语言学讲义考研5semantics课件

1、1讲义五讲义五 SemanticsGrace Tan考研语言学 谭宗燕2考点 语义学定义 语义三角说 LEECH的七种意义类型 词汇意义关系(同义,反义,下义) 识别各实例中词与词的意义关系，句与句间的蕴涵、前提、回话含义、同义、不相容、语义矛盾、语义反常等 用成分分析同下义词、反义词、句子意义的区别 反义词的种类及例子考研语言学 谭宗燕3T/F The meaning relationship between MAN and Grown-up is hyponymous because the semantic features of man are included in those of

2、 grown-up. Semantically, beef is excluded in meat. Kids and children are synonyms despite their stylistic differences. In the following pairs of sentences , b presupposes a.A.John managed to finish in time.B.John tried to finish in time. In the semiotic triangle, there is no direct relationship betw

3、een symbol and referent. If a word has sense, it must have reference. Predication of a S is identical to the proposition of the S.考研语言学 谭宗燕4definition Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning. More specifically, semantics is the study of the meaning of linguistic units, words and sent

4、ences in particular.考研语言学 谭宗燕5 24._ is the major concern of semantics. A. meaning B. words C. sentence structure D. phrase structure rules Answer: A考研语言学 谭宗燕6some views concerning the study of meaning G. Leech and his 7 types of meaningNaming theoryThe Conceptualist ViewContextualism BehaviorismTrut

5、h conditions 考研语言学 谭宗燕7 1. Leech divided meaning into _ types. 2.说文说文：“要，身中也。要，身中也。”&墨子墨子经经说说：昔楚灵王好细要。：昔楚灵王好细要。”“”“要要”属于属于意义。意义。考研语言学 谭宗燕8Leech:Types of MeaningGrammatical Meaning语法意义Lexical Meaning词汇意义Conceptual Meaning概念意义Associative Meaning联想意义Connotative Meaning内涵意义Affective Meaning情感意义Collo

6、cative Meaning搭配意义Stylistic Meaning文体意义考研语言学 谭宗燕91.Grammatical Meaning & Lexical Meaning Grammatical meaning indicates grammatical concept or relationships such as part of speech of words, singular and plural meaning of nouns, tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional paradigm. (语法意义指词义中表示语法

7、概念或关系的那部分意义。例如词类、名词的单复数、动词的时态意义及它们的屈折形式。) inflectional paradigms of verb: forget, forgets, forgot, forgotten, forgetting考研语言学 谭宗燕10 For example : girls, winters, tables, joys We notice that word-forms, though denoting different objects of reality, have something in common. This common element is the

8、 grammatical meaning of plurality. (They have the same grammatical meaning)考研语言学 谭宗燕11 Lexical meaning is the meaning of an isolated word in a dictionary. This component of meaning is identical in all the forms of the word. (林承璋：词汇意义是词典中一个独立词的意义。在该词的所有形式中，其词汇意义相同。） For example : The word-forms go, g

9、oes, went, going, gone possess different grammatical meanings of tense, person, and so on, but in each of these forms we find one and the same semantic component (same lexical meaning ).考研语言学 谭宗燕122. Conceptual Meaning & Associative Meaning Conceptual meaning is meaning given in the dictionary a

10、nd forms the core of word meaning. 概念意义是词典中所给的意义，是词义的概念意义是词典中所给的意义，是词义的核心。核心。 E.g. a woman is defined as an adult female human being. 考研语言学 谭宗燕13 Associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. It differs from the conceptual meaning in that it is open-ended and i

11、ndeterminate, liable to the influence of such factors as culture, experience, religion, etc. 联想意义是概念意义的补充意义，是次要意义。它受语言外界因素如文化、经历、宗教、地域、出身、教育等的影响而变化，所以是开放性的，是不定的。 Four Categories：考研语言学 谭宗燕14AssociativeMeaningConnotative Meaning内涵意义Affective Meaning情感意义Collocative Meaning搭配意义Stylistic Meaning文体意义考研语言学

