研究计划-Research-Proposal-模板

1、每个学术研究者必须经历的一道关卡，就是ReSearChProposal的写作。它大致对应中文里的 开题报告”、选题报告”、研究报告”，是一项研究开始之前的提纲、规划和陈述；既是为了帮助自己梳理文献、整理思 路、廓清方向，也常常是写给相关他人的说明：研究动机和意义何在？可能有何成果？为什么它值得你的资助/认可/支持/批准？不知道是否可以说，好的 PraPaSaI是研究成 功的一半。但实际而功利的说，如果你的PraPaSaI很烂，可能根本就不会有开始研究的机会。HaW to Write a research proposal?能否写出漂亮的proposal ,本质上取决于你对研究的思考深度和专业水

2、准。但形式也 很重要。英文的ReSearCh Proposal自有一套八股”。程式化和结构化的好处就在于， 可以让读者直接集中注意到最本质的内容上，而不是为形式分神。对于非英语nativeSPeaker的我们，如何理解英文学术世界的规范或曰思维定势，也是写作proposal之前必备的背景知识。下面这篇流传甚广的ReSearCh Proposal写作指南，言简意赅，颇具启发，对我自己的写作有所帮助，也希望能给更多的学界同仁带来便利。点击这里,查看更多关于 RESEARCH PROPOSAL以及 GRANT PROPOSAL、PRoJECT PROPOSAL 写作的网上资源 文章作者 Paul T

3、. P. Wong, PhD, C.Psych. (ReSearCh DireCtor, GradUate PrOgram in CoUn selli ng Psychology. Tri nity WeSter n Un iversity Lan gley, BC, Can ada). 题为： HoW to Write a ReSearCh Proposal. 全文转载如下：Most StUde nts and begi nning researchers do not fully Un dersta nd What a researchproposal means, nor do they

4、 Understand its importance. To PUt it bluntly, OneSWQrd文档可自由复制编辑research is Only as a good as OneS ProIPaSaCeAedl PraPaSaI dooms thePrajeCt even if it SamehaW gets throUgh the TheSiS SUPerViSary Cammittee. A high qUality PraPaSal, On the other hand, not only PramiSeS SUCCeSS for the project, bUt als

5、o impresses yoUr TheSiS Cammittee abUt yoUr Pate ntial as a researcher.A research PraPaSaI is inten ded to ConVinCe OtherS that yoU have a WarthWhiIe research PrajeCt and that yoU have the CamPete nce and the Wark-PIa n to CamPIete it. Gen erally, a research PraPaSaI ShaUId Cantain all the key eleme

6、 nts in VaIVed in the research PraCeSS and in ClUde SUffiCie nt in formati On for the readers to evalUate the PraPaSed stUdy.RegardIeSS of yoUr research area and the methodology yoU choose, all research PraPaSaIS mUSt address the folloW ing qUesti ons: What yoU pla n to accomplish, Why yoU Want to d

7、o it and how yoU are going to do it.The PraPaSaI ShaUId have SUffiCie nt in formati On to ConVinCe yoUr readers that yoU have an importa nt research idea, that yoU have a good grasp of the releva nt IiteratUre and the major issUes, and that yoUr methodology is soUnd.The quality Of your research prop

8、osal depe nds not only on the quality Of your proposed project, but also On the quality of your proposal Writ ing. A good research PrOjeCt may run the risk of rejection SimPIy because the proposal is poorly Written. Therefore, it PayS if your Writing is COherent, clear and compelling.ThiS PaPer focu

9、ses On proposal Writi ng rather tha n On the developme nt of research ideas.TITLE:It S hould be COnCiSe and descriptive. For example, the phrase,“ An inVeStigatiOnof . . .” could be omitted. Often titles are Stated in terms of a functional relati on ship,because SUCh titles clearly in dicate the in

10、depe ndent and depe ndent Variables.However, if possible, thi nk of an in formative but CatChy title. An effective title notOnly PriCkS the reader' S interest, but also PrediSPOSeS him/her favourably towards theproposal.ABSTRACT:It is a brief SUmmary of approximately 300 words. It should in clud

