英语国家概况第六章

1、The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland CONTENTThe Old English Period and Middle English Period (450-1500)IThe Renaissance (1500-1660)IIThe Neo-Classical Period (1660-1785)IIIThe Romantic Period (1785-1830)IVThe Modern Period (1914-1945)VIThe Victorian Period (1832-1901)VThe Postmod

2、ern Period (1945- )VII 1.2 The Old English PeriodvOld English: the epic Beowulf A folk legend brought to England by the Anglo-Saxons from their continental homes. Early writingsvBook of Kells vEnglish literature began with the Anglo-Saxon settlement in England. The study of English literature usuall

3、y begins with the Anglo-Saxon epic poem Beowulf. Beowulf： It is one of the oldest “Old English” literary works in British literature. 1.3 The Middle English PeriodvWith the Norman Conquest in 1066, Britain entered the Middle Ages (1066-1485).vMiddle English: The Canterbury Tales (1387-1400) Geoffrey

4、 Chaucer (1340?-1400) 2021-11-29tiantianyeh8The Canterbury Tales A work written by Geoffrey Chaucer in the late fourteenth century about a group of pilgrims, of many different occupations and personalities, who meet at an inn near London as they are setting out for Canterbury, England. Their host pr

5、oposes a storytelling contest to make the journey more interesting. The language is Middle English. Geoffrey Chaucer (ca. 1343-1400) 乔叟：one of the greatest English poets The Canterbury Tales“ 坎特伯雷故事集 内容提要： 4月的一天，一群香客去坎特伯雷朝圣，投宿在泰巴旅店。次日，店主、香客与在此住宿的作者一起出发。店主提议在去坎特伯雷的路上每人讲两个故事，回来时再讲两个，被大家公认为最佳的讲故事者可以在回来

6、时白吃一顿丰盛的晚餐。 The Renaissance (1500-1660) 2.1 General Knowledge 2.2 William Shakespeare II Elizabethan DramavBy the time of Queen Elizabeth Is reign (1558-1603), English was basically as it is today. vIn the works of Shakespeare and later in the King James version of the Bible, English reached its pea

7、k of purity and beauty. vIn all the centuries since, the English language has undergone gradual changes. Shakespeare lives in this age but he belongs to all ages. He is the greatest playwright and poet. vRenaissance is characterized by admiration of the Greek and Latin classic works.nsonnet (十四行诗十四行

8、诗)ndrama The drama types are tragedy, comedy and farce (滑稽剧滑稽剧) . 2.1 General Knowledge 2.2 William Shakespeare (1564-1616) 2.2 William Shakespeare (1564-1616)Shakespeares Birthplace 2.2 William Shakespeare (1564-1616) English playwright William Shakespeare was born in that house on Henley Street in

9、 Stratford-upon-Avon in April 1564. Shakespeares father, John, purchased the building in two stages, in 1556 and 1572. Today, Shakespeares birthplace is a museum, furnished as it might have been in Shakespeares time. It also houses an exhibit on Shakespeares life. William Shakespeare(1564-1616)Brief

10、 introduction of William Shakespeare:v(1) Dramatist/ poetv(2)Stratford-on-Avon (his hometown)v(3)family background: merchant (wool)v(4) marriage: in 1582,married a farmer girl who is ten years older than he.v(5) In London he became an actor in theatre.v(6)In 1610,he retired and went back to his home

11、town until he died. His works (I)v37 plays altogether:vComedy:vA Mid-Summer Nights Dream(1595)vThe Merchant of Venice(1596)vAs you Like It(1599)vTwelfth Night(1600)vWinters Tale(1610) His works (II)vTragedy: Hamlet(1601)/Othello(1604)vMacbeth(1605)/King Lear(1605)/Timon of Athens(1607)vHistorical pl

12、ays:vHenry VI(1590)/Richard III(1592)/Richard II(1595)/King John(1596)/HenryIV(1597)vJulius Caesar(1599)/Henry VIII(1612)vPoems: Venus and Adonis(1593)/The Rape of Lucrece(1594)/The Sonnets(1609) Four Tragedies :Four Comedies :哈姆莱特(Hamlet), 奥赛罗(Othello),李尔王(King Lear),麦克白(Macbeth,)威尼斯商人(The Merchant

13、 of Venice) ，第十二夜 (Twelfth Night(Twelfth Night），）， 仲夏夜之梦(A Midsummer Nights Dream )无事生非(As You Like It)又叫. 2021-11-2920William Shakespeare 2.2 William Shakespeare (1564-1616) All the worlds a stage,And all the men and women merely players;They have their exits and their entrances,And one man in his

