毕业论文外文翻译-英国陶瓷产业的技术创新之路

1、英国陶瓷产业的技术创新之路英国陶瓷产业的技术创新之路原始文献国际生产经济学杂志，65卷，第1期，2000年4月1日，85-98页.matthew p warren, paul l forrester, john s hassard, john w cotton摘要通常情况下，创新在行业中发挥的作用是至关重要的。以往学者专门讨论在技术上 更新兴的产业（例如，汽车和药品）。但在传统和成熟的行业上，如纺织詁和陶瓷产业, 往往被忽视。本文在英国陶瓷产业技术创新中的作用纠正这种让失衡。回顾以往的和当 前的创新，根据同行业屮的案例分析，其屮包括用突出创新和技术创新取得成功的例子。1. 英国陶瓷行业的一个简

2、史陶瓷，定义为无机非金属材料，陶瓷派生于的希腊扎罗斯，犬致翻译为烧土。著名 陶艺家乔赛亚韦奇伍德，托马斯明顿和斯波德乔赛亚在18世纪在英国斯塔福德郡 成立了陶器联盟，合并成为特伦特河畔斯托克。这个地区曲于其当地丰富的粘土窑煤是 最适合陶瓷生产。这些资源在1777年在特伦特和默西运河畔有力的助力了英国陶瓷产 业的初期成长。2. 创新和新技术的作用可以说，英国陶瓷产业已亲眼目睹了两个技术创新和新技术革命。当第一个陶工在 特伦特斯托克河畔开始他们的陶瓷生产，迅速地由一个工艺作坊转变为一个行业。这个 传统陶瓷行业的初始生产（即，餐具，瓷砖，砖和卫生洁具行业）带来了创新的主要问 题即生产的连续性，制造-

3、个杯子，砖瓦如前所述。为了应对这种革命性的生产经营单 位产生了，这个先行者就是韦奇伍德。许多行业经过了长时间的巩固，直到二十世纪中 叶，陶瓷产品的制造很难再从200年来的生产发生改变。今天，新技术的重要性对英国的陶瓷生产与口俱增。与其他产品的出现（例如，玻 璃和塑料）和国外市场的竞争增加，需要新的技术提供更快的牛产和更高的质量是非常 重要的。这种创新活动关注的大多数是陶瓷产品生产更快，更便宜，更可靠和更耐用。 提高机械化水平成了瓷砖、卫生洁具和餐具制品生产厂家的重要工作。陶艺工业生产商 的理想是在机器的一端放入原材料，在机器的另一端成品就出來了。3. 研究和技术组织（rt0）的作用实时系统和研

4、究协会是专门为英国和国际公司提供技术服务，是一家创新技术的生 成和扩散的私营公司。一个rto通常代表一个技术型行业并建立在提供技术服务的公司 成员的基础上。其独特的地位，使他们更加了解其特定的行业或部门，这使得他们在该 部门的创新提供理想的经纪人机制，要求和需求。他们与监管机构，以及企业的合作， 也让他们占尽地利，并提供他们的行业技术创新的驱动力。致力于陶瓷行业的陶瓷技术 研究所（rto）是成立于1948年，它为所冇陶瓷企业提供广泛的服务（例如，咨询，测 试和技术支持），其中包括传统陶瓷精粹文化和先进的陶瓷技术。陶瓷技术的协助和创 新，是组织成员之间的主要凝聚力，可以促进企业间合作研究、开发新

5、技术和有利于技 术转让项目，提高公司的资金和管理能力。还有就是，试图改善这种商业意识，在同行业中的证据。发展各种工业认为，坦克 和战略方向的团体，例如，制造改进会，研究项目的引进，类似于此，强调以进一步 cognise创新过程具冇一定的意愿。在一些组织中，更多的接受和好奇的业务态度也显 示，积极探索在非常不同行业的其他行业，以适用于制造工艺技术，生产技术和业务观 点。最近，虽然轻微，用人经理和管理人员从其他的趋势，技术更先进，产业强调这个。然而，尝试提高在同行业中经营意识的证据。各种发展的工业认为，坦克和战略方 向的团体，例如，制造改进会，研究项目的引进，类似于此，强调以进一步创新过程具 确定

6、的意愿。在一些组织中，更多的接受和好奇的业务态度也显示，积极探索在不同行 业的其他行业，以适用于制造工艺技术，生产技术和业务的观点。近來，虽然轻微，但 雇用來其他国家的经理和管理人员的趋势，技术更先进，产业强调到。4. 组织和管理创新如过去文献显示，创新的组织和管理是整体业务成功的关键，特别是因为它是可以 控制的东西。这是在陶瓷行业，冇效的组织，规划，调度和实施创新是非常重要的，没 有什么不同。因为如果它是一个企业用门己的权利，就会以面试答辩过程來对待：你不能在最后时处理从任何与业务目标以外成立的事。这个项目的规划和随之而來 的管理是很重耍的，但是，非常依赖于创新的资金来源。止如上文所强调的，

