过去完成时和虚拟语气讲解和练习

1、过去完成时注意： 过去完成时表示过去某一时间或某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，动作发生的时间是" 过去的过去". 它是一个相对的时态，只有在和过去某个时间或动作相比较时才会用到。E.g. By the end of the match ， they had kicked two goals.We had already had lunch before we arrived there.其结构是 "had+ 过去分词 ". 它的否定句是在had 后边加 not，变一般疑问句是把E.g. I had reached the station before

2、9： 00 o'clock.I had not reached the station before 9： 00 o'clock.Had you reached the station before 9 ： 00 o'clock ？它通常和before，by the end of 等引导的表示过去的时间状语连用。1. 由时间状语来判定一般说来，各种时态 都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：（1 ）by +过去的时间点。如：I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.（2 ）

3、by the end of +过去的时间点。如：We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.（3 ）before +过去的时间点。如：They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.had 提前 。2. 由 “过去的过去”来判定。过去完成时表示“过去的过去”，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在：（1 ）宾语从句中当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句

4、的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。在told, said,knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。如：She said that she had seen the film before.（ 2 ）状语从句中在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。如：After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.注意：before, after引导的时间状语从句中，由于before和after本身已表达了动作的先后关系，若主、从句表示的动作紧密

5、相连，则主、从句都用一般过去时。如：After he closed the door, he left the classroom.（ 3）表示意向的动词，如 hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose 等，用过去完成时表示 " 原本 ，未能 "We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.3. 根据上、下文来判定。I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other sinc

6、e he went to Beijing.单项选择1 He asked me _ during the summer holidays.A. where I had beenB. where I had goneC. where had I beenD. where had I gone2.What _ Jane _ by the time he was sever?A. did, doB. has,doneC did, did.D. had, done3.I _ 900 English words by the time I was ten 。A. learnedB. was learnin

7、gC. had learnedD. learnt4.She _lived here for _ years.A. had, a fewB. has,severalC. had, a lot ofD. has, a great deal of5.By the time my parents reached home yesterday, I _ the dinner already.A had cookedB. cookedC. have cookedD. was cooked6.She said she _ the principle alreadyA .has seenB. sawC. wi

8、ll seeD. had seen7.She said her family _ themselves _ the army during the war.A. has hidden, fromB. had hidden, fromC. has hidden, withD. had hidden, with8.By the time he was ten years old, he _.A.has completed universityB. has completed the universityB. had completed an universityD. had completed u

9、niversity9.She had written a number of books _ the end of last year.A. forB. inC. byD. at10. He _ to play _ before he was 11 years old.A had learned, pianoB. had learned, the pianoC. has learned, the pianoD. learns ,piano.用动词的适当形式填空1. We _ (paint) the house before we _ (move) in.2. That rich old man

10、 _ (make) a will before he _ (die).3.They _ (study) the map of the country before they_ (leave).4.The robbers _ (run away ) before the policemen _ (arrive).5. I _ (turn off) all the lights before I _ (go) to bed.6.Paul _ (go) out with Jane after he _ (make)a phone call.虚拟语气虚拟语气表示一种假设的情况，或一种主观的愿望，即动词

11、所表示的动作或状态并非事实，或不可能实现。英语虚拟语气的形式有下列几种：一、与现在事实相反连接词条件从句结果从句ShouldIf1.动词过去式 (或 were)Would+动词原形2.助动词（过去式）+动词原形couldmightIf had the time, John would make a trip to China to see the Great Wall.If I were you, I would give up drinking immediately.二 .与将来事实相反连接词条件从句结果从句1.should+ 动词原形ShouldIf2.动词过去式Would+动词原形3、

12、 were to+动词原形couldmightIf you should lose, what would you do?If I were to see her tomorrow, I would tell her the truth.If you went there next time, you would see what I mean.三、与过去事实相反连接词条件从句结果从句ShouldWould+ have+ 过去分词Ifhad+过去分词couldmightIf I d known that it was going to rain, I would never have gone

13、 for a walk in the country.四、虚拟语气的几种特殊用法省掉 if 的条件从句结构：Had you asked me, I would have told you.(=If you had asked me, )2.有时虚拟条件不用条件从句而用不定式、分词、介词、名词、连接词或定语从句来表示，如：A true friend would not do such a thing.(=If he were a true friend, he.)(=If there were no water, )(=If you hadn t helped me, )3. 有时条件从句中的动

14、作和结果从句中的动作发生的时间不一致，如：If he had followed the doctorhe swouldadvice,be quite all right now.If I were you, I would have gone home.五、虚拟语气的其他用法1、 Suggest, advise 等动词之后宾语从句须用虚拟语气，其句子结构如下：suggest, advise, recommend, demand,require, insist, urge, request, order,+that(should )+动词原形decide, ask, move, propose