14、time plays many parts,His acts being seven ages. As You Like It (Act 2, scene 7, 139143) 2.2 William Shakespeare (1564-1616)vTo be, or not to be (from Hamlet 3/1) To be, or not to be: that is the question: Whether tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, Or to ta

15、ke arms against a sea of troubles, And by opposing end them? Study of SonnetvDefinition of sonnet: A sonnet is a fourteen-line lyric poem with a single theme. Sonnets vary but are usually written in iambic pentameter (五步抑扬格五步抑扬格).vThere are 2 kinds of sonnets: (1)The Petrarchan or Italian sonnet abb

16、a abba cde cde (rhyme scheme)(2)The Shakespearean sonnet abab cdcd efef gg (rhyme scheme) Kinds of Stanza(诗节)v(1) couplet (两行押韵的诗体两行押韵的诗体)v(2) tercet (三行押韵的诗体三行押韵的诗体)v(terza rima:隔行押韵的三行诗体隔行押韵的三行诗体,如如:Ode to the West Wind)v(3) quatrain (四个诗行组成的诗体四个诗行组成的诗体)v(4)ottava rima (八行诗体八行诗体)v(5)Spenserian sta

17、nza(九行诗体九行诗体)v(6)sonnet (十四行诗十四行诗)(又叫商籁体又叫商籁体) Example of sonnet Sonnet 18v Sonnet 18 of William ShakespearevShall I compare thee to a summers day?vShall I compare thee to a summers day,vThou art more lovely and more temperate:vRough winds do shake the darling buds of May.vAnd summers lease hath all

18、 too short a date; Sonnet 18by William ShakespearevSometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,vAnd often is his gold complexion dimmd;vAnd every fair from fair sometime declines,vBy chance, or natures changing course untrimmd;vBut thy eternal summer shall not fade,vNor lose possession of that fair th

19、ou owst, Sonnet 18(3) by William ShakespearevNor shall death brag thou wanderst in his shade,vWhen in eternal lines to time thou growst;So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,So long lives this, and this gives life to thee. Iambus（抑扬格）Iambic Foot（抑扬音步）（抑扬音步） 5-foot Iambus (Iambic Pentametre) （五

20、步抑扬格）（五步抑扬格）Shall I compare thee to a sum mers day ? a Thou art more love ly and more tem perate. b Rough winds do shake the dar ling buds of may, a And sum mers lease hath all too short a date. bMeter: Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, c And often is his gold complexion dimmd; d And every

21、fair from fair sometime declines , c By chance, or natures changing course, untrimmd. dBut thy eternal summer shall not fade, e Nor lose possession of that fair thou owst, f Nor shall Death brag thou wanderst in his shade, e When in eternal lines to time thou growst. fSo long as man can breathe or e

22、yes can see, g So long lives this, and this gives life to thee. g Shall I compare thee to a summers day? a Thou art more lovely and more temperate. b Rough winds do shake the darling buds of may, a And summers lease hath all too short a date. bSonnet 18 Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, c A

23、nd often is his gold complexion dimmd; d And every fair from fair sometime declines , c By chance, or natures changing course, untrimmd. dBut thy eternal summer shall not fade, e Nor lose possession of that fair thou owst, f Nor shall Death brag thou wanderst in his shade, e When in eternal lines to

24、 time thou growst. fSo long as man can breathe or eyes can see, g So long lives this, and this gives life to thee. g Shall I compare thee to a summers day? a Thou art more lovely and more temperate. b Rough winds do shake the darling buds of may, a And summers lease hath all too short a date. bSonne

25、t 18 Introduction ( 起起 )Elucidation ( 承承 ) Transition ( 转转 )Conclusion ( 合合 ) Translationv或许我可用夏日将你作比方， 但你比夏日更可爱也更温良。v夏风狂作常会摧落五月的矫蕊， 夏季的期限也未免还不太长。v有时候天眼如炬人间酷热难当， 但转瞬又金面如晦常惹云遮雾障。v每一种美都终究会凋残零落， 或见弃于机缘，或受挫于天道无常。v然而你永恒的夏季却不会终止， 你优美的形象也永远不会消亡，v死神难夸口说你在它的罗网中游荡，只因你借我的诗行便可长寿无疆。v只要人口能呼吸，人眼看得清， 我这诗就长存，使你万世留芳。

