新编语言学教程名词解释(部分重点)

1、(1) linguistics:(语言学)the scienti?c or systematic study of Ianguage.(2) Ian guage: (语言) a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for huma n com muni cati on.(3) arbitrariness:(任意性) the absence of similarity between the form of a linguistic sign andwhat it relates to in reality, e.g. the word dog does

2、 not look like a dog.(4) duality:(双重性)the way meanin gless eleme nts of Ian guage at one level (so undsand letters) combine to form meaningful units (words) at another level.(5) competence:(语言能力)knowledge ofthe grammar of a Ianguage as a formalabstract ion and disti net from the behavior of actual l

3、a nguage use, i.e. performa nce.(6) performance:(语言运用) Chomsky' s term for actual Ianguage behavior as distinet from thekno wledge that un derlies it, or compete nce.(11) synchronic lin guistics:(共时语言学)the study of Ian guage and speech as they are used ata give n mome nt and not in terms of how

4、they have evolved over time.(12) diachronic linguistics:(历时语言学)the study of linguistic change over time in contrastto look ing at Ian guage as it is used at a give n mome nt.(6) phoneme:(音位)the abstract element of a sound, identi?ed as being distinctive in aparticular Ian guage.(7) phonetics (语音学) ：

5、the study of linguisticspeech sounds, how they areproduced, how they are perceived, and their physical properties.(8) pho no logy:(音位学)the study of the abstract systems un derly ing the sounds of Ian guage.(1) morphology:(形态学)the study of the structure of words.(2) morpheme:(词素)the smallest unit of

6、Ianguage that carries meaning or serves agrammatical function.(3) free morpheme: (自由词素) a morpheme that can sta nd alone as a word.(4) bound morpheme:(黏着词素) a morpheme that can not sta nd alone as a word,e.g. men t (as in establishme nt), and -er (as in pain ter).(5) morph:(语素变体)the smallest meaning

7、ful phonetic segments of an utterance on the levelof parole.(6) allomorph: a phon etic form in which a morpheme is realized, e.g. -s, -es, and en are allallomorphs (in writi ng) of the plural morpheme.(1) syn tax: the term used to refer to the structure of sentences and to the study of sentence stru

8、cture.(句法学)(5) IC analysis: (Immediate constituent analysis 直接成分分析法)the approach to divide thesentence up into its immediate constituents by using binary cutting until obtaining its ultimate con stitue nts.(11) ideati onal function (概念功能)：the use of Ian guage as a means of givi ng structure to our e

9、xperie nee of the real or imagi nary world.(12) in terpers onal function (人际功能) ：the use of Ian guage for maintaining social roles andin teracti ng with others.(13) textual function (语篇功能)：to create writte n or spoke n texts which cohere withi nthemselves and which ?t the particular situati on in wh

10、ich they are used.(1) semantics: the study of linguistic meaning.语义学(14) synony my:(同义) the sense relati ons of equivale nee of meaning betwee nlexicalitems, e.g. small/little and dead/deceased.(15) an to ny my:(反义关系 )the sense relati on of various kinds of oppos ing meaning betwee nlexical items, e

11、.g. big/small, alive/dead and good/bad.(16) hyponymy:(上下义关系)the sense relation between terms in a hierarchy,where a more particular term (the hyp onym) is in cluded in the more gen eral one (the superord in ate): X is a Y, e.g. a beech is a tree, a tree is a pla nt.(17) meronym:(整体部分关系)the sense rel

12、ation between body and its parts which are notonly secti ons of the body but de?ned in terms of speci?c functions. For example, the head is the part of the body which carries the most importa nt sense orga ns, i.e. eyes, ears, nose and ton gue.(1) pragmatics:(语用学)a branch of linguistics that studies

13、 Ianguage in use.(2) deixis:(指示) the marking of the orientation or position of entities and situations with respect to certa in points of reference such as the place (here/there) and time (no w/the n) of uttera nee.(1) socioli nguistics: the study of the relati on ship betwee nIan guage and society,

14、 that is, howsocial factors in?uence the structure and use of Ianguage.(社会语言学)(8) diglossia:(双语)a situation whentwo distinet varieties of the same Ianguageare used, side by side, for two differe nt sets of functions.(9) bili ngualism:(双语现象)the use of at least two Ian guages either by an in dividual

15、or by agroup of speakers, such as the in habita nts of a particular regi on or a n ati on.(11) taboo:(禁忌)a word or expression that is prohibited by the polite society from general use.(12) euphemism:(委婉语)a word or phrase that replaces a taboo word or is used to avoid reference to certain acts or subjects, e. g.“ powder ro