英语语法精华

1、1 英语语法精华时态与语态时态语态主动时态被动语态一般时态一般现在时do/does am/are/is done 一般过去时did was/were done 一般将来时will/shall do will/shall be done 一般过去将来时would/should do would/should be done 进行时态现在进行时am/are/is doing am/are/is being done 过去进行时was/were doing was/were being done 将来进行时will/shall be doing 无过去将来进行时would/should be doi

2、ng 无完成时态现在完成时have/has done have/has been done 过去完成时had done had been done 将来完成时will/shall have done will/shall have been done 过去将来完成时would/should have done would/should have been done 完成进行时态现在完成进行时have/has been doing 无过去完成进行时had been doing 无将来完成进行时will/shall have been doing 无过去将来完成进行时would/should ha

3、ve been doing 无主动态：用于主动句中， 它表示主语是谓语动词所表示动作的执行者。通常如果主动句中谓语动词是及物动词时，主动句可转换成被动句。被动态：用于被动句中，它表示主语是谓语动词所表示动作的承受者。用于被动的情况：、by 短语（by+动作执行者）；、不知道、不必知道或不愿说出动作的执行者；、用于表示“据说” 、 “据信” 、 “据报道”、 “据估计”、 “众所周知”、 “必须指出”、等句子，使语气更加委婉。一般现在时：动词原形或第三人称单数（复数形式）用法：、表示现在动作或状态例句： 1.i agree with you. 2.he works in a hospital.

4、3.-are you a student? -yes,i am. 4.there is a book on the desk. 5.this book is written by mr.chen.(被动) 2 6.it is said that there is plenty of oil off our coast(沿海).( 被动) 7.it must be pointed out that china is a development country.(被动) 、经常性或习惯性的动作（与频度副词always,usually,frequently,regularly,rarely,seld

5、om,never,sometimes）例句： 1.we always care for each other and help each other. 2.i usually get up at 6:00 every morning. 3.he drinks heavily. 4.he rarely rains here. 5.films are often shown in our university.(被动) 、普遍真理或客观事实例句： 1.the earth move round the sun. 2.china lies in the east of asia. 3.practice

6、 makes perfect.(熟能生巧 ) 4.a friend in need is a friend indeed.（患难朋友才是真正朋友）5.cars are driven with engines(发动机 ). （被动）、表示将来要发生的动作i 、用于陈述句 (谓语动词是 begin,start,come,go,arrive,leave,depart,return,retire,stay,stop,end,open,close及 be 动词等时，可表示规定、计划或安排要发生的事情，通常与表示将来的时间状语连用) 例句： 1.the meeting begins tomorrow. 2

7、.the train arrives at 2:30 p.m and leaves at 3:00 p.m. 3.the match takes place on sunday. 4.he retires（退休） next month. 5.tomorrow is saturday. 6.who speaks next. ii 、用于时间状语从句（通常由when,as,after,before,till/untill,as soon as 等连词引导）例句： 1.i ll come and see you when i have time. 2.i ll write to you after

8、i leave shanghai. 3.is mother going to leave before we get back? 4.he will stay here untill/till you come. 5.we will start as soon as you are ready. iii 、用于条件状语从句 ( 通常由 if,unless,in case,so long as等连词引导 ) 例句： 1.we can catch the bus if we hurry up. 2.if the weather permits,well go for a picnic tomorr

9、ow. 3.i won t write to him unless he writes to me. 4.you will fail unless you work harder. 、一般现在时还可以用于：1. 报刊、杂志新闻标题或小说章节题目；2. 剧情介绍或广播电视解说词；3. 舞台表演、体育比赛等现场解说。一般过去时（动词过去式）、过去某时发生的动作或存在的状态（通常与表示过去的时间状语连用）例句： 1.i met her yesterday. 3 2.he worked in that bank for five years. 3.i saw him ten minutes ago.

10、4.-did you hear mary sing just now? no,i didnt. 5.that bridge was built in 1980.(被动) 、过去经常性或习惯性动作 （只适用于动态供词和would, 可与 often,alaways等频度副词连用）例句： 1.i uesd to go to the movies when i was young. 2.we often did morning exercises when we were young. 3.she always carrled(撑着) an unbrella. 4.he never drank wi

11、ne. 5.at that time this kind of work was always done by men.(被动) 6.while having breakfest,he would read newspapers in those days. 、表示委婉语气（一般用于want,hope,think,wonder等词）例句： 1.i hope you could atend the opening ccremony(开幕式 ). 2. did you want to see me? 3.i thought i might come and see you this evening

