句子成分学生版

1、句子成分及基本句型什么是句子？句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的，是能表达一个完整概念的语言单位句子的第一个字母必须大写，结尾要有？ ！I am a teacher.Are you a student?How beautiful the girl is !【句子成分】定义：句子的组成部分叫做句子的成分。分类：主要包括主语、谓语、表语、宾语、补足语、定语、同位语、状语等。主语：主语是在句子中说明全句中心主题的部分一般由名词，代词，不定式，动名词或从句充当它的位置一般在句首The girl is pretty.They are good friends. Reading is useful.To

2、see is to believe.What I like is music.2.谓语：谓语说明主语做什么，是什么，怎么样，由简单动词或者动词短语构成They are teachers.She looks well.He studies hard.3.表语说明主语是什么，或者怎么样，由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，短语，或者从句充当表语位于系动词后面I am a teacher.My job is to teach English.Seeing is believing.She is happy.Everybody is here.They are at home now.4.

3、宾语是动作，行为的对象，由名词，代词，短语，不定式，动名词，从句充当它和及物动词一起说明主语做了什么，在谓语之后I like watching TV.She likes to go to shop this afternoon.I think that he is good guy.She plays the piano.He often helps me.5.宾语补足语在英语中，有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语后面家上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思它起补充说明宾语干什么，怎么样的作用它可以由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，现在分词和过去分词充当If you let me

4、 go, Ill make you king.Leave the door open.We found John out when we arrived.Make yourself at home.I saw him enter the hall.The boss keeps them working all day.I heard my name called.6.状语用来修饰动词，形容词或副词它表示行为发生的时间，地点，目的，方式，程度一般由副词，介词短语，不定式或相当于副词的词或短语充当，也可由从句来充当He did it carefully.Without his help, we c

5、ouldnt work it out.In order to catch up with my classmates, I must study hard.I was born on June 9th 1982 in Guangxi.He is writing with a pen.7.定语用来修饰名词或代词形容词，代词，数词，名词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，分词，从句都可以充当定语The black bike is mine.Whats your name? A broken vase.I have 5 books. A sleeping boy.They made paper flower

6、s.The boy in the room is Jack. I have something to do. It is a swimming pool.【常见句型结构】基本句型 一： （主系表） （是系动词） 1. This is an English-Chinese dictionary. 2. The dinner smells good. 系动词词义不完整，在句中不能单独使用（除省略句外），后面必须接有表语，系动词和表语一起构成合成谓语。 一、系动词的分类： 常见的系动词大致可分为三类。 第一类：表示特征或状态的，有be， look， feel， seem， appear， smell

7、， taste， sound， turn out（结果是、证明是）等。 Youll be all right soon. You dont look very well. I feel rather cold. He seems to be ill. It appears that he is unhappy. The roses smell sweet. The mixture tasted horrible. How sweet the music sounds! The day turned out (to be) a fine one. 第二类：表示从一种状态到另一种状态的变化，有be

8、come， get， grow， turn， fall， go， come， run等。 He became a world-famous scientist. It is getting warmer and warmer. It grew dark. The food has turned bad. Yesterday he suddenly fell ill. Marys face went red. His dream has come true. The boys blood ran cold. 第三类：表示保持状态的，有keep， remain， continue，stay等。 K

9、eep quiet, children! The weather continued fine for a long time. It remains to be proved. 系动词后的表语可以是名词、代词、数词、形容词、分词、动名词、不定式、副词、介词短语、词组、从句，系动词be可用于上述所有情况。The news was surprising. His job is teaching English. The only method is to give the child more help. I must be off now. The bridge is under constr

10、uction. This is why he was late.    所有的系动词都可接形容词作表语，此处略举数例。 Our future will be beautiful. You seem/appear ill. The food tastes delicious. The weather is turning/ growing/ becoming/ getting cold. He often went hungry. 3.能用不定式作表语的系动词有：appear， seem， get， prove， remain， turn out等。 She appears/

11、 seems to be very young. He appears/ seems to have caught cold. They got to be friends。 The meeting turned out to be successful. The theory proved to be right. Much remains to be done. 4. 能接从句的有：be， seem， appear， sound， look等。 Thats why he fell ill. My idea is that we should help him. It seems/ appe

