人教版八下英语语法

1、. .jz*unit 1 what s the matter一、 询问某人的安康问运及遭到麻烦的表达方法(1)询问某人患了何种疾病或遇到了何种麻烦时，常用以下几种构造来表达：what s the matter (with sb)某人怎么了？what s wrong (with sb)某人怎么了？what s the trouble (with sb)某人出什么事了？what happened (to sb )某人发生了什么事？are you ok你没事吧？is there anything wrong with sb. ？某人有什么事吗？(2)要表达身体疼痛或不舒服，可用以下构造：某人 +ha

2、ve/has+病症the twins have colds 双胞胎感冒了。某人+have/has+a+headache/toothache/stomachache/backache/earache. she had a stomachache last night她昨晚肚子痛。某人 +have/has+a+sore+发病部位he has a sore throat 他喉咙痛。某人 +hurt(s)+身体部位或反身代词he hurt his leg. 他的腿受伤了。某部位 +hurt(s). my head hurts badly 我头痛得厉害。某人 +have/has+a pain+in on

3、e s+身体部位，i have a pain in my chest 我胸口痛。 (there is)something wrong with one s+身体部位there is something wrong with my right eye我的右眼有毛病。. .jz*其他表达方式she has a heart trouble她有心脏病。he got hit on the head他头部受到了撞击。she cut her finger 她割破手指了。二 情态动词 should的用法1should为情态动词，意为“应该；应当，否认式为shouldn t ，其后接动词原形，无人称和数的变化。

4、常用来表示征询意见、建议、劝告、要求或义务等。 you should drink hot water with honey 你应该喝加有蜂蜜的开水。he should put his head back 他应该把头后仰。we should try our best to help him. 我们应当尽力去帮助他。you shouldn t watch tv.你不应该看电视。2should用于主语为第一人称的疑问句，表示征询意见。should i put some medicine on it我应当给它敷上药吗？should we tell her about it 我们应该告诉她这件事吗？【拓

5、展】在英语中，表示建议的说法有很多，而且都是中考考察的重点。主要构造有： would you like (to do) sth？你想要愿意做某事吗？would you like to play basketball with me 你想要和我一起打篮球吗？ shall i/we do sth 我我们做, 好吗？shall we go to the zoo tomorrow 明天我们去动物园，好吗？ why not do sth 为什么不, 呢？why not join us为什么不参加到我们当中来呢？. .jz* how/what about doing sth 做某事怎么样？how abou

6、t going swimming 去游泳怎么样？ let s do sth 让我们做, 吧。 let s go home咱们回家吧。 you d better (not) do sth 你最好不要做某事。you d better not go there alone你最好不要一个人去那儿。unit 2 ill help clean up the city parks 动词不定式a. 作主语为防止句子的头重脚轻，常用 it 作为形式主语， 而真正的主语动词不定式后置。常用句型：1 it +be+adj./n.+(for/of sb.) to do sth./it takes sb. some t

7、ime to do sth.b. 作宾语动词 want, decide, hope, ask, agree, choose, learn, plan, need, teach, prepare,常接动词不定式作宾语。c. 作后置定语常用于“have/hassth.to do或“ enough 名to do“ it s time to do sth.等构造中。d. 作宾语补足语 tell, ask, want, invite, teach, like, call等可接带 to的动词不定式作宾语补足语，构成tell/ask/want /call/invite sb. to do sth.构造。【注

8、意】动词不定式作使役动词和感官动词的宾语补足语时应省去to：“一感(feel) ，二听 (listen to, hear) ，三让 (let, make, have, ，四看 (look at, see, watch, notice)，半帮助 (help)。e. 动词不定式作状语. .jz*主要用来修饰动词，表示目的，结果或原因。为了强调目的，有时可以把动词不定式放在句首，或在不定式前加 in order (to) 或 so as (to) “为了， 目的是。常用构造有 too + adj./adv. + to do sth.等。f. 固定句式中动词不定式的用法常见的形式有：had bette

9、r (not) do sth./would you like to do sth./why not do sth./wouldyou please (not) do sth.等。unit 3 could you please clean your roomcould you please. 句型1请求别人时通常用此句型，也可以说：can you.please 情态动词 could或 can在这里均表示请求， 在意思上无区别， 但是用 could 在于其上显得更委婉、客气、诚恳。在日常生活中常使用could you/i.假设在句末加上 please ，那么显得更礼貌。could you help

10、 me find my book,please 你能帮我找到我的书吗？2对 could you/i. 的问句作出肯定答复，常用“sure/certainly/of course 等；如果作否认答复，常用“sorry或 oh,please don t 。一般不用 no 开头，用 no 显得语气生硬、不礼貌。3表示请求的句式：would you like to do. would you mind doing. let s do. shall i/we do.please do.(祈使句前加 please). .jz*提示：could you please. 与 could i please. 两