7、很多陶瓷 企业不具备资源，不能投入新技术对产品进行改良和创新。因此，他们寻求外部资金和 项目管理的支持。这些來源包括政府，贸易和工业部（dti）和欧洲委员会的经费。然 而，当这种资金使用是要冇保障的，通常得冇具体廿标集和交待所需资金原因。这是因 为，今天，许多政府和欧洲商业研究和技术转让和资金使用需要充分的理由。因此，许 多外部资助的项目的规划和管理程序被确定为资助机构和创新组织之间的合同协议。在 陶瓷行业，真空干燥技术研究就是一个例了。另一个组织和管理带来的显箸作用，就是陶瓷行业的创新意识;组织可以引导和刺 激创新过程中的个人和群体的工作积极性。经常在一些技术性的文献中提到，在陶瓷行 业对人

8、才非常重视。人才之所以被重视，因为观察和访谈都强调，这是推动创新向前的 根木。采访还强调，像一些思维比较灵活的和有丰富行业经验的特征的人才往往是最重 要的。一个在陶瓷行业中经常被引用的例了是皮尔金顿。皮尔金顿想要制作平面玻璃，但 不确定如何做到这一点。一天，皮尔金顿家族的成员之一在洗衣物时，发现水面上漂浮 的油脂和洗涤液。在灵光一现的ii舜间，他向他的组织提出问题，如何有可能类似漂浮的 方式來生产偶数层的玻璃。其结果是液态锡玻璃产生了。无论是事实还是虚构的，这凸 显了两个项目技术至关的作用。5. 具他创新的影响创新工作的时间是从计划文件审议通过审核和落实，到技术获得了有意义的回报这 一段时间。

9、在陶瓷行业，创新的时间表是非常重要的。这项研究确定了两个影响创新的 时间段：成立到实现。创新这个工作性质的不同于生产，有时可长达数十年。比如花 了大约7年时间的真空干燥技术，作为一个潜在的解决方案进入陶瓷行业，以低耗能和 减短时间的耍求，用于干燥的陶瓷洁具。固体氧化物燃料电池的研究已经持续了接近十 年。即使很多人会说，这是一个英国制造商通常遇到的问题，但不影响到陶瓷行业的发 展，这是很止常的时间表，并非刻意被延长了。变现回报- 一旦已经实现了一个创新技术，它被出售或应用于生产，就口j以从它 的使用效果或者收益判断出这个技术是成功或者失败。这个时间表也说明，公司对于一个可能十五年才可能有收益的投

10、资项目存在比较大 的困难。资金方面的考虑也是行业中的成功创新的关键。根据组织内部集资方式和外部 來源可分为五种形式的资金來源：内部來源，（1）内部的资金；（2）建设研究设施；外 部來源，（3）与企业的合作项口来源；（4）与其他组织的合作项目来源；（5）与最终用 户的合作项目來源。然而，止如上面提到，有些陶瓷行业的公司不具备的财政资源，以扩大公司的生产。 因此，往往寻求外部资金。外部资金来源，包括英国政府（例如，贸工部，能源技术支 持单位）和欧洲委员会（例如，焦耳合作组织）的。通常这种性质的资金技术创新研究 为基础和应用工作准备的。一个例子是etsu,最能代表政府的实践方案管理的使用效率。 提供

11、资金的机构冃的在行业范围内，以刺激英国能源消耗的减少，当然，他们更多是为 了新技术的应用和商业产值的导向基础上的研究和项目提供资金。6. 总结和结论陶瓷行业的发展借鉴许多以前传统的技术，通过技术创新，也取得了前所没冇的发 展速度，使陶瓷行业在众多行业中脱颖而出。行业中的技术创新组织的作用，是保持和 进一步发展中发辉至关重要的作用。同时在陶瓷行业中，通过rto组织促进了企业间的 沟通，不仅使公司内的竞争力提升，而且还不断增加的外国竞争力与集体竞争力。也显 示出资金來源和拥冇深入的行业知识是创新的重要推动力。创新的范围也很重要，创新 不只存在于一个组织，还可以转移到其它几家公司，整个工业部门，甚至

12、在某些情况f, 延仲到整个行业。英文原文:technological innovation antecedents in the ukceramics industrytechnological innovation antecedents in the uk ceramics industryoriginal research articleinternational journal of production economics, volume 65, issue 1, 1 april 2000, pages 85-98matthew p warren, paul l forrester,