12、. 4.i wondered if you could lend me your pen. 、表示虚拟语气一般将来时（ will/shall+动词原形） shall用于第一人称、将要发生的动作或状态（通常要与表示将来的时间状语连用）例句： 1.we will/shall arrive this afternoon. 2.-will you be busy tonigh? -yes,i will. 3.he wont come to the party next week. 4.when will you be able to give us an answer? 5.spring will c

13、ome again. 6.the conference(会议) will be held tomorrow.(被动) 、表示一种倾向或习惯性动作例句： 1.crops( 庄稼) will die without water. 2.whenever he has time,he will come and see us. be going to+动词原形与 be to+ 动词原形也可表示将要发生的动作或情况。be going to+动词原形 (表示打算或准备要做的事或即将肯定要发生的事) 例句： i 、i am going to buy a house. ii 、she isn t going

14、to meet him at the station. iii、is he going to leature in english? iv 、who is going to speak first? v、she is going to have a baby. vi 、look at these clouds!it is going to rain. be to+ 动词原形 (表示按计划安排即将发生的事或表示指示、命令、禁止或征求意见 ) 例句： i 、this railway is to be opened to traffic next month.(被动) ii 、the prime m

15、inister（首相） is to make a statement(声明) tomorrow. iii、you are to deliver these invitations before ten.(指示、命令 ) iv 、you are not to tell him anything about our plans.（禁止）v、am i to go on with the work?(征询) 4 其他固定结构例句： i 、look out!the train is about to move. ii 、look!the match is on the point of starting

16、. iii、the guests are due to arrive next week. 现在进行时（主动： am/are/is doing 被动： am/are/is being done）、表示现在（说话时）正在进行的动作例句： 1.the students are making an experiment now. 2.i am not doing my homework. 3.it is raining now. 4.who/whom are you waiting for? 5.-what are you doing now? i am watching tv. 6.a power

17、 station is being built there.(被动) 、表示现阶段（暂时）正在进行的动作（说话时不一定正在进行）例句： 1.we are attending a conference these days. 2.prof.zhang is writing a book on ecology(生态). 3.he is a teacher of physics,but he is now teaching mathematics. 4.these days a number of things are being dealt with by robert.(被动) 5.dont t

18、ake that ladder away.your father is using it. 、表示不断重复的习惯性动作（常和always,continually等频度副词连用）例句： 1.he is always helping people. 2.it is always raining. 3.she is continually changing clothes. 4.our burglar alarm(防盗报警器 ) is forever going off for no reason. 、表示渐进的过程 ( 只适用于某些表示转变的动词) 例句： 1.his hair is turnin

19、g grey. 2.people are becoming less tolerant of smoking these days. 3.i am forgetting my french because i never speak it. 4.when spring comes,the days are getting longer and the lights shorter. 、表示即将发生的动作 （按现在计划或安排要发生的动作，常带有将来的时间状语，通常只适用于 go,come,arrive,leave,start,stop,meet,play,do,work,give,take,ha

20、ve,stay,spend,join,publish,(see)等少量动词）例句： 1.the train is arriving soon. 2.he is leaving in a few days. 3.i am seeing him tomorrow. 4.i m having dinner with her tonight. 过去进行时（主动： was/were doing被动：was/were being done）、 表示过去某个时刻或阶段正在发生的动作（通常要用表达过去时间状语表示）例句： 1.when i arrived,tom was taking on the telep

21、hone. 2.they were discussing a work plan when i went in. 3.what were you doing this time yesterday? 4.in those years we were having a hard time. 5.the wind was no longer blowing,but it was still drizzling(下雨). 6.the machine was being repaired last month.(被动) 5 、表示过去不断重复的动作 （常与 always,continually连用，表

22、示赞美厌烦）例句： 1.she was forever complaining about something. 2.he was always borrowing money and forgetting to pay it back. 3.they were always ringing me up when they lived here. 4.when he worked in factory,robert was continually making mistakes. 、表示客气请求例句： 1.i was wondering if you could give me a lift(

23、搭车). 2. i was hoping you could send me some books. 、在故事、传说、自传、报道等文体中表示背景例句： last night,i was reading a newspaper.suddenly,there was a knock at the door. 将来进行时（ will/shall be doing（无被动）、表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作（一般和特定表示时间状语连用）例句： 1.we will be having teaching practice next week. 2.they will be taking an examina

24、tion this time tomorrow. 3.i will be seeing a friend off the day after tomorrow. 4.we will be having a meeting from 2 to 4 this afternoon. 5.what will you be doing in the evening? 、表示单纯未来（不带情感色彩）例句： 1.i will be working on this tomorrow. 2.you will be woring here. 3.mike won t be buying this car. 4.w

