英译汉(论文中要求的)

1、walmart's low purchasing strategy analysiswal-mart has retailers among the world in decades, to first because it take ''everyday parity, consistent* low sales strategy. wal-mart is not a commodity or some kind of commodity selling, but all goods at the lowest possible price sales; not in

2、 a land or within a period of time, but is selling perennial sales at the lowest possible pricewal-mart retail method usually formulated in commodities in store, first list of purchase invoice, then investigate the goods ggod in rival store in general retail price, and then in the two prices to dete

3、rmine a middle price as between the retail price of the goods wal-mart every saturday morning to hold managers meeting, if there are stores a goods in other shops report than wal-mart cheap price, the company will immediately, in order to achieve in this region in the retail price of goods within th

4、e lowest wal-martwalmart's low purchasing methodcheap price, reliable quality, is the biggest competition advantage. wal-mart in order to obtain and keep this advantage, wal-mart try to depress the purchase purchase price, their goods mainly adopted the following methods:1 centralized procuremen

5、tcentralized procurement refers to a special purchasing agency wal-mart and fulltime purchasing personnel, unified responsibility of wal-marts commodity purchasing work wal-mart stores subordinate to the responsible only for each product sales and internal warehouse management work, for commodity pr

6、ocurement, each store only text, no discretion, only can according to own actual situation proposed suggestion to the company headquarters purchase.the advantages of centralized purchasing mainly manifested in the following aspects:(1) as wal-mart implement centralized procurement system, high-volum

7、e replenish onr's stock, so in procurement strong demand ability, can fully enjoy the amount of commodity discount.(2) to regulate wal-mart centralized purchasing purchase behavior of the. in decentralized procurement system, because of commodity purchasing decision for each store, decentralized

8、 to each store buyers all sorts of substandard behavior is difficult to implement effective constraint, purchasing personnel long-standing abusing power for personal gain. and centralized procurement to regulate the purchasing behavior, to wal-mart supplier feel only products, low price to get order

9、s, earmarking without market and thus would willingly take inexpensive high-quality products sold to wal-mart(3) mass purchase several purchasing into a procurement, greatly reducing the number of the logistics distribution, thus it can effectively control the total cost of purchasing wal-mart2 buyo

10、ut products, on time to supplier settlement of payment for goodsbecause retail commodity risk is bigger, many businesses don't sell goods to transfer a risk of way, namely, take consignment of unsold goods can be to manufacturer return. but wal-mart take outright purchase policies, and fixed tim

11、e closings, never delay. to do so while take some commodity the backlog of risk, but can reduce ggod and also won the trust of suppliers3 as far as possible in the purchase of 2.3 exclude middlemenrestocking directly to the manufacturer, this is wal-mart*s main sourcing practicesin the early 1980s,

12、wal-mart has adopted a policy excluding from trading, demanding the sales agent, manufacturer directly to the manufacturer, and will purchase order lower prices 2% a 6%, just about sales agency commission equivalent number, if manufacturers don't agree, wal-mart had suspended its business this s

13、trategy is very effective, as wal-mart enviable sales ability, manufacturers can*t offend the large customers, have sent sales executive ark.-based wal-mart headquarters in benton discuss specific conditions4 the minimum purchase price for 2.4 other practiceswal-mart forbidden purchasing personnel t

14、o each other in commodity purchase for kickbacks, purchasing personnel must be not accept any form of supplier mianfeican or gift, wal-mart also does not require suppliers, requires no advertisement support into approach fee and deposit supplier, the procurement process is transparent and fair, exem

15、pt from a supplier all sorts of extra burden, this also is it can achieve the minimum purchase price from suppliers one reason.wal-mart deal with suppliers once, headquarters notified the manufacturers of goods to wal-mart distribution center, again by wal-mart distribution center and transport flee

16、t distributed to each store. so the manufacturer can save a portion of the costs is also willing to accept, natural proposed lowest price wal-martwal-mart won the minimum purchase price, there is another way, which is in store for key supplier arrangement appropriate exhibit, let suppliers according