11、e the research questi on, the rati On ale for the study, the hypothesis (if any), the method and the main findin gs. DeSCriPti ons of the method may in clude the desig n, procedures, the SamPIe and any in StrUme nts that will be used.INTRoDUCTION:The main PUrPOSe of the in troduct ion is to PrOVide

12、the n ecessary backgro Und or COn text for your research problem. How to frame the research problem is PerhaPS the biggest problem in proposal Writi ng.If the research problem is framed in the con text of a gen eral, rambli ng IiteratUre review, then the research question may appear trivial and Unin

13、teresting. However, if the Same questi On is PIaCed in the COn text of a Very focused and CUrre nt research area, its Sig nifica nce will become evide nt.UnfOrtUn ately, there are no hard and fast rules on how to frame your research question just as there is no PreSCriPtion on how to Write an intere

14、sting and in formative ope ning paragraph. A lot depe nds on your creativity, your ability to thi nk clearly and the depth of your Un dersta nding of problem areas.However, try to place your research questi on in the con text of either a CUrre nt area, or an Older area that rema ins viable. SeCOn dl

15、y, you n eed to PrOVide a brief but appropriate historical backdrop. Thirdly, PrOVide the COn temporary COn text in WhiCh your proposed research question OCCUPieS the Central stage. Finally, identify PIayerS ” and refer to the most releva nt and represe ntative PUbIiCati ons. In short, try to Paint

16、your research question in broad brushes and at the Same time bring out its Sig nifica nce.The introduction typically begins With a general Statement of the problem area, With a focus on a SPeCifiC research problem, to be followed by the ratiOnal or justification for the proposed study. The in troduc

17、t ion gen erally COVerS the followi ng eleme nts:1. State the research problem, WhiCh is Often referred to as the PUrPOSe of the study.2. PrOVide the con text and Set the Stage for your research questi on in SUCh a Way as to show its n ecessity and importa nce.3. PreSe nt the rati on ale of your pro

18、posed StUdy and clearly in dicate Why it is worth doi ng.4. BriefIy describe the major issues and sub-problems to be addressed by your research.5. Ide ntify the key in depe ndent and depe ndent VariabIeS of your experime nt.Alter natively, SPeCify the Phe nomenon you Want to study.6. State your hypo

19、thesis or theory, if any. For exploratory or Phe nomeno IOgiCal research, you may not have any hypotheses. (PIeaSe do not con fuse the hypothesis With the StatiStiCaI n Ull hypothesis.)7. Set the delimitation or boundaries of your proposed research in order to PrOVide a clear focus.8. PrOVide defi n

20、iti OnS of key con cepts. (ThiS is opti on al.)LlTERATURE REVIEW:SOmetimeS the IiteratUre review is in corporated into the in troduct ion SeCt ion. However, most PrOfeSSOrS Prefer a SeParate SeCti on, WhiCh allows a more thorough review of the literature.The IiteratUre review SerVeS SeVeraI importa

21、nt functions:1. EnSUreS that you are not“ reinventing the wheel".2. GiVeS CreditS to those who have laid the groun dwork for your research.3. Demon StrateS your kno WIedge of the research problem.4. DemonStrateS your Understanding of the theoretical and research issues related to your research

22、questi on.5. Shows your ability to CritiCally evaluate releva nt IiteratUre in formati on.6. Indicates your ability to integrate and Synthesize the existing literature.7. PrOVideS new theoretical inSightS or develops a new model as the conCePtUaI framework for your research.8. COnVinCeS your reader

23、that your proposed research will make a Sig nifica nt and SUbStantial contribution to the IiteratUre (i.e., resolving an important theoretical issue or filling a major gap in the literature).Most StUde nts' IiteratUre reviews SUffer from the followi ng problems:* LaCk ing orga ni Zati on and Str

24、UCtUre* LaCk ing focus, Un ity and COhere nce* Being repetitive and VerbOSe* Faili ng to Cite in flue ntial PaPerS* Faili ng to keep UP With recent developme nts* Failing to CritiCally evaluate Cited PaPerS* Citing irrelevant or trivial references* DePe nding too much On SeC On dary SOUrCeSYour scho