25、ill she be joining us for dinner? 5.what shall we doing next? 现在完成时（主动： have/has done被动： have/has been done）、从过去持续到现在（并可能继续持续下去）的动作（常与so far,up to now等时间状语及 for,since引导的时间状语连用）例句： 1.i have studied english for three years. 2.she has lived here since 1990. 3.i haven t been very successful so far. 4.up

26、 to/till now he has won five prizes. 5.thousands of cars have been made in our factory this year.(被动) 6.it is the first time(that)i have been here. 、过去不确定时间里完成的动作（该动作与现在有联系或有影响）例句： 1.i have already seen that film. 2.-have you had lunch yet? no,i haven t had lunch yet. 3.the train has just left the s

27、tation. 4.have you(ever)met her before? 5.there have been a lot of changes recently. 6.he has just been sent to england.(被动) he has been to beijing.他去过北京（现在不在北京）he has gone to beijing.他去了北京（现在在北京或者在去北京的路上）、反复或习惯性动作（与often,frequently,regularly,several times 连用）例句： 1.i have often walked to work. 6 2.h

28、e has frequently made mistakes in his work. 3.she has attended classes regularly. 4.i have seen him on tv several times. 5.i have never done a ting like this. 过去完成时（主动： had done 被动： had been done）、从过去某时之前持续到过去某时（并可能继续持续下去）的动作（常与by,before等引导的表示过去某时为止的时间状语连用，且常有由 for,since引出的时间状语，表示该动作在过去持续的时间）例句： 1.h

29、e had worked in that company for ten years by the end of last year. 2.he had lived in shanghai for five years before he moved here. 3.she said that she had made much progress since she came here. 4.it was the second time(that)i had heard her sing the song. 、过去某时以前已经完成的动作（常用于表示带有特定过去时间状语句子中，或出现在表示过去时

30、间的上下文中）例句： 1.he hadn t finished the task by yesterday evening. 2.the concert (had)started before we got to the hall. 3.the discussion had been begun when i went into the classroom.(被动) 4.they realized they had lost their way. 5.he found the book that he had lost. 6.she was excited because she had ne

31、ver been to a dance before. 7.after the teacher (had)left the room,the children started talking. 8.we had already left home when it begen to rain. 、表示过去未曾实现的愿望 （用法仅限于 expect,hope,want,intend/mean等）例句： 1.i had expected to meet you in london,but i heard you left english. 2.i had hope to send you a tel

32、egram(电报),but i didnt manage it. 3.they had wanted to help,but they couldnt get here in time. 4.i hadnt intend/meant to take my children on the trip,but they insisted on going with me. 、用于虚拟语气将来完成时 （主动：will/shall have done被动：will/shall have been done）、将来某时已经完成的动作或状态例句： 1.by the year 2015 we will hav

33、e built pudong airport. 2.when you come back next week,they will have finished all the work. 3.i expect you will have changed your mind by tomorrow. 4.i won t have left by monday. 、表示对现状的揣测例句： 1.they will have arrived home by now. 2.peter and i worked together for five years.he won t have forgotten

34、me. 现在完成进行时（ have/has been doing（无被动） ）、从过去某时开始一直延续到现在（现在仍在进行或刚结束）的动作（常与for,since引导的时间状语连用）例句： 1.the satellite(卫星) has been cirelling the earth for five years. 2.we have been waiting for you for more than two hours. 7 3.he has been writing that essay since this morning. 4.we have just been talking a

35、bout you. 、现在、以前一段时间反复发生的事情例句： 1.we have been seeing each other quite a lot recently. 2.she has been cycling to work for the last several weeks. ( 十一)一般过去将来时（主动： would/should do被动： would/should be done ，通常用于宾语从句中， 表示在过去某一时刻之后， 将要发生的动作或存在的状态）例句： 1.he said that he would get married soon. 2.she asked m

36、e whether/if i would/should be free tonight. 3.i want to know when she would come here again. 4.sam thought that it would not rain. 5.he told me that an important meeting would be held tomorrow. 6.at that time she was five years old.in two years she would go to school. 一般过去将来时还可用was/were going to+动词

37、原形表示例句： 1.he said that he was going to try again. 2.they didn t tell me where they were going to go. 时态呼应： 句子中如果主句谓语动词使用现在或将来时态，从句的时态可根据意想而定。但如果谓语动词使用过去时态， 则从句谓语动词也要使用相应的过去时态。当从句动作与主句动作同时发生，从句用一般过去时或过去进行时例句： 1.i worked so hard that i was always tired. 2.the teacher said that the students were having

