独立主格结构英语句子结构

1、独立主格结构独立主格结构(Independent Genitive )有两部分组成，前一部份是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动词 (不定式、动名词和分词)或形容词、副词、或介词短语。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结构在句 中做状语，多用于书面语。独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等。详细概述非谓语动词作状语， 其逻辑 主语须与主句主语保持一致。若不一致，非谓语动词形式须另带主语，从而构成复合结构的形式作状语。这种结构称为“独立结构”。其中，非谓语动词主动用V-ing，被动用V-ed。非谓语动词及其短语前面带有逻辑主语，逻辑主语的 代词又是主格，故常

2、称为“独立主格”。“独立结构”在句中起状语作用，相当于状语从句，表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随等情况。功能独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。例如：表示时间The meeti ng being over , all of us went home.开完会后我们都回家了。Her work done , she sat dow n for a cup of tea.她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。表示条件The con dition bei ng favourable, he may succeed.若条件有利，他或许能成功。表示

3、原因There being no taxes, we had to walk.没有出租车，我们只好步行。He wrapped her up with great care,the ni ght being dark and frosty.夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得严严实实的。表示伴随情况Almost all metals are good con ductors,silver being the best of all.几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银贝 U是最好的导体。(二Almost all metals are good con ductors, and silver is thebest

4、 of all.)用法独立主格结构主要表示 谓语动词 发生的时间、原因、条件或伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句或并列句。用作时间状语The work done (二After the work had been done), we went home.工作完成后，我们就回家了。用作条件状语Weather permitting(=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。用作原因状语An importa nt lecture to be give n to

5、morrow(=As an importa nt lecture will be give ntomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the ni ght.因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。用作伴随状语He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed un der his head(=a nd his hands were crossedunder his head).他躺在草地上，两手交叉枕在脑后。表示补充说明We redoubled our efforts,each man

6、 working like two .我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。*注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因 时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。形式1一般独立主格形式：与主句逻辑关系松散形式为：n. + -ed/-ing 形式；n. + 不定式；n. + 介词短语；n. + 形容词;n. +畐寸词.;名词/主格代词+现在分词名词/主格代词与 现在分词 之间是主谓关系。女口：The girl stari ng at him(= As the girl stared at him), he did n't

7、 know what to say.姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。Time permitt ing (= If time permits), we will go for an outi ng tomorrow.女口果时间允许的话，我们明天去郊游。名词/主格代词+过去分词名词/主格代词与过去分词之间是动宾关系。女口：The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has bee n improved.随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。Her glasses broke n （二 Because her glas

8、ses were broke n）, she could n't see the words onthe blackboard.由于眼镜摔坏了，她看不见黑板上的字。名词/主格代词+不定式名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。女口：He is going to make a model plane,some old parts to help . 借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。They said good-bye to each other,one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他们道别后，

9、一个回了家，一个去了书店。名词/主格代词+形容词如：An air accide nt happe ned to the pla ne,no body alive . 那架飞机遭遇了空难，无一人生还。So many people abse nt, the meet ing had to be called off.这么多人缺席，会议不得不取消。名词/主格代词+副词如：He put on his sweater , wrong side out . 他把毛衣穿反了。The meet ing over , they all went home.会议一结束，他们就都回家了。名词/主格代词+介词短语如：

10、The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand . 那男孩手里拿着书去教室。Mary was sitt ing n ear the fire,her back towards the door . 玛丽靠近火炉坐着，背对着门。2>with引导的独立主格：与主句逻辑关系紧密形式为:with + n. + -ed/-ing形式;with + n. +abj.; with +n. +介词短语3>each引导的强调型独立主格：强调句尾的复数名词形式为：句子+复数名词结尾，each +介词短语/形容词短语/名词短语/-ing 形式/-ed形式如：Un

11、der the restructuri ng, the huge orga ni zati on that operates the compa ny's basic bus in esses will be divided into five groups,each with its own executive .（题源:GMAT语法全解白勇著，Page38）4>其他形式There being + 名词（代词）如：There being nothing else to do, we went home.没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。,I declare the meeti ng

12、 closed.没有再要讨论的事了,There being no further bus in ess 我宣布散会。It bei ng +名词（代词）休息如：It being Christmas,the gover nment offices were closed.由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都It being a holiday,all the shops were shut.由于今天是 假日，所有商店都关门了特点1） 独立主格结构的 逻辑主语 与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。2） 名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。 举例：T

