Lesson-3-At-War-with-the-PlanetPPT课件

1、2021/7/231高 级 英 语 Book 6河南农业大学外国语学院2021/7/232Lesson Three At War with the Planet2021/7/233Barry Commoner 2021/7/234About the author: Barry Commoner(1917): American biologist， college professor, Environmental Scientist and eco-socialist/Social Activist . He has been an outspoken, radical motivator of

2、 change on such environmental issues as energy conservation, pesticide use, waste management and control of toxic chemicals. He ran for president of the United States in the 1980 U.S. presidential election on the Citizens Party ticket. 2021/7/235Barry Commoner Commoner was born in Brooklyn. He recei

3、ved his bachelors degree in zoology from Columbia University (1937) and his masters and doctoral degrees from Harvard University. After serving as a lieutenant in the United States Navy during World War II, Commoner moved to St. Louis and became a professor of plant physiology植物生理学 at Washington Uni

4、versity, where he taught for 34 years. 2021/7/236Barry Commoner During the late 1950s, Commoner became a well-known protester against nuclear testing. He went on to write several books about the negative ecological effects of above-ground nuclear testing. In 1970 he received the International Humani

5、st Award from the International Humanist and Ethical Union. Commoner criticized Ronald Reagan and George Bush for regulating pollution and not preventing it.2021/7/237Barry Commoner His warnings, since the 1950s, of the environmental threats posed by modern technology (including nuclear weapons, use

6、 of pesticides and other toxic chemicals, and ineffective waste management) in such works as his classic Science and Survival (1966) made him one of the foremost environmentalist spokesmen of his time. He was a third-party candidate for U.S. president in 1980.2021/7/238Barry Commoner In 1966 he foun

7、ded the Center for the Biology of Natural Systems (CBNS) to study the science of the total environment，to study mans relationship with the environment In 1981 Commoner moved CBNS to Queen College in Flushing, N.Y., where the team he directs continues its research in conservation and ecological scien

8、ce. The author of 9 books, Barry Commoner, a pioneer in the creation of the environment movement, was termed the “Paul Revere of Ecology” 2021/7/239Barry Commoner Commoners activist career can be defined as an attempt to weave together a larger vision of social justice. Since the 1960s, he has calle

9、d attention to parallels between the environmental, civil rights, labor, and peace movements, and connected environmental decline with poverty, injustice, exploitation, and war, arguing that the root cause of environmental problems was the American economic system and its manifestations. 2021/7/2310

10、Barry Commoner美 巴里康芒纳（Barry Commoner）封闭的循环封闭的循环（THE CLOSING CIRCLE ）自然、人和技术自然、人和技术 （NATURE,MAN ADN TECHNOLOGY）2021/7/2311 美国在1970年突然发现，自己的国家正处于各种环境危险的困扰之中：光化学烟雾笼罩着许多城市；农场主忧虑着有毒的杀虫剂和硝酸盐所污染的供水；青年人抗议着来自原子弹和核电站的射尘威胁；孩子们遭受着他们体内的高水准的铅所引起的病苦。封闭的循环的写作目的就是要说明这些令人恐惧的问题的根源。书中指出，所有这些问题都是自第二次世界大战之后在美国生产体系中所发生的巨大

11、变革的结果：光化学烟雾是汽车发动机泄露出氧化氮引起光化反应而产生的；污染农业地区的化肥和杀虫剂是为了增加粮食生产而被使用的；射线危险是由核能引起的；添加在汽油中的铅是开动高效率机动车引擎所必需的。所有这些新生产技术都是在无知的情况下被应用的。而事实上所有新的变革都可以在不失去经济利益的前提下做到。2021/7/2312Barry Commoner Four Laws of Ecology written in his The Closing Circle in 1971. The four laws are: 1. Everything is Connected to Everything E

12、lse. There is one ecosphere for all living organisms and what affects one, affects all. 2. Everything Must Go Somewhere. There is no waste in nature and there is no “away” to which things can be thrown. 3. Nature Knows Best. Humankind has fashioned technology to improve upon nature, but such change

13、in a natural system is, says Commoner, “likely to be detrimental(harmful) to that system.” 4. There Is No Such Thing as a Free Lunch. Everything comes from something. Theres no such thing as spontaneous existence.2021/7/2313Barry Commoner 2021/7/2314Barry Commoner He said, When a pollutant is attack

14、ed at the point of originin the production process that generates itthe pollutant can be eliminated; once it is produced, it is too late. This is the simple but powerful lesson of the two decades of intense but largely futile effort to improve the quality of the environment.2021/7/2315The Environmen

