. harm one anotherC. help to collaborate with each otherD. benefit one another.36. The passage is probably intended to answer the question: “_”.A. Is war inevitable?B. Why is there conflict and competition?C. Is conflict desirable?D. Can competition lead to conflict?Passage FiveQuestions 37 to 40 are based on the following passage:Human relations have commanded peoples attention from early times. The ways of people have been recor