12、 谭宗燕151) Connotative MeaningIt refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning. 内涵意义是由概念意义产生的言外之意或联想。What connotations do you think “home”, “dragon” and “mother” might have?考研语言学 谭宗燕162) Stylistic Meaning Apart from their conceptual meanings, many words have stylistic fea

13、tures, which make them appropriate for different styles. 很多词除了其概念意义外，还有文体色彩，以适应不同的文体风格。 In some dictionaries, these stylistic features are clearly marked as formal, informal, literary, archaic, slang and so on.考研语言学 谭宗燕17Compare the following two groups ofsynonyms: leave job cant tired ad depart pos

14、ition cannot fatigued advertisement考研语言学 谭宗燕183) Affective Meaning Affective meaning expresses the speakers attitude towards the person or thing in question. This meaning can be overtly and explicitly conveyed simply by the choice of the right words. 情感意义反映作者或说话人对所谈论的人或物、事态等表示的个人情感或态度。这种意义可以通过选用表情词直

15、接了当地表现出来。考研语言学 谭宗燕19 Words that have emotive values may fall into two categories: appreciative and pejorative/derogative. Words of positive overtones are used to show appreciation or the attitude of approval; those of negative connotations imply disapproval, contempt or criticism. 考研语言学 谭宗燕20appreci

16、ative pejorative elderly little famous slim/slender determined statesman confidence farmer publicity old small notorious skinny pigheaded politician complacency peasant propaganda考研语言学 谭宗燕214) Collocative Meaning It is that part of the word meaning suggested by the words with which it co-occurs. 搭配意

17、义即与之一起使用的词语所赋予的那部分意义。 E.g. pretty woman and handsome woman -stress the attractiveness of facial features -may not be facially beautiful but slender figure, graceful posture and behavior green hand, green fruit, green with envy, green-eyed monster 考研语言学 谭宗燕22AssociativeMeaningConnotative Meaning内涵意义A

18、ffective Meaning情感意义Collocative Meaning搭配意义Stylistic Meaning文体意义考研语言学 谭宗燕23 12._ is NOT included in Leechs associative meaning. A. connotative meaning B. social meaning C. collocative meaning D. thematic meaning Answer: D考研语言学 谭宗燕24conceptualist view This view holds that there is no direct link betw

19、een a linguistic form and what it refers to (i.e, between language and the real world) rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind. 考研语言学 谭宗燕25 16.The classic semantic triangle or triangle of significance mainly illustrates the view of _. A.

20、 conceptualism B. contextualism C. behaviourism D. structuralism Answer: A考研语言学 谭宗燕26semantic triangle thought/reference (concept, sense) Symbol (word) referent (thing) Suggested by Ogden and Richards 考研语言学 谭宗燕27 SYMBOL or FORM - the linguistic elements in its sound or written form (words, phrases)

21、the REFERENT - the object in the world of experience THOUGHT or REFEREBCE - concept (cognitive image in the mind) 考研语言学 谭宗燕28 13._ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and non-linguistic world of experience. A. sense B. reference C. symbol D. thought Answer: A考研语言学 谭宗燕29 23.Sen

22、se and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of _. A. word function B. word meaning C. word formation D. word system Answer: B考研语言学 谭宗燕30Sense & Reference Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguis

23、tic form; it is abstract and de-contextualized. Dictionary meaning. Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real physical world 考研语言学 谭宗燕31东大2000 Explain the difference between sense and reference from the following 4 aspects: 1) a word having reference must have sense 2) a word havi

24、ng sense might not have reference 3) a certain sense can be realized by more than one reference 4)a certain reference can be expressed by more than one sense Key:2) non-referring items:so, very, maybe, if, not and all; imaginary things:god, ghost, dragon 3) I, you, she variable references 4) Evening

25、 star and morning star nearly always refers to Venus,BUT each presents a particular emotional temperament and a particular sense of values, meaning, ideals and appreciations.考研语言学 谭宗燕32 The relationship between sense and reference: And, if等只有sense, 而无reference. Desk可以有许多外指意义。 同一外指意义可有不同的系统意义，Mrs Tha