12、ars to me that something is wrong. It sounds to me as if someone were trying to get into the house. Your voice sounds as if you had a cold.It looks as if it is going to rain.5. 能接介词短语的有：be， feel， look， sound， taste，remain等。 be是特别活跃的系动词，其后可接很多介词短语作表语。 He is at home/ in the library/ on the way home/ o

13、n holiday. They are on duty/ on strike/ on leave. The road is under repair.其他系动词能和介词搭配的范围很小。如： It feels like a rain.It looks like a rain. It sounds like a train going under my room. It tastes of apples.（这有苹果的味道。） The concert remains in my memory. 6. 能接分词的系动词有：be， become， get， grow， seem， appear等。 Hi

14、s report was surprising/ disappointing/delighting/moving/ astonishing The boy was moved/delighted/surprised/ disappointed/astonished。 He has become/ got/ grown/ interested in modern physics。 He seems/ appears drunk。 系动词后还可接代词、数词、动名词、副词及其词组，基本都是be的用法。其他系动词几乎不能这样用或很少这样用。【高考考神马】一.纵观历年的高考题，对系动词的考查一直是高考中

15、非常重要的热点之一，对于考生来说也是难点所在。高考对系动词考查的覆盖面广，涉及的系动词较多，重点考查的是 get ，其次是 feel 和 remain ，考查的难度在逐年增大。 二 . 对表示状态变化的系动词的考查     英语中常见的表示状态变化的系动词有 get ， turn ， turn out （结果是）， go ， come （成为）， fall ， become 等。 1. 对 get 的考查     get 表示状态的改变，意为“变成，变得，做成”，它后面可以接形容词、 v-ing 形式、过去分词等。

16、    Sarah, hurry up. I'm afraid you won't have time to _ before the party.     A. get changed B. get change C. get changing D. get to change Be careful when you cross this very busy street, if not, you may _ run over by a car.     A. have B.

17、get C. become D. turn As we joined the big crowd I got _ from my friends.     A. separated B. spared C. lost D. missed  2. 对 go 的考查     系动词 go 的意义是“变成，成为”，后多跟形容词，如 go bad, go mad, go wrong, go hungry, go sour 等。例如：     On hearing the n

18、ews of the accident in coal mine, she _ pale.     A. got B. changed C. went D. appeared 3. 对 fall 的考查     系动词 fall 表示“（不知不觉地或突然地）进入状态”，后常跟形容词、副词或介词短语等，如： fall ill （生病）， fall apart （散开）， fall asleep, fall into a deep sleep （睡熟）。例如：     As sh

19、e _ the newspaper, Granny _ asleep.   A.read; was falling B. was reading; fell   C. was reading; was falling D. read; fell     常见的有 be, seem, appear, look, feel, smell, sound, keep, taste, remain, prove, stay, lie （处于某种状态）， stand （处于某种状态）等。    &

20、#160;1. 对 remain 的考查     系动词 remain 的意思是“保持，继续，依然不变”，后常接名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式等。  Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it.     A. to see B. to be seen C.seeing D. seen Although he has taken a lot

21、of medicine, his health _ poor. A. proves B. remainsC. maintains D. continues  2. 对 stay 的考查     stay 意为“保持原状，维持”，后面可以接形容词、副词、介词短语、名词等。    The weather has stayed warm all week.   Why don't you put the meat in the fridge? It will _ fresh for several days. &

22、#160;    A. be stayed B. stay C. be staying D. have stayed  3. 对 appear 的考查     appear 的含义是“似乎，好像，看来（如关于某人的性格、感情或意图）”，此时不用进行式，后接形容词、名词、动词不定式等。   She appeared rather upset about something. 看来有些什么事使她心烦。   Do let your mother know all the truth. She appe

23、ars _ everything. （上海 2001 ）      A. to tell B. to be told C. to be telling D. to have been told   4. 对 feel 的考查     feel 的意思是“感觉是，似乎”，后常接形容词、副词、介词短语等。      I love to go to the seaside in summer. It _ good to lie in the sun or swi

24、m in the cool sea.     A. does B. feels C. gets D. makes - Do you like the material?    - Yes, it _ very soft.    A.is feeling B.felt C.feels D.is felt   5. 对系动词 look 的考查     look 有“看来，显得”等意，后面常接形容词、介词短语、不定式短语、从句等。