26、v 2.2 William Shakespeare (1564-1616)Q. What makes Shakespeare so famous?A: His great understanding of human nature and his ability to find universal human qualities and to put them in dramatic situations. John Milton (1608-1674) Paradise Lost (1667) Paradise Regained (1671) Samson Agonistes (1671)3

27、.2.1 John Milton The Neo-classical Period (1660-1785)III 3.1 Historical Background 3.2 Representatives vThe 17th century witnessed the Bourgeois Revolution and the Restoration. vThe 18th century is a comparatively peaceful development period. (The Industrial Revolution) 3.1 Historical Background 3.1

28、 Historical Background vClassicism prevailed for the most part of the century with Alexander Pope as its representative.vSatire (讽刺文学讽刺文学), making fun of people, came to full growth in this century. Alexander Pope Jonathan Swift Daniel Defoe 3.2 Representatives 3.2.1 John Milton 3.2.4 Daniel Defoe 3

29、.2.2 Alexander Pope 3.2.3 Jonathan Swift 3.2.2 Alexander Pope Alexander Pope (1688-1744) An Essay on Criticism (1711) The Rape of the Lock (1712-1714) translated Homers Iliad and part of Odyssey the first English poet who could lived off the sales of his works 3.2.3 Jonathan Swift Jonathan Swift (16

30、67-1745) Gullivers Travels (1726)an unparalleled satirical depiction of vice, folly and mere weakness of mankind. 3.2.4 Daniel Defoe Daniel Defoe (1660?-1731) Robinson Crusoe (1719) The Romantic Period (1785-1830)IV 4.1 Pioneers of Romantic Poets 4.2 The Major “Second Generation” of Romantic Poets R

31、omantic periodvRoughly the first third of the 19th century makes up English literatures romantic period. vWriters of romantic literature are more concerned with imagination and emotion than with the power of reason, which marked the 18th century. vWordsworth and Coleridge published their Lyrical Bal

32、lads in 1798, which was called romantic poetrys Declaration of Independence. Together with Robert Southey, they were called “Lake Poets” since all of them lived in the lake district and admired nature very much. vByron, Keats and Shelly are all well-known figures in this period. The Nature of Romant

33、ic Movement(1) The Romantic Movement expressed a more or less negative attitude toward the existing social and political conditions that came with industrialization and the growing importance of the bourgeoisie. (2) The Romantics demonstrated a strong reaction against the dominant modes of thinking

34、of the 18th-century writers and philosophers. When their predecessors saw man as a social animal, the Romantics saw him essentially as an individual in the solitary state.They emphasized the special qualities of each individuals mind. (3) Romanticism constitutes a change of direction from attention

35、to the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit. In essence Romanticism designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and all experience. (4) Romanticism places the individual at the center of art, mak

36、ing literature most valuable as an expression of his or her unique feelings and particular attitudes, and valuing its accuracy in portraying the individuals experiences. 4.1 Pioneers of Romantic Poets vPioneers: William Wordsworth (1770-1850) “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1

37、772-1834) “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”v“Declaration of Independence” of romantic poetryLyrical Ballads (1798)na volume of poems written by Wordsworth and Coleridge William Wordsworth(1770-1850) Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集抒情歌谣集 Written by Wordsworth and Coleridge The collection of poetry that marked th

38、e beginning of the Romantic period The uncompromising simplicity of much of the language, the strong sympathy not merely with the poor in general but with particular, the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings 4.2 The Major “Second Generation” of Romantic PoetsA: The major “second generation” of

39、Romantic poets included Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, John Keats.Q. Who are the major “second generation” of Romantic poets? 4.2 The Major “Second Generation” of Romantic PoetsvGeorge Gordon Byron (1788-1824), known as Lord Byron Child Harolds Pilgrimage (1812, 1816, 1818) Don Juan (1818-1823) D

40、on JuanvDon Juan is about the romantic adventures of a legendary Spanish youth who has many love affairs with various women. vHe is immoral. Byron invests in Juan the moral positives like courage, generosity and frankness, which, according to Byron, are virtues neglected by the modern society. 4.2 T

41、he Major “Second Generation” of Romantic PoetsvPercy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822) long poem“The Revolt of Islam” (1818) political lyric“The Masque of Anarchy” (1819) essay“A Defense of Poetry” (1821) lyrical dramaPrometheus Unbound (1819) short poems “Ode to the West Wind” (1819) and “Ode to a Skylark

42、” (1820) The Victorian Period (1832-1901)V 5.1 Critical Realism 5.2 Representatives 5.1 Critical RealismA: The critical realists described the chief traits of the society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint. Q. Whats the characteristic of the Critical Realism novels? 5.2