26、tcher, & the Iron Lady. Morning Star & Evening Star. 考研语言学 谭宗燕33 Words are the symbols of mental expressions. The limits of my language is the limits of my world. What is the relationship between language and thought? 赫拉克利特，亚里斯多德，阿尔诺，洛克，休谟Dessert 考研语言学 谭宗燕34 17.The contextualist view of mean

27、ing is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from_. A. function B. context C. instinct D. observation Answer: B考研语言学 谭宗燕35Contextualism Firth, Halliday They hold that meaning should be studied in terms of situation, use and context . Two kinds of context are recognizes: the situationa

28、l context and the linguistic context. 考研语言学 谭宗燕36Behaviorism Behaviorists: Pavlov, Thorndike, Waltson Bloomfield (stimulus-response) Jill Jack S r.s R (r,s-speech, R,S-practical events)考研语言学 谭宗燕37 9. The well-known formula: S r.s R was put forward by_. A. Bloomfield B. Firth C. Hockett D. Harris Ans

29、wer: A考研语言学 谭宗燕38 11.For Bloomfield, linguistics is a branch of psychology and specifically of the brand of psychology known as _. A. behaviorism B. structuralism C. competence D. performance Answer: A考研语言学 谭宗燕39 3. That there is no direct link between language and the real world is the view of _ co

30、ncerning the study of meaning. A. naming B. conceptualist C. contextualist D. behaviorist Answer: B考研语言学 谭宗燕40lexical meaningSynonymy AntonymyPolysemy HomonymyHyponymy考研语言学 谭宗燕41 5. The relation between “food” and “bread” is called _. A. synonymy B. polysemy C. homonymy D. hyponymy Answer: D考研语言学 谭宗

31、燕42Synonymydialectal synonyms stylistic synonyms synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaning collocational synonymssemantically different synonyms考研语言学 谭宗燕43 14.Luggage and baggage are _ synonyms. A. dialectal B. stylistic C. semantically different D. collocational Answer: A考研语言学 谭宗燕

32、44 20.The words “amaze” and “astound” are very close in meaning, they are _ synonyms. A. dialectal B. stylistic C. semantically different D. collocational Answer: C考研语言学 谭宗燕45 21.Which pair is the emotive synonyms? A. dad and father B. flat and apartment C. mean and frugal D. charge and accuse Answe

33、r: C考研语言学 谭宗燕46Antonymygradable antonymcomplementary antonymyconverse antonymy考研语言学 谭宗燕47 19.The word “male” or “female” are _ antonyms. A. gradable B. complementary C. converse D. complete Answer: B考研语言学 谭宗燕48 10._ is a pair of complementary antonyms. A. wild and tame B. nimble and lame C. cold and

34、 warm D. alive and dead Answer: D考研语言学 谭宗燕49 7. “Buy” and “sell” form a pair of _. A. conversives B. gradable antonyms C. complementary antonyms D. marked antonyms Answer: A考研语言学 谭宗燕50Homonymy Homophones Homographs Complete homonyms 考研语言学 谭宗燕51 22.The words” rain” and “reign” are _. A. homographs B.

35、 complete homonyms C. homophones D. allophones Answer: C考研语言学 谭宗燕52 15._ is Not a pair of homophones. A. “Fair” (adj) and “fair” (n) B. “Flea” and “flee” C. “Lead (v) and “lead” (n) D. “Compliment” and “complement” Answer: C考研语言学 谭宗燕53 The relationship between “meat” and “meet” is _. A. synonymy B.