15、tal Pollution The air pollution2021/7/2316 Smog2021/7/2317 The water pollution2021/7/2318 The traffic pollution2021/7/2319 The white pollution2021/7/2320 The soil pollution2021/7/2321 Light pollution2021/7/2322How the worlds climate may change in the future Climate change is one of the most serious

16、environmental threats facing the world today. Its impacts will be felt across the world, as sea level rise threatens the existence of some small island states and puts millions of people at risk. Temperature increases, drought and flooding will affect peoples health and way of life, and cause the ir

17、reversible loss of many species of plants and animals.2021/7/2323How the worlds climate may change in the future Average global surface temperatures have increased by 0.6C over the 20th century. The ten hottest years on record have all occurred since the beginning of the 1990s. According to the Inte

18、rgovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) the strong warming of the last 50 years cannot be explained by natural climate variations alone, but requires the inclusion of the effects of human emissions. 2021/7/2324How the worlds climate may change in the future Much of the observed rise in sea-leve

19、l (10 - 20 cm) during the 20th century may be related to this increase in global mean temperatures. Current climate models predict that global temperatures will rise by a further 1.4 to 5.8 C by the end of the 21st century. Global mean sea levels are also predicted to rise by 9 to 88 cm by 2100.2021

20、/7/2325 拯救地球就是拯救未来拯救地球就是拯救未来 地球是人类共同的家园。然而20世纪以来，随着科学技术的发展和经济规模的扩大，人类赖以生存的地球发生了巨大的变化。有资料表明：目前全球人口正以每年9000多万人的幅度增长，世界人口2000年已达到60亿，到21世纪中期将达100亿.全球已有30%的土地因人类的活动遭致退化，每年流失土壤约240 亿吨。全世界每年流入海洋的石油达1000多万吨，重金属几百万吨，还有数不清的生活垃圾。水中的病菌和污染物每年造成约2500万人死亡。 2021/7/2326 全球每年向大气中排放的二氧化碳约有230亿吨，比20世纪初增加了25%，与此同时空气中的颗

21、粒物质、二氧化硫、一氧化碳、硫化氢等污染物也大量增加。全世界森林面积以每年约1700万公顷的速度消失，平均每天有140种生物消亡等。触目惊心的环境污染随处可见：天空昏暗、空气污浊、污水横流、垃圾围城，连远在冰天雪地的南极企鹅penguin体内也发现DDT等农药残余，珠穆朗玛峰遍地狼藉？所有这一切都在向人类发出警示：人类在破坏地球环境的同时，也在毁灭着自己。人类只有一个地球，尊重地球就是尊重生命，拯救地球就是拯救未来！2021/7/2327General Structure Part I (Para.1) This is the introductory part in which the au

22、thor raises the theme that people live in two worlds. Part II (Paras.2-5) In this part, the author explains why the two worlds are at war. Part III (Paras.6-9) The first law of the ecosphere and the law governing the relationship between man-made objects and the surroundings2021/7/2328 Part IV (Para

23、s.10-11) the closed cyclical process of ecosphere and the linear process of technosphere Part V (Paras.12-14) the consistent and harmonious nature of the ecosphere as contrasted to the rapid change and variation of the technosphere Part VI. (Paras.15-16) comparison between the consequences of failur

24、e of the ecosphere and that of the technosphereGeneral Structure2021/7/2329 Part VII (Paras.17-21) Since the two worlds are at war, the issue can only be understood in terms of their interplay. It will be dangerous for us to take sides, ignoring the interests of one combatant or the other.Part VIII.

25、 (Paras.22-23) Conclusion: the author once again stresses the importance of understanding the interplay of the two worlds and on the basis of this understanding, making it our task to find ways to make peace with the planet. General Structure2021/7/2330 At War with the Planet Para1 1. What is the fu

26、nction of the first paragraph? It serves as an introduction. In this part, the author raises the theme that people live in two worlds. 2. This first sentence has already kept us in suspense. Why do people live in two worlds, what kind of worlds are they, this world and the next? Could we live here a

27、nd there at the same time? According to the author, what are the two worlds that people live in? The two worlds refer to the natural world and the world of human creation, that is, man-made world. 2021/7/2331At War with the Planet Para.1 3. What are the differences between these two worlds? How do p

28、eople think of these two worlds? The natural world is beyond human control. Generally we think that we are responsible for events of our own world, but not for what occurs in the natural world. Exempt from: free from an obligation, duty or payment e. g. goods exempt from tax The handicapped are exem