17、 to the characteristics of goods, decorate their exhibits, and create a more professional and more able to attract customer shopping environment to sell more goods, the preferential policies also allows suppliers is willing to accept the lowest ggod wal-mart5 the overall demand a 2.5 purchasing gimm

18、ickwal-mart though to a supplier from all aspects to help and discount, but never give up on the price of tough demands sam walton has stressed that wal-mart's aim for is one of each name into the store shopping customers save money every many a penny saved is a win more customers trust. therefo

19、re, sam requires every procurement personnel, in purchasing products to be firm, want overall demand, not bashful. so wal-mart buyers often with suppliers bargaining, if supplier be not willing to concede, purchasing personnel also will never compromise. a wal-mart buyers once said: ”if they tell me

20、 is $1, i will say:” ok, fll think about it. but i have to go to your competitors in there to see, if he offer 90 cents, then this business will be on him. so you need to consider whether they really are, $1 of your lowest price."to sum up, wal-mart is adopting the various strong measures, have

21、 just won a commodity procurement lowest, these practices very worth reference for chinese enterprises.译文：沃尔玛的低价采购策略分析沃尔玛之所以能在几十年中跻身于世界零售商第一名，要原因在于它采取 “天天平价，始终如一”的低价销售策略。沃尔玛不是一种商品或若干种商品低 价销售，而是所有商品都以最低价销售；不是在一地或一段时间内低价销售，而 是常年都以最低价销售。沃尔玛制定零售价的方法通常是：在商品进店后，首先列出采购发票上的 进货价，然后调查该商品在竞争对手商店中的一般零售价，然后在这两个价

22、格之 间确定一个屮间价作为该商品的零售价。沃尔玛公司每周六早上要举行经理人员 会议，如果有分店报告某商品在其他商店比沃尔玛便宜，公司就会立即降价，以 做到在这一地区内沃尔玛商品的零售价最低。沃尔玛的低价采购方法低廉的价格，可靠的质量，是沃尔玛最大的竞争优势。为了获得和保持住这 种优势，沃尔玛想尽设法来压低商品的采购进价，他们主要采取了下列做法：1集中采购集中采购是指沃尔玛设立专门的采购机构和专职的采购人员，统一负责沃尔 玛的商品采购工作。沃尔玛所属的各门店只负责商品的销售和内部仓库的管理工 作，对于商品采购，各门店只有建议权，没有决定权，只可以根据自己的实际情 况向公司总部提出采购建议。集中采

23、购的优点主要表现在以下方面：(1) 由于沃尔玛实行集中采购制度，大批量进货，所以在采购中具有很强 的压价能力，能充分享受商品的数量折扣优惠。(2) 集中采购有利于规范沃尔玛的采购行为。在分散采购制度中，由于商 品采购的决定权下放到各门店，对各门店采购员的种种不规范行为很难实施有效 的约束，采购人员以权谋私屡禁不止。而集屮采购有利于规范沃尔玛的采购行为, 使供应商感到只有产品好、价格低才能拿到订单，暗箱操作没有市场，从而心甘 情愿地把质优价廉的产品卖给沃尔玛。(3) 大批量进货使多次采购变成一次采购，大大减少物流配送的次数，从 而有效地控制了沃尔玛的采购总成本。2买断产品，按时向供应商结清货款由于零售商品风险较大，很多商家为了转移商品卖不出去的风险，采取代销 方式，即卖不出去的商品可以向厂家退货。但沃尔玛却采取买断进货的政策，并 固定时间结账，决不拖延。这样做虽然要冒一些商品积压的风险，却可以降低进 货价，也赢得了供应商的信赖。3在采购中尽量排斥中间商直接向厂家进货，这是沃尔玛最主要的采购方式。20世纪80年代早期，沃尔玛曾采取一项政策，要求从交易中排除制造商的 销售代理，直接向制造商订货，同时将采购价格降低2% 6%,大约正好相当 于销售代理的佣金数，