38、 an exam. 当从句动作发生在主句动作之前，从句要用过去完成时例句： 1.she knew that she had made a mistake. 2.he told me that he had been offered a well-paid position(高薪职位 ). 当从句动作发生在主句动作之后，从句要用一般过去将来时定语从句限制性定语从句：对所修饰词起限定作用，使该词的含义更具体、明确。非限制性定语从句：对所修饰词只作附加说明，从句与主句间用逗号隔开。、由关系代词 that,who,whom,which,whose引导修饰人时，关系代词用who(宾格 whom) 或 t

39、hat 修饰物时，关系代词用which 或 thatwhose指物时， whose+ 名词=名词+of+which 非正式文体中，做宾语的关系代词可以省略，作主语关系代词只有当主语是it is/was,that is/was,there be时才可省略定语从句谓语动词形式应与所修饰词保持数的一致例句： 1.the man who/that called me this morning is my good friend. 2.then he met mary,who invited him to a party.(非限制性定语从句 ) 3.the girl(whom/that)you say

40、yesterday is my girlfriend. 4.here is alice,(whom)i mentioned the other day.(非限制性定语从句 ) 5.this is the book which/that has just appeared. 6.the reason (which/that)he gave was unacceptable. 8 7.last year she bought this car,which cost her $10.000. 8.a teacher is a person whose duty (it) is to teach. 9

41、.this is george,whose class you will be talking next week.(非限定 ) 10.that is the new machine whose parts are too small to be seen. 11.this is a lamp,whose light(the light of which)travels in all directions 、若先行词是 everything,something,anything,nothing,none,one,all,some,any,no,little,few,much,the only,

42、the same,the very,the next,the first/last与 the+形容词最高级等及先行词由人和物组成时，关系代词应用 that 或省略；而当先行词是 everyone,everybody,someone,anyone,anybody时，关系代词用 who或 whom 。例句： 1.is that everything that you want to tell us? 2.i have never taken anything that didnt belong to me. 3.that was all that i could do for you. 4.the

43、re is not much that i can do. 5.this is the only property that i have. 6.this is the very film that i want to see. 7.he was the first/last person that left the room. 8.this was one of the best movies that i had ever seen. 9.he is the greatest man that has ever lived in that country. 10.there are onl

44、y three boys and two cars that i can see. 11.is there anyone here who can speak english? 12.he saw the manager talking to somebody whom he didnt know. 、由介词 +whom/which引出的定语从句介词前置，指人时关系代词用whom, 指物时关系代词用which 介词后置， 指人时关系代词用whom 或 that 或省略 , 指物时关系代词用which或 that 或省略有时也可由名词 / 代词+of+which 引出定语从句非限制性定语从句，

45、限定词 all,most,some,any,few,both,one等可与 of+whom/which 连用，表示部分与整体关系例句： 1.the colleague(同事)with whom i am working can speak french. 2.the colleague (whom/that) i am working with can speak french. 3.he is a man from whom we all should learn. 4.he is a man (whom/that) we all should learn from. 5.mr.jones,

46、for whom i was looking,was a professor. 6.mr.jones,(whom/that)i was looking for,was a professor. 7.this is the house in which i lived ten years ago. 8.this is the house (which/that) i lived ten years ago. 9.the ladder on which i was standing began to slip. 10.the ladder (which/that) i was standing o

47、n began to slip. 11.the car,for which she paid $1,000. 12.the car,(which/that) she paid $1,000. 13.molecules( 分子)make up matter （物质） ,the state of which/whose state （状态） can be changed. 9 14.there are 108 known elements(元素),most of which are metals（金属） . 15.i have three brothers,all of whom are stud

48、ying at university. 16.my wife and son,both of whom had gone abroad,rang me up yesterday. 、修饰 way,direction,distance等名词，除了可用介词 +which 引出从句外，还可用 that 来引出，或者省略连接词例句： 1.that is the way (in which/that) he worked. 2.the direction (in which/that) a force is acting can be changed.(力作用方向可以改变 ) 3.the distanc

49、e (through which/that) light travels in a second is about 300,000 kilometers. 、由关系副词 when,where,why 引出定语从句关系副词 when,where 在从句中作副词，可用介词+which 结构来代替；修饰 time,moment 除了用 when或介词 +which 引出定语从句外，还可用that ；修饰 reson 可用 why或 for which或 that 引出定语从句；非正式文体中， when和 why常被省略， where 被介词后置的形式代替。例句： 1.i don t remember