25、larship and research COmPetence will be questiOned if any of the above applies to your proposal.There are differe nt WayS to Orga nize your IiteratUre review. Make USe Of SUbheadi ngs to bring order and COhere nce to your review. For example, hav ing established the importa nce of your research area

26、 and its CUrre nt State of developme nt, you may devote SeVeraI SUbSeCt ions on related issues as: theoretical models, measuri ng in StrUme nts, cross-cultural and gen der differe nces, etc.It is also helpful to keep in mi nd that you are telli ng a story to an audie nce. Try to tell it in a StimUIa

27、ting and engaging manner. Do not bore them, because it may lead to rejectio n Of your WOrthy proposal. (Remember: PrOfeSSOrS and SCie ntists are huma n beings too.)METHoDS:The MethOd SeCt ion is Very importa nt because it tells your ReSearCh COmmittee how you plan to tackle your research problem. It

28、 will PrOVide your work plan and describe the activities n ecessary for the completi On Of your project.The guiding Principle for Writing the MethOd SeCtion is that it should COntain SUffiCient in formati on for the reader to determ ine Whether methodology is sound. Some eve n argue that a good prop

29、osal should COntain SUffiCie nt details for ano ther qualified researcher to impleme nt the study.You n eed to dem On Strate your kno WIedge of alter native methods and make the CaSe that your approach is the most appropriate and most valid Way to address your research questi on.PIeaSe nOte that you

30、r research question may be best anSWered by qualitative research. However, SinCe most main Stream psychologists are still biased aga inst qualitative research, especially the Phe nomeno IOgiCal variety, you may n eed to justify your qualitative method.FUrthermore, SinCe there are no well-established

31、 and WideIy accepted CanOnS in qualitative an alysis, your method SeCt ion n eeds to be more elaborate tha n What is required for traditi Onal qua ntitative research. More importa ntly, the data collect ion PrOCeSS in qualitative research has a far greater impact On the results as COmPared to quanti

32、tative research. That is another reason for greater Care in describing how you will collect and an alyze your data. (How to Write the MethOd SeCti on for qualitative research is a topic for ano ther paper.)For qua ntitative studies, the method SeCt ion typically COn SiStS of the followi ngSeCti ons:

33、1. DeSign -IS it a questiOnnaire StUdy or a laboratory experiment? What kind of desig n do you choose?2. SUbjeCtS or PartiCiPa nts -Who will take Part in your StUdy ? What kind of SamPIi ng PrOCedUre do you use?3. In StrUme nts-What kind of measuri ng in StrUme nts or questi onn aires do you use?Why

34、 do you choose them? Are they valid and reliable?4. PrOCedUre - How do you pla n to Carry out your study? What activities are in volved? How long does it take?RESULTS:ObViOUSly you do not have results at the proposal stage. However, you n eed to have SOme idea about What kind of data you will be col

35、lect ing, and What StatiStiCaI PrOCedUreS will be USed in Order to an SWer your research questi On Or test you hypothesis.DISCUSSION:It is important to COnVinCe your reader of the potential impact of your proposed research. You n eed to com muni Cate a SenSe of en thusiasm and COn fide nce WithOUt e

36、xaggerating the merits of your proposal. That is Why you also need to mention the IimitatiOnSand Weaknesses of the proposed research, WhiCh may be justified by time and financial conStraints as well as by the early developmental Stage of your research area.Common MiStakeS in Proposal Writ ing1. FaiI

37、Ure to PrOVide the PrOPer COn text to frame the research questi on.2. FaiIUre to delimit the boun dary con diti ons for your research.3. FaiIUre to Cite Ian dmark studies.4. FaiIUre to accurately PreSent the theoretical and empirical contributiOnS by other researchers.5. FaiIUre to Stay focused On t

38、he research questi on.6. FaiIUre to develop a COhere nt and PerSUaSiVe argume nt for the proposed research.7. Too much detail on minor issues, but not eno Ugh detail on major issues.8. Too much rambli ng going “ all over the map ” WithOUt a clear SenSe of direct ion. (The best proposals move forward

