考研英语历年阅读理解真题精析--1996年part3

1、考研英语历年阅读理解真题精析 -1996 年 part3Part ThreeIn the last half of the nineteenth century "capital" and "labor" were enlargingandperfecting their rival organizations on modern lines. Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers. The

2、change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. It was moreover a step away from individual ini

3、tiative, towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned business. The railway companies, though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business. At the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting , trams and other

4、services to the taxpayers .The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class , an element in national life representing irr

5、esponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. All through the nineteenth century, America, Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital, and British sharehold

6、ers were thus enriched by the world ' s movement towards industrialization. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastboume sprang up to house large. "comfortable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and o

7、ccasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management. On the other hand "shareholding" meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilization.The "shareholders" as such had no

8、 knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labor was not good. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom

9、that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchalsystem of the old family business now passing away. Indeed themere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible. Fortunately, however, the

10、increasing power and organization of the trade unions, at least in all skilled trades, enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them. The cruel discipline of the strike and lockout taught the two parties to respect each other' s strength and understan

11、d the value of fair negotiation .9. It's true of the old family firms that_.Athey were spoiled by the younger generationsBthey failed for lack of individual initiativeCthey lacked efficiency compared with modem companiesDthey could supply adequate services to the taxpayers10. The growth of limit

12、ed liability companies resulted in_.Athe separation of capital from managementBthe ownership of capital by managersC the emergence of capital and labor as two classesD the participation of shareholders in municipal business 11 . According to the passage, all of the following are true except that_.A

13、the shareholders were unaware of the needs of the workersB the old firm owners hand a better understanding of their workersCthe limited liability companies were too large to run smoothlyDthe trade unions seemed to play a positive role12. The author is most critical of_ .A family film owners B landow

14、ners C managers D shareholdersUnit 3 1996 Part 3重点词汇：bureaucracy 官僚主义；官僚机构；官僚即 bureau+cracy ， bureau 署，局，司，处 ， cracy 词根 "统治"； Bureaucracy is a giant mechanism operated by pygmies. 官僚政治 是一种由侏儒操纵的庞大机构。spoil v. 损害；溺爱 We drink one another's healthes and spoil our own. 我们为彼此 的健康干杯而损害自身的健康。c

15、ollectivism 集体主义J collect+ive后缀 +ism 后缀表主义。municipal 市的；市立的与 principal首要的；负责人；本金一起记；municipality自治市；市政当局Jmunicipal+ity名词后缀。taxpayer 纟纳税人J tax+payer 。detach v.分开即de+tach , de-前缀离开，tach词根连接。同根词为 attach v.缚 上；使依附)J at (=to ) +tach。patriarchal 家长的即 patri+arch+al，patri 词根"父" ，arch 词根"统治 &q

16、uot;，-al 形容词后缀。另可记patriot爱国者J patri+ot后缀表人。render? v. 使得；提供 。 Nothing in the world renders a man indispensable save love. 世上唯有爱能够使一个人变得不可缺少。 discipline 纪律； 学科 v. 训练即 dis+cipl+ine ， dis- =aPart , cipl =cip 词根抓，-ine后缀，培养抓出东西的能力"宀纪律或训练。 Freedom is a way of life which requires authority, discipline

17、, and government of its own kind. 自由是一种生活方式，它需要、纪律，以及具有自由本身性质的统治。lockout 指雇主为促使与工人达成协议而强制性关闭工厂。negotiation 谈判动词形式为 negotiate 。 Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us never fear to negotiate.永远不要在谈判时忘记惧怕，而要永远不惧怕谈判。难句解析： The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a la

18、rgeprofessional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders.句子的主干结构是 The change met. requirements. and prevented the decline.。其中 by engaging a large professional element 是介词词组作状语

19、， 说明 met the technical requirements of the new age 的方式。 decline in efficiency 后面的 that 引导定语从句 修饰前面的 decline in efficiency 。此句的阅读关键在于抓住句子的主干，即主要谓语动词，这样就能把握句子的根本结构，从而明白句子的主要意思。engage在这里的意思是使卷入，涉及。 Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance

20、of shareholders as a class, an element in national liferepresenting irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsiblemanagement of business.这个句子的主干结构是. manipulation. increased the numbers and importance ofshareholders as a

21、class.。 其 中 an element 是 class 的 同 位 语 ， representingirresponsible wealth 是现在分词作定语修饰前面的 element ， detached from 那么是过去分 词作后置定语，相当于是省略了 which is 的定语从句。 and 连接两个 detached from ，都修 饰前面的 wealth 。理解 an element 是 a class 的同位语是理解此句的关键。只要分清句子的主语、谓语动词的 中心词，就能够抓住句子的主要意思。在速度的时候，也可以先抓住主句而略过 an element 后面的局部不看。另外

22、句中一些短语的意思也会影响到对整句的理解，如：detach from与 相别离； irresponsible wealth 不负责任的财富，在本句中指的是股东们虽然拥有大量财富，但并不参与公司的运作，不承担任何经营管理的责任。 Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large "comfortable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the commUnity exce

23、pt that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management.这个句子的主干结构是Towns. sprang up to house. classes，后面两个 who 引导两个定语从句修饰前面的classes。except在这里是介词，它后面的that指代relation °drawing和 attending 是并列关系，作介词 of 的宾语。动词不定式 to dictate their or

24、ders to the man ageme nt是表示目的的状语。理解这句的关键是两个who引导的定语从句都是修饰classes的，而且except后面的that指代的是 relation 。 The "shareholders" as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and lab

25、our was not good.The "shareholders" had no这个句子是 and 连接的两个并列句。第一个句子的主干结构是knowledge.。在第一个句子中， employed作定语修饰前面的 workmen,相当于省略了 who were ( employed by). 。 which 引导定语从句 in which he held shares 修饰前面的 company。 第二句的主干结构是 his influence. was not good,是常见的主语 +系动词 +表语结构。第一分句中要认清 employed by 和后面 which

26、引导的从句都是修饰什么成分的。另外,在阅 读本句中,指代关系也非常重要,要看清代词 he 和 his 都是指代前面的 shareholders 。 The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriar

27、chal system of the old family business now passing away.首先这个句子是 but 连接的两个转折关系的句子。第一个句子的主干结构是The.manager. was in more direct relation with.。第一个句子中 acting for 是现在分词作定语，修饰 manager。第二个句子的主干结构是 he had seldom that. knowledge of the workmen. 。第二个句子中 which 引导定语从句 which the employer had often had.修饰前面的 familiar personal knowledge , passing away是现在分词作定语修饰前面的family