36、antonymy C. polysemy D. homonymy考研语言学 谭宗燕54The noun “tear” and the verb “tear” are _.A.homophones B.homographs C.complete homonyms D.allophonesAnswer: B考研语言学 谭宗燕55polysemy 18.If one word has more than one meaning, then we call it _. A. polysemy B. synonymy C. homonymy D. hyponymy Answer: A考研语言学 谭宗燕5

37、6大连2002 Classify the following pairs of words according to the sense relation,. Put the number before the pair in the space provided .eg: (1)alive/dead (2)buy/sell Complementary antonyms(1) 1.always/never 2.borrow/lend 3.tale/tail 4.satellite/moon 5.relinquish/retain 6.boot/trunk 7.over/under 8.merc

38、ury/quick silver 9.fabric/rayon 10.sole(of a shoe)/sole(the fish) A.Complementary antonyms_ B.synonyms _ C.relational opposites _ D.gradable antonyms _ E.homonyms _ F.polysemy _ G.hyponymy _ 1/5,8,2/7,3/10,6,4/9考研语言学 谭宗燕57湖南师大2003 What relationship do they have between each other? A.tree-maple, birc

39、h b.flour-flower C.lend-borrow d.male-female E.big-small Key: hyponymy, homonymy, relational opposites, complementarity, gradability考研语言学 谭宗燕58北师大2003 Put the following words in a hierarchical order(you can use a tree diagram ) and try to define at least two of them.crocodile,mammal, reptile, rabbit

40、, primate, animalanimalmammalreptilePrimate rabbitcrocodile考研语言学 谭宗燕59东大2003 What are the possible colors of Chinese 青 in english? What does this reflect in semantics? Key: blue as in 青取之于蓝而青于蓝 black as in 青牛白马 dark green as in两岸青山相对出， 青箬笠绿蓑衣 This reflects that the same word may have a set of differ

41、ent meanings, that is, the polysemy of a word.考研语言学 谭宗燕60Componential Analysis (CA)The analysis of word meanings or componential analysis is often seen as a process of breaking down the sense of a word into its minimal components. HUMAN MALE ADULT Girl + - - Boy + + - Woman + - + Man + + +考研语言学 谭宗燕6

42、1 In making componential analysis, it is important to focus on the distinguishing features, i.e. features which can distinguish one word from another. Eg: Between boy, chair, dictionary and hope, thought, problem, the distinguish feature is +Concrete verbs like nouns also have features like MOMENTAR

43、Y DYNAMIC TRANSITIVE62考研语言学 谭宗燕63考研语言学 谭宗燕考研语言学 谭宗燕64The function of componential analysis1.useful and revealing technique for demonstrating relations of meaning between words. dog +ANIMATE, -HUMAN, +CANINE,+DOMESTIC foal +ANIMATE, -HUMAN, +EQUINE,+DOMESTIC2.show the synonymy of two items by giving

44、them same componential features. Spinster and maiden +HUMAN,-MALE,-MARRIED POSITIVE,考研语言学 谭宗燕653.tell whether a certain collocation or syntactic structure is acceptable or not. He has left this neighborhood for ten years. He has lived in this neighborhood for ten years. left, live MOMENTARY,Controve

45、rsial：semanticists do not agree on the merits of componential analysis. 1.useful but limited 2.how about the figurative sense考研语言学 谭宗燕66 6. The semantic components of the word “man” can be expressed as_. A. +animate, +human, +male, adult B. + animate, +human, +male, +adult C. + animate, +human, -mal

46、e, -adult D. + animate, +human, -male, +adult Answer: B考研语言学 谭宗燕67 8. _ is a phrase which can only be understood as a unit, not as a summation of the meaning of each constituent word. A. collocation B. idiom C. semantic component D. synonym Answer: B考研语言学 谭宗燕68 Analyze hyponymy and incompatibility b

47、y using componential analysis. Key:THE analysis of hyponymy: man :+HUMAN+ADULT+MALE woman:+HUMAN+ADULT-MALE boy:+HUMAN-ADULT+MALE girl:+HUMAN-ADULT-MALE The analysis of incompatibility: Alive:-DEAD (or+LIVE) Dead:+DEAD(or-LIVE)考研语言学 谭宗燕69Sentence relation(1) X is synonymous with Y（同义关系）In terms of t