11、种问句， 前者是请求别人帮助的句式，后者是有礼貌地向别人请求允许的交际用语。试比拟：could you please help me请你帮我一下好吗？could i please invite my friends to my birthday party,mom 妈妈， 我能邀请我的朋友参加我的生日聚会吗？unit 4 why dont you talk to your parents1.提建议向别人发出邀请，请求，建议，或征求某人的意见的其他表达方式：how /what about doing sth. about是个介词，可跟名词或动名词 “ , 怎么样？you d better (no

12、t) do something.“你最好不做某事would you like sth ,:“你想要某物let? s do sth,what should i do , ( should表示请求、征询对方意见)2.学会谈论问题和学会用why dont you, 提建议向别人发出邀请，请求， 建议，或征求某人的意见的表达方式：why don? t you do something =why not do something 你为什么不做某事呢？来表示请求、征询对方意见until, so that ,although引导的状语从句：1)until：在带有 till 或 until 引导的时间状语从句

13、里，如果主句用肯定式，其含义是“一直到, 时，谓语动词只能用延续性动词。如果主句用否认式，其含义是“直到, 才 , , “在 , 以前不 , , 谓语动词可用瞬间动词。 don? t get off until the bus stops.2so that引导目的状语从句为了，以便例如：he studies hard so that he could work better in the future. .jz*3although的用法意思相当于though尽管，虽然，引导让步状语从句。引导的从句不能与并列连词but，and， so等连用，但可以和 yet， still 等词连用。例如： al

14、though he was tired, he went on working.尽管他很累，但是他继续工作。unit 5 what were you doing when the rainstorm came ？过去进展时1. 根本概念：过去进展时表示在过去某一时刻或一段时间内正在进展的第 2/6 页动作。这一特定的过去时间除有上下文暗示以外, 一般用时间状语来表示。2. 构造 was / were ( not ) + 动词-ing3. 句式肯定式：i/he/she/it was working. we/you/they/ were working.否认式 :i/he/she/it was n

15、ot working.we/you/they/ were not working.疑问式和简单答复 :was i working yes, you were. no, you were not. were you working yes, iwas. no, i was not. was he/she/it working yes, he/she/it was. no, he/she/itwas not. were we/you/they working yes, you/we/they were. no, you/we/theywere not. 注：. .jz*1) was not 常缩略

16、为 wasn t; were not 常缩略为 weren t 。2) 一般过去时与过去进展时用法的比拟: 一般过去时表示在过去某个时间发生过的动作或存在的状态, 而过去进展时那么表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进展的动作。例如:david wrote a letter to his friend last night. 大卫昨晚给他的朋友写了封信。(信写完了。 )david was writing a letter to his friend last night. 大卫昨晚一直在给他的朋友写信。 (信不一定写完。 )4.过去进展时中的 when和 whilewhen, while 区别：

17、1) 由 when引导的时间状语从句， 主句用过去进展时， 从句应用一般过去时；由 while 引导的时间状语从句，主句用一般过去时，从句应用过去进展时。when the teacher came in, we were talking.当此句改变主从句的位置时，那么为：while we were talking, the teacher came in.2)如果从句和主句的动作同时发生，两句都用过去进展时的时候，多用while引导。如：they were singing while we were dancing.unit 6 an old man tried to move the mou

18、ntains1. unless引导条件状语从句unless = if , not 除非，假设不. .jz*they will go tomorrow unless it rains.= they will go tomorrow if it doesn t rains.2. as soon as引导时间状语从句。 , 就he will e and see you as soon as he can.3. so.that 引导结果状语从句句型 1：主语 +谓语+so+形容词 / 副词+that 从句the wind was so strong that we could hardly move

19、forward.句型 2： so +形容词 + a/an + 单数名词+ that 从句it was so hot a day that they all went swimming.句型 3. so + many/ few + 复数名词+ that 从句he has so few friends that he often feels lonely.句型 4： so +much/ little + 不可数名词+ that 从句i had so little money that i couldn t buy a pen.unit 7 what s the highest mountain i

20、n the world形容词副词的原级、比拟级和最高级一原级句型：1. a is as+原级+ as+ b 表示 a 与 b 一样 ,eg: he is as tall as me.2.a is not as/so +原级+ as b 表示 a 不如 b,eg:he is not as tall as me.3.只能修饰原级的词， very，quite，so，too，so, enough, pretty等第 3/6 页. .jz*例如， he is too tired to walk on.他太累了以至于不能再继续走了。二比拟级句型可以修饰比拟级的词， much，a lot，far， , 的多