29、pt from military service. 2021/7/2332At War with the Planet Para.2 1. Now, on a planetary scale, this division has been breached breach: break, to make a gap in a walls or barrier, etc. This is a transitional sentence, linking up the following part with the first paragraph. It also leads to further

30、explanation of the interaction between the two worlds. Globally, the division between the two worlds has been broken. They are no longer separated. The implied meaning is what humans do in the technosphere will have effect on the ecosphere. 2021/7/2333At War with the Planet Hole in the Earths protec

31、tive ozone layer 臭氧层具有保护地球表面遭受来自太阳的强烈紫外线的照射，这些紫外线能够导致皮肤癌的产生。由此看来，臭氧层其实就是地球的保护伞，现在由于损害臭氧层的化学气体的排放，臭氧层已经变得越来越薄，好象伞上破了一个洞，而且洞在日益地增大， 这对伞下自然会有影响。许多人都在担心皮肤癌的发病率会大大增加.2021/7/23342021/7/2335 2021/7/2336 2. even droughts, floods, and heat waves may become unwitting acts of man. Both the hole in ozone layer

32、and global warming are consequences of human deeds. What people do in the technosphere may unintentionally have adverse effects on the ecosphere, and, in turn, will cause other natural disasters like droughts, floods and heat waves. At War with the Planet2021/7/2337At War with the Planet 2. even dro

33、ughts, floods, and heat waves may become unwitting acts of man. For example, in order to reclaim land, or to gather firewood, people would cut down trees and bushes, thus causing deforestation. Without the protection of forests, there will be floods, droughts and landslides. In history, our loess pl

34、ateau(黄土高坡) was once covered with thick forest and the soil was fertile. With forest gone, it has turned into a barren land2021/7/2338At War with the Planet Para.31. Like the Creation, the portending global events are cosmic to portend: to be an omen or warning of portending: ominous, threatening gl

35、obal events: refer to events such as the hole in the ozone layer and global warming like the Creation of the universe, events that happen on the earth may have vast effects, especially on the relationship between the planet earth and the sun2021/7/2339 Para3 2. The suns powerful influence on the ear

36、th is exerted by two forces: The sun exerts its powerful influence on the earth through two forces. exert: to use or apply a quality, skill, pressure, etc施加She exerted a lot of pressure on her children to succeed.At War with the Planet2021/7/2340 Para3 Solar radiation largrly vixible and ultraviolat

37、e light is a vast stream of energy that bathes the Earths surface, fluctuatingfrom day to noght and season to season. 太阳能 主要是可见光和紫外线 是源源不断的用之不竭的能量，沐浴着大地表层，随着昼夜和季节的变化而波动。At War with the Planet2021/7/2341 Para3 3. Solar energy fuels of living things. solar energy fuels the energy-requiring processes o

38、f lifeTo fuel: to provide fuel, to give power to The photosynthesis of plants is a case in point.The current behavior of many animals and plants is the result of climate change over millions of years. At War with the Planet2021/7/2342Para34. We have been tampering with this powerful force, unaware,

39、like the Sorcerers apprentice, of the potentially disastrous consequences of our action.我们一直在瞎鼓捣这股强大的力量，却不知道我们这种行为潜在的灾难性后果，就像传说中魔术师的徒弟一样。At War with the Planet2021/7/2343Para34. We have been tampering with this powerful force, unaware, like the Sorcerers apprentice, of the potentially disastrous con

40、sequences of our action.tamper with sth: to interfere with or alter sth without authoritysorcerers apprentice: see note 2. Its an interesting folklore. Why does the author say that we have been behaving like the Sorcerers Apprentice? Because we have been doing things without knowing that they may ha

41、ve serious effects on the planet Earth At War with the Planet2021/7/2344At War with the PlanetPara.4 We have become accustomed to the now mundane image of the Earth as seen from .is misleading. mundane: commonplace, ordinarySeen from the moon, one cannot witness traces of human activities.But this i

42、mage, now repeatedly thrust before us -, is misleading: The earth we see in photos, posters, and ads, which appears so beautiful, is not a true reflection of the world we live in。2021/7/2345At War with the PlanetPara.4 What is the authors view of the image?The author thinks that the image is spectac

43、ular but is misleading, because it fails to show human damage to the earth. 2021/7/2346 Para.4 2. Even if the global warming catastrophe never materializes, - in ways that may not register on the camera即使全球变暖这种灾难永不发生，即使臭氧空洞仍然只是一种深奥的极地现象，人类活动也已极大地改变了全球条件，这些也许是照相机拍不出来的。 register: be captured, appear a