39、 With ease and grace like a SeamIeSS river.)9. Too many Citati on IaPSeS and in COrreCt referen ces.10. Too IOng or too short.11. Failing to follow the APA style.12. Slopp ing Writi ng.大多数学生和刚起步的研究者都不了解什么是研究计划，也不知道其重要性。简单的 说，一个人研究计划的好坏决定了其研究的好坏。一个构思欠佳的研究计划会毁了整 个项目，即使它勉强通过了论文答辩委员会。另一方面，一个高质量的研究计划，不 仅

40、确保了研究项目的成功，你作为一个研究者的潜力也会给论文委员会留下一个好印 象。一个研究计划是为了说服别人你有一个有价值的研究计划，同时你有这个能力和相应 的工作计划来完成它。总之，一个研究计划应包含所有研究过程中的关键步骤，同时 也会给读者足够的信息来评估这个拟定的研究。不论你的研究领域是什么，你选择了什么样的方法，所有的研究计划必须解决以下问 题：你打算完成什么，为什么你要做这件事，以及你打算怎样去完成它。研究计划应该有足够的信息来向你的读者证明你有一个重要的研究想法，你对相关文 献和主要问题有很好的把握，同时你的方法是切实可行的。研究计划的质量不仅取决于研究项目本身，同时也取决于你的计划书

41、写作。一个好的 研究项目也可能会有仅仅因为不好的写作而被否决的风险。因此，非常值得你去写得 连贯，清晰并且令人信服。这篇文章强调的是计划书的写作，而非研究思路的开展。标题：标题应该简明扼要。比如，一个关于的研究”这样的句子就应该避免。通常，标题是表达功能关系，因为这样的标题清晰的表达了独立和相关的变量。然而，应尽可能， 想一个内容翔实又吸引人的标题。一个有效的标题不仅会激发读者的兴趣，也预示了 他们会喜欢这个计划。摘要：摘要是一个300字左右的简要归纳。它应该包括研究问题，研究的理论基础，假说(如有的话)，方法以及主要发现。对方法的描述可能包括试验设计，步骤，样本， 还有任何将被用到的手段。引

42、言：引言的主要目的是为你的研究问题提供必要的背景。如何设定研究问题可能是计划书 写作最难的部分。如果研究问题被限定在一个概括的，不着边际的文献回顾里，研究问题就会显得琐碎 和无趣。然而，如果同样的问题被设定在一个当前非常被关注的研究领域里，它的重 要性就变得不言而喻了。不幸的是，对如何设定你的研究问题并没有任何硬性规定，正如没有对如何写出有趣 和翔实的开头段的规定一样。很大程度上要靠你自己的创造力，要取决于你清晰思维 的能力和你对问题领域理解的深度。首先，尝试着把你的研究问题放到当前的热门领域，或是一个陈旧但依然可行的领域； 其次，你需要提供一个简要而适当的历史背景；再者，提供该问题的当下背景

43、，在这 里，你提出的研究问题应该是关注的焦点。最后，确定关键角色” (key PIayerS ),参考最相关和最有代表性的论文。总之，把你的研究问题放到一个大的背景下，但同 时体现出他的重要性。引言一般以对该领域的简单描述开始，同时关注某一特定的研究问题，接下来是拟定 研究的基本原理。引言部分通常包含以下内容：1. 描述该研究问题，一般也叫研究目的；2. 为你的研究问题提供背景，设定其范围，以体现出它的必要性和重要性；3. 说明你研究问题的理论依据，要清楚的指出为什么该研究是值得去做的；4. 简要描述该研究要解决的主要及次要问题；5. 确定你试验中关键的独立或相关变量。或者，明确说明你想要研究的现象；6. 阐述你的假说或理论，如有的话。对于探索性或现象解释型的研究，你可能不会有 任何假说。（请不要混淆假说和统计学上的零假设）；7. 设定你研究计划的局限或边界，以提供一个清晰的研究重点；8. 给关键概念下定义（此项为可选）；文献综述：文献综述有时也包括到简介部分。然而，大多数教授更喜欢一个单独的部分，这样可 以更全面地回顾相关文献。文献综述有以下一些重要功能：1. 确保你不是 重新发明车轮”（意即不是重复前人已有的成果）；2. 向奠定该研究基础的前人致谢；3. 说明你对该研究问题的了解；4. 阐述你对该问题相关的理论和研究的理解；5. 展现你对相关文献资料的批判评价能力；6显