English-Writing-Course误置修饰语垂悬修饰语-课件PPT

1、2021/8/261A college English writing course2021/8/262review1. The definition of a run-on sentence-Its two or more complete thoughts/clauses that are run together without adequate/any sign given to mark the break between them.2021/8/263reviewThe plumber said he would come in the early morning he didnt

2、 arrive until midafternoon. - The plumber said he would come in the early morning, but he didnt arrive until midafternoon. 2. Exams are over; _, I still feel tense and nervous. 3. The storm knocked out the electricity;_, we could not read or watch television. 2021/8/264Misplaced and dangling modifie

3、rs误置修饰语误置修饰语/垂悬修饰语垂悬修饰语2021/8/265Misplaced and dangling modifiersMisplaced or dangling modifiers modify either the wrong word or no words at all. Misplaced modifiers 误置修饰语误置修饰语-modify the wrong word e.g. They argued the subject while I tried to study at fever pitch. Dangling modifiers 垂悬修饰语垂悬修饰语- mo

4、dify no words at alle.g. Reading, the doorbell rang. 2021/8/266Misplaced modifiers 误置修饰语误置修饰语In general, modifiers are associated with closest word that they could possibly belong to. When a modifier slips out of place, there arises confusion. Four types of misplaced modifiers:a. adverbial modifiers

5、 误置副词修饰语误置副词修饰语b. Misplaced prepositional phrases 误置介词短语误置介词短语c. Misplaced adjective clauses 误置形容词从句误置形容词从句 d. Misplaced limiting adverbs modifiers误置限定副词修饰语误置限定副词修饰语2021/8/267 adverbial modifiers 误置副误置副词修饰语词修饰语When an adverbial modifier is placed between two verbs or verbal phrases, there is sometim

6、es no way to tell which verb the adverbial element is supposed to modify.Faulty: We agreed to make the adjustments on the next day.-We agreed that on the next day we would make the adjustments. -On the next day, we agreed that we would make the adjustments. 2021/8/268 adverbial modifiers 误置副误置副词修饰语词

7、修饰语Faulty: Students who practice writing often will benefit. 经常写作?/经常受益?- Students who often practice writing will benefit.-OR: Students who practice writing will often benefit.2021/8/269Misplaced prepositional phrases 误置介词短语误置介词短语-Since prepositional phrases can function as either adjectives or adv

8、erbs, they will cause confusion when misplaced.Faulty:The Alps attract climbers with sheer stone faces.-The Alps with sheer stone faces attract climbers.2021/8/2610Misplaced prepositional phrases 误置介词短语误置介词短语Faulty: She laughed as John raged with delight.-She laughed with delight as John raged.Fault

9、y: Later in the evening the family trimmed the tree along with a few friends.-Later in the evening the family, along with a few friends, trimmed the tree.2021/8/2611Misplaced adjective clauses误置形容词从句误置形容词从句 Faulty:- He returned to the lawn-mower to a neighbor that was broken.-He returned the lawn-mo

10、wer that was broken to a neighbor. Faulty: Suzy had a kitten in the house that ate birds.-Suzy had a kitten that ate birds in the house. 2021/8/2612Misplaced limiting adverbs modifiers误置限定副词修饰语误置限定副词修饰语-squinting modifiersSome limiting adverbs such as almost, nearly, only, just, even, hardly, and si

11、mply may also cause confusion when misplaced.Compare the sentences:- He only suggested three rules for us to follow.- He suggested only three rules for us to follow.2021/8/2613squinting modifiersSquinting: The rains that the crops had needed badly damaged the roads.-The rains that the crops had badl

12、y needed damaged the roads. -The rains that the crops had needed damaged the roads badly. 2021/8/2614Wordiness 累赘累赘 When a writer uses more words than necessary to express the idea, he is wasting words or making wordiness. A sentence cluttered with unnecessary words looks awkward.1. Needless repetit

13、ion2. Needless expansion 2021/8/2615Needless repetitionThe same words or the words similar in meaning repeated needlessly in a sentence causes redundancy. Wordy: 1.The problem of cheating in exams is a serious problem.2. At the end of the First World War, Tom returned back to America.Revised:- 1.Che

14、ating in the exams is a serious problem- 2. Tom returned to American at the end of the First World War.2021/8/26163. They heard an interesting account of the customs of the inhabitants of the village.Revised: They heard an interesting account of the villagers customs.4. He was not only a famous scho

15、lar but also a great patriot as well.Revised: He was not only a famous scholar but also a great patriot.2021/8/26175. As a rule, my father usually worked late into the night.Revised: As a rule, my father worked late into the night.6. We wish to improve our work better.Revised: We wish to improve our