25、The plan looks good on paper, but will it work? 这个计划从表面上看来不错，但能行得通吗？ -You don't look very _. Are you ill?    - No,I'm just a bit tired.    A. good B. well C. strong D. healthy 6. 对 sound 的考查     sound 有“听起来，令人觉得，似乎”等含义，后面可以接形容词、名词短语、介词短语

26、、不定式等。      She sounds to be a very strange woman. 听起来她似乎是一个非常古怪的女人。      What he said sounds _ .      A. nicely B. pleasantly C. friendly D. wonderfully 7. 对 taste 的考查     taste 在使用时不用进行时态，含义是“尝起来，有某种特殊的味道”，一般接形容词构成系表结构

27、。      These oranges taste nice. 这些橙子味道很好。   These oranges taste _ .    A.good B. well C. to be good D. to be well 8. 对 smell 的考查     smell 经常与形容词连用，意思是“闻起来，有气味，发出的气味”。      This book smells old. 这本书有一股霉味。   &#

28、160;  We dont care if a hunting dog smells _, but we really dont want him to smell _ .     A. well; well B. bad; bad C. well; badly D. badly; bad 【基本句型 二： （主谓）】此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。 （不及物动词） 1. The sun was shining. 2. The universe rem

29、ains. 3. We all breathe, eat, and drink. 4. Who cares? 5. What he said does not matter. 6. The pen writes smoothly 主语可有修饰语-定语，谓语可有修饰语-状语。如: 1. The red sun rises in the east.2. So they had to travel by air or boat.3.We got up early so as to catch the first bus.翻译1她昨天回家很晚。2会议将持续两个小时。3在过去的十年里我的家乡已经发生了巨

30、大变化.【基本句型 三： （主谓宾）】构成宾语的代词必须是代词宾格，如：me，him，them等 （及物动词） 1. Who knows the answer? 2. She smiled her thanks. 3. He has refused to help them. 4. He enjoys reading. 5. They ate what was left over.。翻译1昨晚我写了一封信。 2今天下午我想同你谈谈。3这本书他读过多次了。【基本句型 四： （主谓间宾直宾）】 （及物） （多指人） （多指物） 1. She ordered herself a new dress.

31、2. She cooked her husband a delicious meal. 3. He brought you a dictionary.4. He denies her nothing. 5. I told him that the bus was late. 但若要先说出直接宾语（事物），后说间接宾语（人），则要借助于介词to或for。如： He brings cookies to me every day. She made a beautiful dress for me.用to侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着某人。用for 侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替某人。

32、常跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助to的）bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask等；（需借助for 的） buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing, save, spare等。巩固练习：1.Johnson 先生去年教我们德语。2奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。3请把那本字典递给我好吗？ 【基本句型 五： （主谓宾宾补）】说明: 此结构由“主语+及物的谓语动词+宾语+宾语补

33、足语”构成。宾语与宾语补足语之间有逻辑上的主谓关系或主表关系，若无宾语补足语，则句意不够完整。The sun keeps us warm. I heard him singing.You must get your hair cut. 1.名词/代词宾格 + 名词The war| made| him |a soldier.2.名词/代词宾格 + 形容词New methods |make |the job| easy. 3.名词/代词宾格 + 介词短语I |often find| him |at work. 4.名词/代词宾格 + 动词不定式The teacher| ask |the stude

34、nts |to close the windows. 5.名词/代词宾格 + 分词I |saw |a cat |running across the road.用 it 做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用的句型结构方式。即：主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语。如：I found it very pleasant to be with your family. 【英语基本句型6 There be 句型 】 说明： 此句型是由“there+be+主语+状语”构成，用以表达存在关系可以称“有”。 它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词 be 之后，there

35、 仅为引导词，并无实际语意。此句型有时不用be动词，而用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive等。如： There stands a hill in the middle of the park. Once upon a time there lived an old king in the town.Be 与其后的主语在人称和数量上一致，有时态和情态变化。如： 现在有 there is/are 过去有 there was/were 将来有 there will be；there is /are going to be. 现在已经有

36、 there has/have been 可能有 there might be. 肯定有 there must be /there must have been. 过去曾经有 there used to be 似乎有 there seems/seem/seemed to be 碰巧有 there happen/happens/happened to be 【定语、状语精讲】但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短，这些句子除了基本句型的成分不变外，通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语（modifier）而加以扩大。我们称之为：定语、状语一、 定语：汉语中常用的表示。通常位于被修饰的成分前。若修饰some,any,every,no构成的复合不定代词时，（如：