15、等注意：在此结构中that 不可省略； should 省不省均可。He suggested that they (should ) stop smoking.上述动词的名词形式出现时，that 引导的从句仍用虚拟语气。He made a request that they (should ) stop smoking.如果 that 引导的从句所表达的内容是事实，也可用陈述语气。He insists that he is right.2、 It is (was )+necessary, a pity等 +that 引导的从句须用虚拟语气，其句子结构如下：imperative, advisabl

16、e,动词完成式It is (was) + important, natural, necessary, +that+(should)essential, strange,等动词原形It is important that you (should) follow the doctor s orders.It is right that you should have done your homework.3、 wish 的用法动词过去式或 were 与现在事实相反主语 +wish(that)+ 主语 + 动词过去完成式 与过去事实相反助动词过去试+动词原形 与将来事实相反I wish I wer

17、e a pop singer.(=I am sorry I am not a pop singer.)I wish I had never stopped teaching.(=I am sorry I stopped teaching.)I wish they d let us get some sleep.注意： wish 与 hope 接宾语从句的区别在于：hope 表示一般可以实现的希望，宾语从句用陈述语气。不大可能实现的希望,宾语从句用虚拟语气。试比较：（ 1） We hope they will come,(We dont know if they ncacome.)（ 2） We

18、 wish they could come,(We know they are not coming.)4、 as if, as though, would(had) rather(that) 引导的从句须用虚拟语气，如：He acts as if nothing had happened.I would rather you didn t tell him.5、 It s (high) time that 动词过 +去式或should+ 动词原形 ，如：It smeti (that) you had a hair cut.It s high time (that) we took some

19、action.wish 表示很难或虚拟语气用在主语从句中It is demanded / necessary / a pity + that等结构的主语从 句，谓语动词用It is 可用的词有三类that （should） dosuggested, ordered, required, proposed, demanded, requested, insisted等important, necessary, natural, imperative, strange 等a pity, a shame, no wonder 等should加动词原形，should可省略。虚拟语气用在同位语从句中。某

20、些表示建议、请求、命令等主观意向的名词后同位语从句需用虚拟语气，其表达形式为(should) 动词原形。这类名词常见的有： advice，suggestion，proposal（提议），order， demand，desire，request，requirement ，recommendation（推荐）， plan， resolution （决议）， idea 等。eg. We are all for your proposal that the discussion ( should )be put off虚拟语气用在表语从句中。某些表示建议、请求、命令等主观意向的名词作主语时，表语从句需

21、用虚拟语气，其表达形式为(should)动词原形。这类名词常见的有：advice， suggestion， proposal， order， demand，desire， request， requirement ， recommendation 以及 plan， idea， resolution 等。eg. My suggestion is that the mayor (should)present the prizes.虚拟语气用在定语从句中It is （ about high ）time that sb.did sth/should do sth.eg. Don't you t

22、hink it's about time we went home ？注：在 this is the first time second time that句型中，从句中谓语动词用陈述语气完成时态。eg.Is this the first time that you have visited Hongkong？虚拟语气用在让步、方式、目的状语从句中1在带有even if/ even though 引导的让步状语从句的主从复合句中，主句和从句都用虚拟语气，动词形式与含有非真实条件句的虚拟语气相同。如 : Even if he had been ill, he would have gon

23、e to his office.即使生了病，他俩去办公室。2由 as if 或 as though 引导的状语从句表示比较或方式时。从句谓语形式为动词的过去式(be 用 were)或 “ had十过去分词 ”。如 : He treated me as if I were a stranger. 他那样对待我，好像我是陌生人似的。She talked about the film as if she hadreally seen it. 她谈论那部影片，就好像她确实看过一样。3虚拟语气用在lest（唯恐、免得） ， for fear that 及 in case 引导的目的状语从句中。在由 le

24、st 等引导的目的状语从句中需用虚拟语气，表示“以防，以免 ”等意思，其谓语动词多由should 动词原形构成，should 也可省略。eg. He was punished lest he should make the same mistake again虚拟语气用情感语言中1虚拟语气在表示客气、遗憾以及祝愿等场合中，使用虚拟语气。eg.You shouldn't have been following him so closely； you should have kept your distance 2 If only sb./sth. + 时态后退型的谓语eg. If onl

25、y I had known the result of the examination.虚拟语气专项练习1 -Will you come to the party? -_ you also invite Blade.A. Why notB. Only ifC. If notD. When2 If I _ you, I _ go there.A. is; willB. is; wouldC. were; wouldD. was; will3 If itrain tomorrow ， We ll go on a trip.A. isn tB. doesn t C. won t4 I don t k