13、he test fini shed, we bega n our holiday.=When the test was finished, we began our holiday.考试结束了，我们开始放假。The preside nt assass in ated , the whole country was in deep sorrow.=After the preside nt was assass in ated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。Weather permitti ng, we are g

14、oing to visit you tomorrow.如果天气允许，我们明天去看你。This done , we went home.工作完成后，我们才回家。The meeti ng gone over , every one tired to go home earlier.会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。He came into the room, his ears red with cold .他回到了房子里，耳朵冻坏了。He came out of the library,a large book un der his arm .他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆注：独立主格结构有时可在其前加

15、上介词with 。女口： Don t sleep with the windows open.另S开着窗睡觉。He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on.他和衣躺在床上。She came in with a book in her hand.她手里拿着一本书走了进来。He fell asleep with the lamp burning.他没熄灯就睡着了。I won ' t be able to go on holidaywith my mother being il因为妈妈有病，我无法去度假。He sat there with h

16、is eyes closed.他闭目坐在那儿。All the afternoon he workedwith the door locked.整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。I can ' t go out with all these clothes to wash.要洗这些衣服，我无法出去了。注意事项1. 独立主格与状语从句的转换当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从句， 但不再保留连词。女口： After class was over (二Class bei ng over / Class over), the stude nts soon le

17、ft the classroom.下课后，学生很快离开了课室。2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形：在下列两种情况下，独立主格结构中的being (或having been )不能省略。(1) 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。如：It bei ng Sun day, we we nt to church.因为是星期天，我们去了做礼拜。(2) 在 There being +名词的结构中。如：There being no bus , we had to go home on foot.因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家。3. 在“名词(或代词)+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构

18、中，一般不用形容词性物主代词 和冠词。如： Miss Smith entered the classroom,book in hand .史密斯小姐走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。比较 with 的复合结构。如：Miss Smith entered the classroom,with a book in her hand .4. 独立主格结构没有所有格形式The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting.主编来了，我们开始开会。(比较动名词复合结构。)示例请看下面一道题：Not far from the school there was a gard

19、e n,owner seated in it playi ng chesswith his little grandson every after noon.A. its B. whose C. which D. that【分析】此题很容易误选 B,许多同学会认为句中逗号后是一个非限制性的定语从句，whose在定语从句中用作定语修饰其后的名词owner。此分析从表面上看，似乎天衣无缝，但实质上是错的，原因是空格后根本不是一个句子，因为没有谓语。尽管句中有两个动词，但它们都是非谓语动词。也 许有的同学认为，其中的 seated 可视为谓语动词，但是注意，seat用作动词时，它总是及物的，其后要么

20、接宾语，要么它就用于 被动语态，所以若在seated 前加上助动词is，则可以选择 B (当 然若将seated 改为sitting，也应选择 A)。所以此题最佳答案选 A。请再看一个类似的例子：(1) He wrote a lot of no vels, many oftran slated into foreig n Ian guages.A. it B. them C.which D. that(2) He wrote a lot of no vels, many of were tran slatedin to foreig nIan guages.A.it B. them C. wh

21、ich D. that第 应选B,而不能选C,是因为句中的translated是过去分词(非谓语动词)，若选C,则该从句无谓语；第 应选C,该句是典型的 非限制性定语从句，因为该句修饰的是前面的 novels，即 指物，所以只能用 which做of的宾语，故本题选 Co再请看下面一例：(3) He wrote a lot of no vels, and many ofwere tran slated into foreig nIan guages.A. it B. them C. which D. that【分析】此题与上面的第题不同，两句间多了一个并列连词and,说明这是一个并列句，故应选B

22、,则不能选Co请做做以下三题(答案均为B):(1) There I met several people, two ofbeing foreig ners.(独立主格结构)A. which B. them C. whom D. that(2) There I met several people, two ofwere foreig ners.(非限制性定语从句)A. which B. whom C. who D. that(3) There I met several people, and two ofwere foreig ners.(两个句子)A. which B. them C. w