48、ruth conditioning, if X is true, Y is true, and if X is false, Y is false. X: He was a bachelor all his life. Y: He never married in his life. X: The boy killed the dog. Y: The dog was killed by the boy. 考研语言学 谭宗燕70(2) X is inconsistent with Y（矛盾关系）In terms of truth conditioning, if X is true, Y is

49、false, and if X is false, Y is true.X: John is married.Y: John is a bachelor.X: This is my first visit to your countryY: I have been to your country before. 考研语言学 谭宗燕71(3)X entails Y（衍推关系）Entailment is a relation of inclusion. If X entails Y, then the meaning of X is included in Y.X: John married a

50、blond heiress.Y: John married a blond.X: He has been to France.Y: He had been to Europe.If X is true, Y is necessarily true, e.g. If he has been to France, he must have been to Europe.If X is false, Y may be true of false, e.g. If he has not been to France, he may have been to Europe or he has not b

51、een to Europe. 考研语言学 谭宗燕72(4)X presupposes Y (Y is a prerequisite of X)（预设关系）X: Johns bike needs repairing.Y: John has a bike.X: The queen of England is old.Y: England has a queen. If X is true, Y must be true, e.g. If Johns bike needs repairing, John must have a bike.If X is false, Y is still true,

52、 e.g. If Johns bike does not need repairing, John still has a bike. 考研语言学 谭宗燕73(5)X is a contradiction（自相矛盾句）When X is a contradiction, it is invariably false, e.g. My unmarried sister is married to a bachelor.考研语言学 谭宗燕74(6)X is semantically anomalous（语义反常句）e.g. The table has bad intensions.When X i

53、s semantically anomalous, it is absurd in the sense that it presupposes a contradiction. The sentence above presupposes “A table can have intensions”, which is obviously absurd. 考研语言学 谭宗燕75湖南大学2004 Of the five semantic relations among sentences: paraphrase, entailment, contradiction, presupposition

54、and tautology. Which of the following is exemplified in each pairs?A. I saw Timothy at the party. it was Timothy that I saw at theparty.B.The orphan has no father.C.Jules is Marys husband. Mary is married.D.Vera is an only child. Olga is Veras sister.E. The mayor of Manchester is a woman. There is a

55、 mayor in Manchester.KEY: paraphrase, tautology, entailment, contradiction, presupposition考研语言学 谭宗燕76广外2004 The following sentences make certain presuppositons. What are they? a.The police ordered the minors to stop drinking. B.Please take me out to the ball game again. C.valerie regretted not recei

56、ving a new T-bird for Labor Day. D.That her pet turtle ran away made Emily very sad. E.The administration forgot that the profs support the students. F.It is strange that the united states invaded Cambodia in 1970. G.Isnt it strange that ? H. Disa wants more popcorn. I.Why do not pigs have wings? J.

57、Who discovered America in 1492?考研语言学 谭宗燕77湖大 Account for the difference between sentence a and b in terms of presupposition. A. John admitted that the team has lost. B.John said that the team has lost.考研语言学 谭宗燕78上海交大 What seems to be the oddness in each of the following sentences in terms of semanti

58、c features? A. the television drank my cup of tea. B. he murdered the stone ruthlessly. Semantically anomalous考研语言学 谭宗燕79北外2001 In the use of gradable antonyms, there is generally one member of the pair that is called the unmarked member. This unmarked member is used more often than the other in cer

59、tain constructions. For example, we usa.say How old is he? If we want to know sbs age, and not How young is he? In addition, we say John is 8 years old, never John is 5 years young. This is taken as evidence that old is the unmarked member of the old-young pair. (1) now determine the unmarked member

60、 and justify your answer:小-大， 长-短， 远-近， 少-多， 好-坏（2）think of one special situation for two pairs out of the above five where the marked member is more typically used.explain briefly what kind of meaning is conveyed by such uses.考研语言学 谭宗燕80Answer 1)in each of the gradable antonyms, the term for the higher degree usa.serves as