26、now if he _tomorrow.A. Will comeB. comesC. cameD. has come5 The headmaster with his studentsHangzhou Paradise Park if ittomorrow.A. is going to; isn t rainyB. are going to; isn t rainyC. is going to; won t rainD. are going to; doesn t rain6 If I _ a million dollars, I would give it to medical resear

27、ch.A. willhaveB. haveC. hadD. am having7 If I _ you, I would say another student could do it better.A. wasB. wereC. wereD. are8 What would you do if youthe lottery? Igive half of the money to charities.A. win, willB. win, wouldC. won, willD. won, would9 I am too busy now. If I_free, I _to the cinema

28、 with you.A. am; will goB. am; would goC. were; would goD. was; was going10 What_ you do if you had a million dollars ?A. wouldB. willC. didD. do11 I m going to Larry s party. But I don t know what to wear. If I _ you, I _ wear a dress.A. am; willB. were; willC. were; wouldD. am; would12 If I _ you,

29、 I _ be afraid .A was, wouldnt Bwere, wonCt were, wouldn t13 If I _Alice, I _them the truth.A. was , would tellB. were ,would tellC. am, will tellD. is , will tell14 - If I_ one million dollars, I would give it to medical research.-If I _ you, I would give it to charity.A. will have, amB. would have

30、, wasC. had, wereD. have, is15 If I _ you, I would _ my homework myself.A. was; didB. am; doC. were; doD. is; didTranslation 翻译1. 我不知道他的电话号码，否则我就打电话给他了。2. 他本可以给你更多的帮助，即使他很忙。3.-如果可能的话你会不会打电话给他？-会的，不过我当时在忙着做家庭作业呢。1. 单项选择1 He asked me _A_ during the summer holidays.A. where I had been B. where I had go

31、ne C. where had I beenD. where had I gone2.What _D_ Jane _ by the time he was sever?A. did, doB. has,doneC did, did.D. had, done3.I _C_ 900 English words by the time I was ten。A. learnedB. was learningC. had learnedD. learnt4.She _A_lived here for _ years.A. had, a fewB. has,severalC. had,a lot ofD.

32、 has,a great deal of5.By the time my parents reached home yesterday, I _A_ the dinner already.A had cookedB. cookedC. have cookedD. was cooked6.She said she _D_ the principle alreadyA .has seenB. sawC. will seeD. had seen7.She said her family _B_ themselves _ the army during the war.A. has hidden, f

33、romB. had hidden, fromC. has hidden, withD. had hidden, with8.By the time he was ten years old, he _D_.A.has completed universityB. has completed the universityB.had completed an universityD. had completed university9.She had written a number of books _C_ the end of last year.A. forB. inC. byD. at10

34、. He _B_ to play _ before he was 11 years old.A had learned, pianoB. had learned, the pianoC. has learned, the pianoD. learns ,piano.2. 用动词的适当形式填空1. We _had painted_ (paint) the house before we moved_ (move) in.2. That rich old man _had made_ (make) a will before he died(die).3. They _had studyed_ (

35、study) the map of the country before they _left_ (leave).4. The robbers _had run away_ (run away ) before the policemen arrived (arrive).5. I _turned off_ (turn off) all the lights before I _went_ (go) to bed.6. Paul went (go) out with Jane after he _made _ (make)a phone call.参考答案1 B【解析】略2 C【解析】本题考查

36、虚拟语气， if 引导的与现在事实相反的虚拟语气。从句用一般过去式，主句用过去将来时。句意：如果我是你的话，我会去那儿的。3 B【解析】这题考查时态的用法，if条件句中用一般现在时代替将来时，而且这里要填助动词的否定式，选B。4 A【解析】考查时态。tomorrow为将来的时间故用一般将来时态，所以选A。5 A【解析】考查主谓一致和般现在时代替将来时，排除if从句。 with 连接几个主语时，与第一个保持一致。排除B、D；ifC。句意“如果不下雨，班主任和同学明天将要去杭州天堂公园。条件句用一”故选 A。6 C【解析】这题考查相反， if研究。7 Bif 的非真实条件句的用法，如果和事实不符合，条件句用过去时，主句用 would do，所以选if条件句和主句要用虚拟语气，和现在的事实C。句意是：如果我有1 百万美元，我会把它给医学【解析】在if虚拟条件句中，be用were，故本题选B。8 D【解析】考查虚拟语气。If引导的条件状从指将来的情况，用过去式，should+do 或用 were to+do 结构；Igive half of the m