21、a little，a bit， , 一点儿 even甚至， still 仍然eg. lesson one is much easier than lesson two.第一课比第二课容易得多。tom looks even younger than before.汤姆甚至比以前更年轻。1.当句中有 than 时那么用比拟级。eg: he is fatter than me.2当句子中的比拟对象为两者时用比拟级：“特殊疑问词+be+形容词比拟级，a or b？eg: which is bigger ，the earth or the moon？哪一个大，地球还是月球？3. “比拟级 +and+比拟

22、级表示“越来越, 。eg.the flowers are more and more beautiful.花儿越来越漂亮。加 more构成比拟级的形容词那么用more and more +形容词表示越来越,eg: english is more and more important.4. “ the+ 比拟级， the+比拟级表示“越, ，越 , 。eg. the more careful you are， the fewer mistakes you ll make.5. “ a+be+the+ 形容词比拟级+of the two+,表示“a 是两者中较, 的。eg.look at the

23、two boys. my brother is the taller of the two.6.a+be+形容词比拟级 +than+any other+单数名词 (+介词短语 ) 表示“a比同一 x 围的任何一个人 / 物都 , ，含义是“a 最 , 。. .jz*eg. the yangtze river is longer than any other river in china.=the yangtze river is the longest river in china.三最高级常用句型构造1 “主语 +be+the+形容词最高级 +单数名词 +in/of 短语表示“ , 是 ,

24、中最, 的。eg ：tom is the tallest in his class./of all the students.this apple is the biggest of the five.2“主语 +be+one of the+形容词最高级 +复数名词 +in/of 短语表示“,是 , 中最 , 之一。eg：beijing is one of the largest cities in china.3“特殊疑问词 +be+the+ 最高级+a，b，or c？用于三者以上eg which is the biggest the moon,the sun or ths earth4.

25、“ the +序数词 +最高级 +单数名词 +x 围。表示, 是第几大, eg: the yellow river is the second longest river in china .【注意】形容词最高级之前要加the，但当最高级之前有形容词性物主代词或名词所有格时那么不用加theeg: he is the best student in my class. he is my best friend.四形容词副词的规那么与不规那么变化. .jz*规那么变化1.一般在词尾直接加er或 est ，例如， tall-taller-tallest ，long-longer-longest2.以

26、不发音的字母 e 结尾的单词在词尾直接加r 或 st，例如， nice-nicer-nicest3.以辅音字母 +y 结尾的词，把 y变为 i，再加 er或 est ，例如，heavy-heavier-heaviest4.重读闭音节，末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写这个辅音字母，再加er 或 est，eg. big-bigger-biggest5.局部双音节词和多音节词分别在原级前加more构成比拟级和 most 构成最高级，例如，slowly-more slowly-most slowly；beautiful- more beautiful-most beautiful不规那么变化第 4/6 页u

27、nit 8 have you read treasure island yetunit 9 have you ever been to a museum 现在完成时(present perfect tense)1表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。. .jz* it s so dark. 太黑了。someone has turned off the light. 有人把灯关上了。2表示从过去某一时间开场并一直持续到现在的动作或状态。常与 since+过去的时间点， for+一段时间， since+时间段 +ego, so far等时间状语连用。eg. i have lived

28、here for ten years. 我已经住在这里 10年了。从 10年前开场，持续到现在还住这儿eg. i have lived here since 2003. 自从 2003年我就住在这儿。 从 2003年开场，持续到现在还住这儿3 根本构造及句型转换：主语+have/has+过去分词 (done) (当主语是第三人称单数 has, 其余人称用 have 。 ) 肯定句：主语 +have/has+过去分词 +其他 i have finished my homework. (肯定句 )否认句：主语 +have/has+not+过去分词 +其他 i have not finished m

29、y homework. 否认句一般疑问句： have/has+主语+过去分词 +其他have you finished your homework yes, i have. / no, i haven t, 一般疑问句及肯定、否认答复4has gone (to), has been (to), has been (in) 的区别have/has gone(to) :去了(现在不在说话现场 )eg. -where is your father？. .jz*-he has gone to shanghai.have/has been (to) :去过已不在去过的地方eg. my father ha

30、s been to shanghai.have/has been in：呆了多久还在所呆的地方eg. my father has been in shanghai for two months. =my father has been in shanghai since two months ago.5现在完成时的标志：常与 just, already, yet, ever, never, before, so far 等连用，强调动作的完成，不强调动作的持续。have you ever been to japan i have just finished my homework. for +

31、 时间段；since + 过去的时间点； since + 段时间 ago ；since + 一般过去时的句子。they have known each other for five years. since he was a child, he has lived in england.6动词过去式和过去分词的变化规那么变化：1. 一般在动词词尾直接加ed。如：pick picked picked; wish wished wished; stay stayed stayed2. 以不发音的 e 结尾的动词后面加 d。如： like liked liked; hope hoped hoped; phone phoned phoned. .jz*3. 以辅音字母+ y结尾的动词，变 y 为 i，再加 -ed。如：study studied studied; hurry hurried hurried; reply repli