Chapter11Adverbials副词

1、现代英语语法现代英语语法 Chapter 11 Adverbials 状语状语Rokey.9.6Technical terms:integrated adverbial 结合性状语peripheral adverbial 分离性状语adjunct 修饰性状语disjunct 评注性状语conjunct 连接性状语style-disjunct 方式评注性状语content-disjunct 内容评注性状语 11.0 Introduction 状语状语adverbial一般是用来修饰动词的。一般是用来修饰动词的。 eg: Sherry speaks fluently. 雪莉说话很流利。 本章状语分

2、为两类：（P241表格） 1.integrated adverbial : adjuncts 修饰性状语 eg: John drove slowly. (slowly修饰动作drove) 2.peripheral adverbial: disjuncts评注性状语 and conjuncts 连接性状语 eg: Fortunately, he came back in time.(评论整句话) eg:However, it was a good meeting.(连接上下文)l11.1 Adjuncts 修饰性状语修饰性状语lTime adjuncts 时间状语时间状语lPlace adjun

3、cts 地点状语地点状语lProcess adjuncts 过程状语过程状语lContingency adjuncts 因果状语因果状语11.1.1 Time adjuncts 时间状语时间状语a. Types of time adjuncts分类分类(1)when-adjunct 时间点状语时间点状语eg:Were going to the theatre tomorrow.(2)duration-adjunct 时间段状语时间段状语eg: They have lived here for twenty years.(3)frequency-adjunct 频度状语频度状语eg:She se

4、es her doctor twice a month. 1.when-adjunct 表示事件或状态发生的时间，用表示事件或状态发生的时间，用when提问。提问。 eg:When are you going to the theatre? 2.Duration-adjunct表示事件或状态持续的时间，用表示事件或状态持续的时间，用how long.提问，回答用提问，回答用for+时间段。时间段。 eg: How long have you lived here? 3.Frequency-adjunct表示事件或状态发生的频率，用表示事件或状态发生的频率，用how often.或或how ma

5、ny times.提问。提问。 eg: How often does she see her doctor? 11.1.2 Place adjunct 地点状语地点状语 a. Types of place adjuncts 分类分类 地点状语可以表示：地点状语可以表示：position位置；位置；direction方向；方向； distance距离；距离；source来源；来源；goal目的目的.(P245) eg: outside the village. (位置) down the hill. (方向) They ran a long way. （距离） from the school.

6、(来源) to the school bus.(目的) 11.1.3 Process adjuncts 过程状语过程状语 过程状语表示事件是怎样发生或完成的，特指事件的过程状语表示事件是怎样发生或完成的，特指事件的过程。过程。 三类过程状语：三类过程状语： (1) manner-adjuncts 方式状语方式状语 eg: He came to visit me in person.他亲自来看我。他亲自来看我。 (2) instrument-adjuncts 工具状语工具状语 eg: I used to go to work by bus. (3) agentive-adjuncts 执行者状语

7、执行者状语 eg: The window was broken by him. 11.1.4 Contingency adjuncts 因果状语因果状语 因果状语表示事情的因果关系，可分为： (1) reason-adjuncts 原因状语原因状语 (2) result-adjuncts 结果状语结果状语 (3) purpose-adjuncts 目的状语目的状语 (4) concession-adjuncts 让步状语让步状语 (5) condition-adjuncts 条件状语条件状语 a. Reason-adjuncts 原因状语原因状语 1.提问通常用提问通常用why,回答常用回答常

8、用because, because of. eg: He did it because they asked him to do it. - Why did he do it? 2.引导原因状语还可使用引导原因状语还可使用for, in case, since, as. eg: Since he is still young, you should be more patient. 因为他还小，你应该多点耐心。 b. Result-adjuncts 结果状语结果状语 结果状语表示某些原因所导致的结果，通常由结果状语表示某些原因所导致的结果，通常由so that, such that, with