43、 Representatives 5.2.1 Charles Dickens 5.2.3 Bronte Sisters 5.2.4 George Eliot 5.2.5 Thomas Hardy 5.2.2 Jane Austen 5.2.1 Charles DickensvCharles Dickens (1812-1870)na fierce critic of the poverty and social stratification of Victorian England 5.2.1 Charles Dickens The Pickwick Papers (1836-1837)bro

44、ught him immediate fame Great Expectations (1860-1861) Oliver Twist (1837) A Tale of Two Cities (1859) David Copperfield (1849-1850) 5.2.1 Charles DickensA: In his enormous body of works, Dickens combined masterly storytelling, humor, pathos (伤感伤感), and irony with sharp social criticism and acute (敏

45、锐的敏锐的) observation of people and places, both real and imagined. His works had great social relevance, psychological insight, and narrative and symbolic complexity.Q. Whats the writing style of Charles Dickens? 5.2.1 Charles Dickens 5.2.2 Jane AustenvJane Austen (17751817) Sense and Sensibility (181

46、1) Pride and Prejudice (1813) Mansfield Park (1814) Emma (1816) Pride and PrejudicevIt is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife. However little known the feelings or views of such a man may be on his first entering a neighbourh

47、ood, this truth is so well fixed in the minds of the surrounding families, that he is considered as the rightful property of some one or other of their daughters. v凡是有钱的单身汉，总想娶位太太，这已经成了一条举世公认的凡是有钱的单身汉，总想娶位太太，这已经成了一条举世公认的真理。这样的单身汉，每逢新搬到一个地方，四邻八舍虽然完全真理。这样的单身汉，每逢新搬到一个地方，四邻八舍虽然完全不了解他的性情如何，见解如何，可是，既然这样的一

48、条真理早不了解他的性情如何，见解如何，可是，既然这样的一条真理早已在人们心目中根深蒂固，因此人们总是把他看作自己某一个女已在人们心目中根深蒂固，因此人们总是把他看作自己某一个女儿理所应得的一笔财产。儿理所应得的一笔财产。 Jane Austens main literary concern(1) Her literary concern is about human beings in their personal relationships. She believes that a mans relationship to his wife and children is at least

49、as important a part of his life as his concerns about his belief and career. It reveals his moral quality more accurately and truthfully. (2) Stories of love and marriage provide the major themes in all her novels, in which female characters are playing an active part. 5.2.3 Bronte SistersvBronte si

50、sters: Charlotte (1816-1855)Jane Eyre (1847) Emily (1818-1848)Wuthering Heights (1847) Anne (1820-1849) 5.2.4 George EliotvGeorge Eliot (1819-1880)“philosophical writer” Adam Bede (1859) The Mill on the Floss (1860) Silas Marner (1861) Middlemarch (1871-1872) Thomas HardyHardy, Thomas (1840-1928),En

51、glish novelist and poet of the naturalist movement, whopowerfully delineated (portray)characters, portrayed in his nativeDorset, struggling helplesslyagainst their passions andexternal circumstances. ThomasHardy provoked readers with his1895 tragic novel Jude theObscure, a scathing attack on theinst

52、itution of marriage and sexualrepression in 19th-centuryEngland. 5.2.5 Thomas HardyvThomas Hardy (1840-1928) The Return of the Native (1878) The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886) Tess of the DUrbervilles (1891) Jude the Obscure (1895) The Modern Period (1914-1945) 6.2 Poetry 6.3 Drama 6.1 Fiction VI 6.1

53、FictionvFiction Joseph Conrad (1857-1924) Virginia Woolf (1882-1941) James Joyce (1882-1941) D. H. Lawrence (1885-1930) 6.1 Fiction Joseph Conrad (1857-1924) The Heart of Darkness (1902) 6.1 Fiction Virginia Woolf (1882-1941)a central figure of the “Bloomsbury Group” Mrs. Dalloway (1925) To The Ligh

54、thouse (1927) Orlando (1928) A Room of Ones Own (1929) 6.1 FictionA: Stream of consciousness makes it first appearance in the late 19th century. It is a kind of literary technique which depicts the characters mental and emotional reactions in an unpunctuated or disjointed form.Q. What is Stream of Consciousness? 6.1 Fiction James Joyce (1882-1941) Ulysses (1922) Finnegans Wake (1939) 6.1 Fiction D. H. Lawrence (1885-1930) Sons and Lovers (1