23、hom D. that英语句子结构英语句子分为简单句(simple sentence和多重句(multiple sentence)所谓的简单句就是一个句子中只包含一个主谓结构的句子。多重句包含两种基本情况，一种是两个或者两个以上的简单分句形成并列关系，这样的 句子叫做并列句(compound sentence)另一种是两个或两个以上的简单分句构成主从关系，这样的句子叫 做复杂句(complex sentence)下面我们分别对这三种情况加以分析。一.简单句：英语句子看上去纷繁庞杂，但仔细观察不外乎五个基本句式。这五个基本句式可以演变出多种复杂的英语句子。换言之，绝大多数英语句子都是由这五个基本

24、句式生成的。这五个基本句式如下：S十V主谓结构S十V十P主系表结构S十V十0主谓宾结构S十V十01十02主谓双宾结构S十V十0十C主谓宾补结构说明：S=主语；V =谓语；P=表语；0二宾语；01二间接宾语；02二直接宾语；C二宾语补足语五个基本句式详细解释如下：1. S十V句式在此句式中，V是不及物动词，又叫自动词(vi )。例如：He runs quickly.他跑得快。They listened carefully 他们听得很仔细。He suffered from cold and hunger 他挨冻受饿。China belongs to the third world country

25、中国属于第三世界国家。The gas has given out 煤气用完了。My ink has run out .我的钢笔水用完了。2. S十V十P句式在此句式中，V 是系动词(link v.)，常见的系动词有：look, seem appear，sound, feel, taste, smell, grow， get, fall ill/asleep, stand/sit still, become turn 等。例如： He is older than he looks 他比看上去 要老。He seen interested in the boo.k 他似乎对这本书感兴趣。The st

26、ory sounds interestin.g 这个故事听起来有趣。The desk feels hard书桌摸起来很硬。The cake tastes nice 饼尝起来很香。The flowers smell sweet and nice 花闻起来香甜。You have grown taller than before 你长得比以前高了。He has suddenly fallen ill 他突然病倒了。He stood quite still 他静静地站看。He becomes a teacher when he grew up 他长大后当了教师。He could never turn

27、traitor to his country 他永远不会背叛他的祖国。注意：有些动词同时也是及物动词,可构成 SVO 句式,例如：He looked me up and down 他上下打量我。He reached his hand to feel the elephant 他伸出手来摸象。They are tasting the fish 他们在品尝鱼。They grow rice in their home town 他们在家乡种水稻。He's got a chair to sit on 他有椅子坐。Please turn the sentence into English 请把这

28、个句于泽成英语。3. S十V十0句式在此句式中，V是及物动词(vt.),因此有宾语。例如：I saw a film yesterday. 我昨天看了一部电影。Have you read the story?你读过这个故事吗？They found their home easily他们很容易找到他们的家。They built a house last year 他们去年建了一所房子。They've put up a factory in the village 他们在村里建了一座工厂。They have taken good care of the children 这些孩子他们照看得很

29、好。You should look after your children well 你应该好好照看你的孩子。4 . S十V十O1十O2句式在此句式中， V 是带有双宾语的及物动词。 常见的须带双宾语的动词有 give， ask， bring， offer， send， pay， lend， show， tell， buy， get；rob， warn 等。例如：He gave me a book/a book to me 他给我一本书。He brought me a pen/a pen to me 他带给我一枝钢笔。He offered me his seat/his seat to me

30、他把座位让给我。注意下边动词改写后介词的变化：Mother bought me a book/a book for me.妈妈给我买了一本书。He got me a chair/a chair for me 他给我弄了一把椅子。Please do me a favor/a favor for me 请帮我一下。He asked me a question/a question of me 他问我个问题。注意，下边动词只有一种说法：They robbed the old man of his money 他们抢了老人的钱。He's warned me of the danger.他警告我

31、注意危险。The doctor has cured him of his disease医 生治好了他的病。We must rid the house of the rats我们必须赶走屋里的老鼠。They deprived him of his right to speak 他们剥夺了他说话的权利。5. S十V十0十C句式在此句式中， V 是有宾语补足语的及物动词。常带宾语补足语的词有形容词、副词、介词短语、名词、不定 式、现在分词、 过去分词常见的可接宾语补足语的动词很多， 哪些动词可接哪几种形式作宾补， 须根据动词 的惯用法而定，不能统而概论。请看下面的例子。They made the