13、 john s hassard, john w cottonabstractthe role that innovation plays in industry is, usually, exclusively discussed in more technically advanced industries (for example, automotives and pharmaceuticals). more mature and established industries, such as textiles and ceramics, are often neglected. this

14、 article redresses this balance by considering the role of technological innovation in the uk ceramics industry. case analysis comprising both retrospective and current innovation in the industry is used to highlight the role of innovation and some of the antecedents to successful technological inno

15、vation.1. a brief history of the uk ceramics industryceramics are defined as non-metallic inorganic materials and the word ceramics derives from the greek karamos, which roughly translates as fired earth. the famous potters josiah wedgwood, thomas minton and josiah spode founded potteries in staffor

16、dshire, in the uk, in the l&h century in the towns that were to amalgamate and become known as stoke-on-trent. this region was most suitable for pottery production due to its abundance of local clay and coal for kilns. these resources aided the initial growth of the uk pottery industry along wit

17、h the trent and mersey canal in 1777.2. the role of innovation and new technologyit can be argued that the uk ceramics industry has witnessed two technological innovation and new technology revolutions. when the first potters started production of ceramics in stoke-on-trent they, effectively, turned

18、 what was a craft into an industry. this initial production of traditional ceramic goods (i.e.，tableware, tile, brick and sanitaryware sectors) brought with it the main innovating problem of obtaining output continuity; manufacturing one cup, tile or brick as mentioned previously. to respond to this

19、, revolutionary production units were established, the forerunner to this being wedgwood. much of the industry then witnessed an extended period of consolidation and, up until the middle of the twentieth century, the manufacturing of ceramics goods had hardly changed from the revolutionary productio

20、n units of 200 years ago.today, new technology is of increasing importance to the uk ceramic producer. with increased competition from both other materials (for example, glass and plastic) and foreign markets, the need for new technology to provide faster throughput times and greater reliability is

21、of great importance. the majority of this innovation activity is concerned with making ceramic goods quicker, cheaper, more reliable and long lasting. increased mechanisation is also being sought in the majority of the main manufacturers from tile, sanitaryware and tableware manufactures: the indust

22、rial potter's ideal is a single machine into which are fed the powdered raw materials at one end and which turns out the fully finished pieces of ware, ready for despatch, at the other end.3. the role of the research and technology organisation (rto)rtos and research associations are private sec

23、tor companies that specialise in the provision of services to the complete spectrum of uk and international companies, generating and diffusing innovation across the technology spectrum. an rto will usually represent an industry or technology-type and draw its member base from the companies it serve

24、s. their unique position enables them to understand the mechanisms, requirements and needs of their particular industry or sector, which makes them the ideal broker in the provision of innovation for that secto匚 their discourse with regulatory bodies, as well as the member base, also makes them idea

25、lly placed to understand technological and innovation drivers in their industrythe rto for the ceramics industry is ceram research. established in 194& it offers a wide range of services (for example, consultancy, testing and technical support) for all ceramic sectors; which includes traditional

26、 ceramics and structural (bricks and roof tiles) and advanced ceramics. however, ceram's major strength in aiding and facilitating innovation amongst members of the industry, is its ability to facilitate funding and management of collaborative research, development and technology transfer projec

27、ts.there is, however, evidence of attempts to improve this business awareness in the industry the development of various industrial think-tanks and strategic direction groups, for example, the manufacturing improvement club , and the introduction of research projects, akin to this, have highlighted

28、a certain willingness to further cognise innovation processes. in some organisations, more accepting and inquisitive business attitudes are also displayed by being enthusiastic about exploring other industries in grossly different sectors in order to apply manufacturing process technology, productiv

29、e technologies and business perspectives. a recent, although slight, trend of employing managers and executives from other, more technologically advanced, industries underlines this.there is，however, evidence of attempts to improve this business awareness in the industry. the development of various

30、industrial think-tanks and strategic direction groups, for example, the manufacturing improvement club , and the introduction of research projects, akin to this, have highlighted a certain willingness to further cognise innovation processes. in some organisations, more accepting and inquisitive busi

31、ness attitudes are also displayed by being enthusiastic about exploring other industries in grossly different sectors in order to apply manufacturing process technology, productive technologies and business perspectives. a recent, although slight, trend of employing managers and executives from othe

32、r, more technologically advanced, industries underlines this.4. organisation and management of innovationas past literature illustrates, the organisation and management of innovation is key to overall business success, especially since it is something that can be controlled. this is no different in

33、the ceramics industry, where effective organisation, planning, scheduling and implementation of innovation is of great importance. one interview respondent commented that the process had to be treated as if it were a business in its own right:you can't handle it from the inception point in anyth