16、 work.7. Slowly and sluggishly, the river flows through the delta.Revised: Sluggishly, the river flows through the delta.2021/8/2618Needless expansion When a word may work, we do not use a phrase instead to express an idea. When a phrase is affective, we do not change it into a clause. Lets study th

17、e following examples to see the economy of the wording.1. Wordy: As for her family we know nothing about them.Revised: We knew nothing about her family. (single word for phrase)2. Wordy: The splendid display in shop windows has as fascination which is irresistible.Revised: The splendid display in sh

18、op windows has an irresistible fascination. (single word for clause)2021/8/26193. Wordy: My father is a veteran worker who has retired.Revised: My father is a retired veteran worker. (single word for clause)4. Wordy: Beijing, which is the capital of china, is a famous ancient city. Revised: Beijing,

19、 the capital of china, is a famous ancient city. (appositive for clause)5. Wordy: During the four year when she studied at college she seldom watched TV. Revised: During her four years at college she seldom watched TV. (prepositional phrase for clause)2021/8/2620Needless expansion6. Wordy: She took

20、good care of her brother though she was in poor health.Revised: She took good care of her brother in spite of her poor health. (prepositional phrase for clause)7. Wordy: I decided that I should take the examination.Revised: I decide to take the examination. (infinitive phrase for clause)8. Wordy: Th

21、e professor was absorbed in work and he did not notice my presence.Revised: Absorbed in work the professor did not notice my presence. (participial phrase for clause)2021/8/2621Dangling modifiers 垂悬修饰语垂悬修饰语垂悬修饰语是与句子的主语不能构成逻辑关系垂悬修饰语是与句子的主语不能构成逻辑关系的修饰语。垂悬修饰语通常出现在句首。的修饰语。垂悬修饰语通常出现在句首。Dangling modifiers

22、:- By going to the various sorority houses on campus and meeting hundreds of new girls, my conversation, manners, and poise became more polished. To write the proposal, research must be done.2021/8/2622The ways to deal with dangling modifiersMost dangling modifiers can be corrected by:a) Rewriting t

23、he modifier as a clause with a subject of its own.b) Rewriting the main clause so that its subject is what the writer meant to modify.2021/8/2623Four types of dangling modifiersa. Dangling participle modifiers 垂悬分词垂悬分词b. Dangling gerunds in prepositional phrasesc. Dangling infinitive modifiers 垂悬动词不

24、定式垂悬动词不定式d. Dangling abbreviated / elliptical clauses 垂悬省略从句垂悬省略从句2021/8/2624a. Dangling participle modifiers垂悬分词垂悬分词It is very common for a sentence to begin with a participle phrase that modifies the subject of the main clause, but problem arise if the subject is a word to which the participle can

25、not logically apply.Faulty:- Flattened by the impact, Jane surveyed her wrecked bike.- Jane surveyed her wrecked bike, which was flattened by the impact.2021/8/2625a. Dangling participle modifiers垂悬分词垂悬分词Faulty:Running down the street, my nose felt frozen. - Running down the street, I felt as though

26、 my nose were frozen.2. Shaving in front of the steamy mirror, the razor nicked Ed s chin.- Shaving in front of the steamy mirror, Ed nicked his chin with the razor.2021/8/2626a. Dangling participle modifiers垂悬分词垂悬分词Participle elements at the ends of clauses can also dangle when there is nothing in

27、the clause for them to modify.Faulty:- A track suit must be worn running in the stadium.Revised:- You must wear a track suit when you are running in the stadium.2021/8/2627b. Dangling gerunds in prepositional phrasesWhen a gerund is used as the subject of a prepositional phrase, the whole phrase fun

28、ctions like a participial modifier, and the gerund demands an actor for the action it expresses. If no suitable actor is available, the gerund dangles.Faulty:- After hiking all day, the mountain seemed no nearer.- Before touching her toes, her muscles were already loose.- The birds were given a sour

29、ce of water by installing a birdbath.2021/8/2628c. Dangling infinitive modifiers垂悬动词不定式垂悬动词不定式Used as modifiers, infinitives and infinitivephrases demand actors. If no appropriate actoris present, the infinitives or infinitive phrases dangle.Faulty:1.To be well-informed, reading widely is necessary.

30、2. To get up early, the clock was set as six.3. To impress the interviewer, punctuality is essential. 4. A steady hand is needed to paint landscape.2021/8/2629d. Dangling abbreviated / elliptical clauses 垂悬省略从句垂悬省略从句In abbreviated or elliptical clauses, the subject or both the subject and verb are omitted and left to be understood by the reader. Such constructions dangle if their unde