9、 the result that, so.as to等引导。等引导。(P249) eg:The music is so loud that I cant hear what you say. 音乐太吵了，我听不清你在说什么。 c. Purpose-adjuncts 目的状语目的状语 目的状语表示执行的任务或要达到的目标，由目的状语表示执行的任务或要达到的目标，由why进行进行提问提问,常用常用in order to, in order that, so, so that, so as to, for fear that.引导。引导。 eg：She stood up in order to se

10、e better. I need a ladder to put up the picture. l d. Concession-adjuncts 让步状语让步状语l 让步状语表示与主句意义相对，通过一种不利条件来进让步状语表示与主句意义相对，通过一种不利条件来进行强调。通常由行强调。通常由though, although, even though/if, while, despite and inspite引导。引导。l eg: Though/Although I have lived in Guangzhou for two years, I still can not speak Can

11、tonese.l 虽然我在广州生活两年了，可还是不会说粤语。l Young as/though he is, he knows a lot.l 注意：注意：as用于让步状语时必须倒装，用于让步状语时必须倒装，though可用于倒可用于倒装，又可用于正常语序，装，又可用于正常语序，although不需倒装。不需倒装。 e. Condition-adjuncts 条件状语（参考虚拟语气）条件状语（参考虚拟语气） 条件状语是与事件实现状况相关的可能性条件。通常由条件状语是与事件实现状况相关的可能性条件。通常由if从句引导。从句引导。 eg: If the sun shines, the room i

12、s very warm. 联系学过的联系学过的if 引导的虚拟条件句。引导的虚拟条件句。 (1)过去：主句过去：主句 would/should have done 从句从句 if+ had done. (2)现在：主句现在：主句would/should/could + V原形原形 从句从句 if + V过去式过去式. (3)将来：主句将来：主句would/should/could + V原形原形 从句从句 if + V过去式或过去式或were to. 11.2 Disjuncts 评注性状语评注性状语 评注性状语表达说话人对所说内容的态度、评价、肯定评注性状语表达说话人对所说内容的态度、评价、

13、肯定或怀疑，跟主句的关系不如修饰性状语紧密。或怀疑，跟主句的关系不如修饰性状语紧密。 eg：Frankly, he is very stupid. =Frankly speaking, he is very stupid. 老实说，他可真蠢。 Obviously, she couldnt deal with these problems. 很明显，她无法处理这些问题。 课本p255常见的disjuncts： style-disjuncts: briefly, broadly, confidently, frankly, generally, honestly, personally, priv

14、ately. content-disjuncts: actually, hopefully, in fact, no doubt, perhaps, possibly. 11.3 Conjuncts 连接性状语连接性状语 连接性状语既不修饰，也不评价。conjuncts只用来将句子与上下文联系起来。 eg: However, they rejected his application. a.列举性连接状语列举性连接状语 first(ly), second(ly),third(ly). for one thing.for another.; next, then, finally. b.附加连接

15、状语附加连接状语 equally, likewise, similarly.; again, also, besides, further, moreover, whats more.c.过渡性连接状语过渡性连接状语在对话中，若要转意思话题，则使用表示过渡的连接状语在对话中，若要转意思话题，则使用表示过渡的连接状语。如：。如：by the way, incidentally, now, meanwhile.eg: Im leaving tomorrow. By the way, can I use your car for shopping this afternoon?其他连接状语：then

16、, therefore, thus, for example, that is, actually, rather, on the other hand,so, hence, in that casem otherwise, anyhow. Using counter-factual conditionals：使用条件句：使用条件句 1.We lost the game because he didnt join us. 2.It will rain tomorrow, so we will have to cancel the sports meet. 3.He had an acciden

17、t last year, so he is confined to his wheerlchair. 4.What is done cant be undone. Using disjuncts:使用评注性状语使用评注性状语 1. It is nature that he will take care of his father. Naturally, he will take care of his father. 2.It is more important that you should do more practice. More importantly, you should do

18、more practice. 3.I will say frankly that what he did is good for you. Frankly speaking, what he did is good for you. 4.It is regrettable that James refuses to speak in company. Regrettably, James refurses to speak in company. Using adjuncts:使用修饰性状语使用修饰性状语 1. His mother waited up. He came home. His mother waited up until he came home. 2.I saw him. He was running. I saw him when