34、ing other than with business objectives at the end.much of this project planning and consequent management is, however, very dependent on the source of funding for innovation. as emphasised above, many ceramics companies do not have the resources to innovate beyond incremental improvements and amend

35、ments, in the form of product range additions, etc. therefore, they seek external funding and project management support. such sources include government, department of trade and industry (dti) and european commission funding. however, when such funding is secured, there are often concrete targets s

36、et and deliverables required by the funding source. this is because, today, much government and european funding for commercial research and technology transfer requires comprehensive justification. consequently, much of the planning and management procedures for externally funded projects are deter

37、mined as a result of contractual agreements between the funding body and the innovating organisation. an example of this, in the ceramics industry, is airless drying.another significant organisation and management related influence on innovation in the ceramicsindustry is that of personalities; indi

38、viduals and groups that facilitate and stimulate the process of innovation. often referred to in the literature as project champions or (technical) gatekeepers, there is much emphasis on the need for such individuals in the ceramics industry. the tenn personalities is used purposefully, since observ

39、ation and interviews have highlighted that this is often what is needed in order to drive innovation forward. interviews also emphasised some of the traits such as thorough flexibility and experience of the industry a personality should have.an often cited example of a project champion in the cerami

40、cs industry is that of pilkington. particulate material folklore has it that pilkington wanted to produce flat screen glass, yet was unsure how to do it. one day, one of the members of the pilkington family was washing up and noticed how the grease and washing fluid floated on the surface of the wat

41、er. in a eureka moment he posed the question to his organisation if it was possible to float glass in a similar fashion to produce an even layer. the result was a process for floating glass on liquid tin and drawing it through. be it fact or fiction, this highlights the role of both the project cham

42、pion and the technical gatekeepe匚5. other influences on innovationthe time that an innovation effort can take from the point of inception, through realisation and exploitation and to gaining a meaningful payback is something that is not often considered in the literature. in the ceramicsindustry, th

43、e timescale of innovation is of great importance. the research identified two timescales which affected innovation: inception to realisation 一 depending on the nature of the innovation this can take up to a decade. airless drying took about seven years from first entering the ceramics industry as a

44、potential solution to high energy and time demands in the drying of ceramic-ware. solid oxide fuel cell research has been ongoing for approaching a decade. although, many would say that this is a perennial problem for the uk manufacturers, and not specific to the ceramics industry, this does represe

45、nt an elongated timescale.realisation to payback 一 once an innovation has been realised, it has to be either sold or installed before it can be judged as a success or failure and before any payback can be achieved from its use.these timescales highlight how organisations are no longer investing toda

46、y to reap for tomorrow, but to possibly reap in anything up to 15 years.funding considerations are also key to innovation success in the industry interviews highlighted five forms of funding, based on sources both internal and external to the organisation:internal source: (1) in-house funding; (2) b

47、uilding research facility;external sources: (3) private projects with other organisations; (4) collaborative projects with rto and member companies and (5) with end-users.however, as referred to, the ceramics industry is proliferated by companies that do not have the financial resources to fund inte

48、rnally. therefore, external funding is often sought. sources of external funding include both the uk government (for example, dti, energy technology support unit) and european commission (for example, joule, themie). funding of this nature is usually available for both the basic and more applied res

49、earch efforts. an example is etsu, who manage the energy efficiency best practice programme on behalf of the government. they offer funding to organisations in a range of industries, for projects that seek, as their aim, to stimulate a reduction in the uk energy consumption. they offer funds for bot

50、h basic research and more applied and commercially orientated projects.6. summary and conclusionsthe ceramics industry illustration reiterates many previously identified antecedents to technological innovation and also brings to the fore other influences not previously emphasised. the role of the rt

51、o in the industry is vital to maintain and further technological development. in an industry, such as ceramics, that is so geographically close, the rto facilitates communications that not only allows companies to compete within, but also to collectively contest with an ever increasing foreign compe

52、tition.sources of funding and possessing individuals with in-depth knowledge of the industry are also shown to be important facilitators of innovation. again, these are two areas in which the industryfs rto can play a role. the scope of innovation is also important, showing that innovation need not

53、exist exclusively in one organisation, but can migrate to several companies, an entire industrial sector or, in some cases, the entire industry.111五分钟搞定5000字毕业论文外文翻译，你想要的工具都在这里!在科研过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节，许多领 域高水平的文献都是外文文献，借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常 必要的。由于特殊原因我翻译外文文献的机会比较多，慢慢地就发现 了外文文献翻译过程中的三大利器：google“翻译审页道、金山词霸（完 整版本）和cnki“翻译助手”。具体操作过程如下：1 先打开金山词霸自动取词功能，