32、girl angry.他们使这个女孩生气了。They found her happy that day.他们发现那天她很高兴。I found him out .我发现他出去了。I saw him in.我见他在家。They saw a foot mark in the sand他们发现沙地上有脚印。They named the boy Charlie他们给这个男孩起名为查理。I saw him come in and go out 我见他进来又出去。They felt the car moving fast 他们感到汽车行驶得很快。I heard the glass broken just n

33、ow 我刚才听到玻璃碎了。He found the doctor of study closed to him他发现研究所的大门对他关闭了。2、并列句( compound sentenc)e 英语的并列句一般情况下引不起巨大的阅读障碍，因为在分句之间往往有固定的连接词说明前后分句的关系。这样的连接词有以and为代表的表示意义延伸的并列连词、以 or为代表的表示选择概念的并列连词、以but为代表的表示转折的并列连词和表示原因的for四个类型。第一种包括and, not onlybut (alscneither ( nor)。第二种包括 or , either qr 第三种包括 but , whi

34、le , whereas等。第四种只有一个 for。 对此我们分别举一个例句说明问题：(1)As is reported, a trade agreement was signed and a cultural exchange was arranged.(2)Not only is he himself interested in the subject but all his students are beginning to show an interest in it.(3) Dr. Fisher neither loves the environment, nor is he acc

35、ustomed to the weather.(4) The children can go with us, or they can stay at home.(5) You can either go it by yourself, or you can ask someone else to do it.(6) The young man has often been praised, but he is never conceited.(7) While our country has plenty of oil, theirs has none.(8) They want to li

36、ve in town, whereas we would rather live in the country.(9) They apparently have a good drainage system, for the streets never seem to flood after a downpour.有必要说明的是以上的关联词并非只能有一个含义，比如 and 就可以表示意义增补、动作先后、转折或让 步、条件和结果等等一些用法。 这里笔者只是提醒大家辨别从句， 所以这方面的语言知识请参考相关的语法 书。另外我们还应该把并列分句和并列结构(coordinate constructio

37、n!区分开来。并列结构是由并列连词或者其他并列手段例如标点符号连接起来的语法结构序列，它包括并列分句，也包括并列的词或者词组。3、从属句构成从属关系的复杂句包括名词性分句 (Nominal Clauses() 可以作主语、宾语、同位语、主语补语)、关系分句(Relative Clauses、状语分句(Adverbial Clauses。对于它们的连接词，在相应的语法书上都不难 找到，这里就不再多讲了。 需要提醒读者的是， 在判定句子的类型之后， 最主要的工作就是分析简单句的成 分，找到主句的谓语，真正抓住句子的纲领。下面请作练习二，首先辨认多重分句的类型，然后找出主句和 从属分句的谓语。Lab

38、oratory scientists accustomed to noticing subtle changes in the properties of substances they are investigating are doubtless better than you or I at certain sorts of observations.这里的主语是Laboratory scientists但是后面跟了一个过去分词定语，其中分词中的介词又跟了一个-ing形式，-ing形式后又接了一个宾语和一个带有定语的状语。本句的谓语是are doubtless better than4.

39、 英语的信息末端原则的应用SVO 结构的难点在在英语中， 信息含量大的部分往往出现在句子的末尾。 这个特点一方面造就了一些非正常语序的句子， 另一 方面可以给我们提供线索， 帮助我们正确理解英语中的长句。 我们知道，一个信息发出者要表达丰富的信息， 离开从句是寸步难行的。 可是不管句子结构多么复杂， 基本的句型还是只有五种。 下面我们可以通过逐一的 分析，探讨英语难句形成的规律。对于 SV结构，由于英语句子一般是末尾的信息含量大，所以这种句子往 往难以构成阅读困难，至多是主语位置有定语从句或者同位语从句。例如：(例子)于主语和宾语都可以连接定语从句；SVC结构也难以构成较复杂的句子；SVOC结

40、构如果出现长句，那么 往往是补语被调整到宾语的前面；SVOO结构也要注意哪个是直接宾语，哪个是间接宾语。SVOC : People often let their fear of speaking up and appearing more dull-witted than their peers interfere with their understanding.Derived from theoretical considerations and confirmed by observations, the velocity-distance law has made secure the concept of an expanding universe.下面请做练习，辨认主句的基本类型。1. They would find relevant the antislavery attitudes of Northerners during the colonial period, the conflict over slavery in the Constitutional Convention, the Missouri Compromise, the militant abolitionist movement