44、pparent human activity has already greatly changed global conditions in hidden / covert ways that are hard to discover. The following sentence gives us supporting examples: radioactivity has changed global conditions yet it is hard to capture radioactivity with a camera.At War with the Planet2021/7/

45、2347 Para.4 3. - carcinogenic synthetic pesticides have been detested in mothers milk all over the world Tests of mothers milk all over the world show the existence of synthetic pesticide which might cause cancer. This indicates that mothers have eaten food with residues of synthetic pesticide.At Wa

46、r with the Planet2021/7/2348 Para.4 4. great forests haven been cut down, destroying ecological niches and their resident species. niche: (biology) the conditions in which a species can live successfully ecological niches and their resident species: 生态小环境及生活在其中的物种。 At War with the Planet2021/7/2349A

47、t War with the Planet Para.51. Clearly, we need to understand the interaction between our two worlds: - powerful enough to deserve so grandiose a term. what is the ecosphere?(生态圈) According to the author, the ecosphere refers to air, water and soil that cover the earth and the plants and animals tha

48、t live in it. technosphere: a term coined by the author, imitating and in contrast with ecosphere. The use of suffix sphere makes the term appear unnecessarily grand. 2021/7/2350 Para5 2. The technosphere has become sufficiently large and intense to alter the natural processes that govern the ecosph

49、ere Human activities have taken place over such large areas and with such intensity that they have already caused disastrous effects on ecology.At War with the Planet2021/7/2351 Para5 3. catastrophically diminishing our ability to provide for basic human needs. Frequent natural disasters (caused by

50、or worsened by human disruption of the ecological system) have reduced our ability to satisfy the needs of people on earth.At War with the Planet2021/7/2352 Para5 4. The human attack on the ecosphere has instigated an ecological counterattack. The two worlds are at war. instigate: to make sth begin

51、or happen; initiate; touch off; trigger off; spark off e.g. to instigate a strike / an attack The police have instigated an official inquiry into the incident The author is expressing the idea in a metaphorical way. The response of the ecosphere is compared to a counterattack.At War with the Planet2

52、021/7/2353At War with the Planet Para.6 1. The two spheres in which we live are governed by very different laws. This statement leads to the comparison of different laws and the root of the war. 2. One of the basic laws - “everything is connected to everything else.” What is the first law that gover

53、ns the ecosphere? The first law is that in ecosphere, every component is related to other components, thus forming an elaborate network.2021/7/2354At War with the Planet Para.6 3. Thus, in an aquatic ecosystem a fish is not only a fish, the parent of other fish 因此，在海洋生态系统中，鱼不仅是鱼，也不仅是其他鱼的生育者 4. It is

54、 also. the habitat of parasites; the fish hawks prey. the habitat of parasites: a place where parasites live 寄生虫的栖息地 the fish hawks prey: potential food for the hawk鱼鹰的捕食对象2021/7/2355 Para6 5. The fish is not only, existentially, a fish, but also an element of this network, which defines its functio

55、ns. the fish is not only, existentially, a fish 鱼不仅仅是生存意义上的一条鱼, 还是这一系统中的一个成分，系统决定着它扮演各种角色，发挥不同作用。 The function of the fish is determined by the role it plays in the ecological network.At War with the Planet2021/7/2356灭绝后的海洋生物灭绝前的海洋生物2021/7/23572021/7/2358 Para6 6. Indeed, in the evolutionary sense,

56、a good part of the network - because it fitted properly into the preexisting system. How does the fish live? Well, the fish perhaps lives on other small fish. Then those small fish would feed on underwater grass (plant) or microorganisms. That is to say, the existence of the fish is based on the exi

57、stence of microorganism and plant. Microorganism and plant are what precedes the fish in the network. This fish could live (establish itself) only because it takes those plant and microorganism as its food (it fitted properly into the preexisting system) At War with the Planet2021/7/2359 Para6 6. In

58、deed, in the evolutionary sense, a good part of the network - because it fitted properly into the preexisting system. The fish could play its role because it became a necessary link with the processes proceeding it and the processes following it in the ecological system.At War with the Planet2021/7/

59、2360At War with the Planet Para.7A car, for example, imposes itself on the neighborhood rather than being defined by it to impose sth on sth: to inflict sth; e.g. to impose restrictions/limitations/ restrains on trade A car does not respond to its environment but insists on its own needs being met.

60、In other words, a car is independent of its surroundings. 2021/7/2361 Densely packed freeways:2021/7/2362Quiet country village2021/7/2363Rolls Royce 2021/7/2364 Para7 2. It is true, of course, that all cars must have a width that is accommodated by the traffic lanes, and must have proper brakes, lig