50、 the day (when/on which) he left. 2.he worked for the three months (when/during which) he lived there. 3.the year (when/in which) i entered the university was 1990. 4.i didnt know the time (when/that/at which) he came back. 5.with tv,we can see things happen almost at the exact moment(有了电视，我们几乎能在事情发

51、生的那一瞬间就看到它们). 6.that is the place where/in which he was born. 7.that is the place (which/that) he was born in. 8.here is the office where/at which he works. 9.here is the office (which/that) he works at. 10.that is the reason (why/that/for which) she spoke. 11.well put off(推迟) the race untill next w

52、eek,when the weather may be better.（非限制性定语从句）12.in 1982,he came to shanghai,where he has lived ever since.（非限定）、由关系代词 as,but 引出的定语从句as 可用在 the sameas,such as,as as 等结构中；but 作关系代词时相当于that/who/whichnot, 和带有否定词的主句连用， 在从句中一般作主语。例句： 1.in the nuclear power station we use the same generator as is used in t

53、he thermal power station.在核电站中，我们使用与热电站想通的发电机2.ice consists of the same molecules as water (consist of).冰是由与水相同的分子组成的。3.he works in the same workshop as(/that) i do. 4.i want such a coat as is worn by foreigns. 5.no one will believe such stories as he told. 6.i have never seen such kind of people as

54、 they are. 7.i had seldom seen him looking as pleased as he was now. 8.there is no rule but has (which/that doesnt have) exception( 无例外 ). 10 9.there is no one in the world but knows (who doesnt know) the great wall. 、由 as 和 which 引出的特种定语从句as 和 which 在引导非限制性定语从句时，代表前面整个句子；as 在从句中可作主语或宾语，作主语时其谓语动词用第三

55、人称单数形式。所引导的从句可以前置，后置或插在主句中间，通常可译为“正如（像）”；which 在从句中作主语，其谓语动词都用第三人称单数形式。所引导的从句不可前置，只能放在主句之后，译为“这（那）”。例句： 1.as was usual at the weekend,the club was almost cmpty. 2.as you can see,we have got a problem with the engine(发动机 ). 3.metals( 金属) have many good propertics （性能） ,as has been stated before. 4.he

56、 missed the train,which annoyed(恼火) him very much. 5.they said they were french,which was not true. 6.the rain rattled(打)on the roof all night,which kept us awake. 非谓语动词动词不定式主动形式被动形式一般式to+v 原to be v-ed 完成式to have v-ed to have been v-ed 进行式to be v-ing 无完成进行式to have been v-ing 无其他形式for+ 逻辑主语 +to v 原of

57、+逻辑主语 +to v 原疑问词 /whether+to v原不定式的一般式表示的动作与主要谓语动词同时或之后发生；完成式所表示的动作在主要谓语动作之前发生； 进行式表示的动作在主要谓语动作发生时某动作正在进行；完成进行式表示的动作在谓语表示动作之前一直进行的动作。不定式的逻辑主语是其动作承受者时，不定式要用被动形式。如果要说明不定式的动作是谁做的，可由 for 来引导逻辑主语 （逻辑主语一般用人称代词宾格 / 名词） ；形容词如good,nice,kind,wise,clever,selfish,foolish,silly,absurd,brave,right,wrong,careless,

58、considerate,naughty,honest,impolite,rude,cruel,grateful,wicked等作主语时，逻辑主语常用介词of 来引导；动词不定式否定式为：not to v原和 not to have v-ed 及物动词aim,agree,appear,arrange,ask,beg,bother,care,choose,claim,consent,dare,decide,demand,deslre,determine,elect,endeavour,expect,fail,find,guarantee,happen,help,hesitate,hope,wish

59、,learn,long,manage,mean,offer,plan,plot,pledge,prepare,pretend,proceed,profess,protnise,refuse,seem,seck,strive,swear,tend,think,threaten,trouble,undertake,volunteer,wear后常跟带 to 不定式疑问词 /whether+to+v 原（advise,ask,concider,decide,discover,discuss,explain,find out,forget,inquire,know,learn,remember,sho

60、w,teach,tell,think,understand,wonder+to+v原）11 attempt,begin,start,continue,deserve,dread,fear,hate,dislike,like,love,intend,learn,neglect,omit,prefer,propose,require,need,want,try,regret,remember,forget,mean,stop,cease,go on,cant bear,cant afford+to v原/+v-ing had better,had best,rather than,would ra