语法动名词分词

1、 第二节 动名词动名词由动词原形加词尾-ing构成，其构成法与现在分词一样。动名词既有动词性质又有名词性质。动名词在句中可用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、补语等。一、动名词的形式动名词的形式如下表：时态主动语态被动语态一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done二、动名词的功用1.动名词作主语动名词可位于句首，用作主语，表示一般概念，强调习惯性动作。例1：Seeing is believing.百闻不如一见。 Saving is having. 节约就是收入。1：Finding a job in such a big company has al

2、ways been his wildest dreams.A)under B)over C)above D)beyondbeyond意为“超出，出乎，为所不能及”。全句意思是：在这样一个大公司找到工作一直是他不敢想象的。D注：在一些句子中，常用it作形式主语，将用作真实主语的动名词放在句末。it is后可接no use， no good， fun等名词，也可接useless，nice，good，interesting等形容词。例1：It's great fun sailing a boat. 扬帆驾舟是十分有趣的。例2：It's good hearing English spo

3、ken. 听到人讲英语，我很高兴。1：There is no use over spilt milk.A)of being crying B)cryingC)to cry D)if you will cryIt is no use或There is no use结构中都应用动名词。全句意思是：木已成舟，后悔无益。BIt's no use me not to worry. A)you tell B)your telling C)for you to have told D)having toldIt's no use(good) doing something 是口语常用的一种句

4、型。如果动名词带有行为主体，则用代词所有格表示。全句意思是：你叫我别担心，这是不可能的。BI dont like _ bills but when I do get themI like _ them promptly. A. to get, paying B. getting, to pay C. to get, to pay D. getting, payinglike doing sth.喜欢（强调习惯性动作）like to do sth.喜欢（强调一次性动作）2.动名词作表语The main thing is getting here in time.动名词做表语和进行时态的的现在分词

5、区别Her job is washing dishes.(做表语）She is washing dishes.（与is 构成现在进行时做谓语） 动名词表示抽象的、一般的行为通常表示已经知道的事实或者经验不定表示具体的、特定的行为，通常表示一种意愿、目的或者未完成的事情。 His ambition is win the championship.My favorite sport is (skate).My hope(goal,desire,wish, intention,plan purpose,) is (fulfill or fulfilling)the mission.3. 动名词作定语

6、He may be in the reading room. 他可能在阅览室里。They set up an operating table. 他们搭起一个手术台。a moving truck 正在移动的汽车(moving为现在分词，与truck有主谓关系)a moving truck 搬家汽车(moving为动名词，说明truck的用途)a hunting dog 正在猎物的狗(hunting为现在分词，与dog有主谓关系)a hunting dog 猎狗(hunting为动名词，说明dog的用途)4.动名词作补语用来表示宾语“是什么”.We call the activity hiking

7、.我们把这种活动叫做徒步旅行 hiking 说明宾语 activity 是什么）I call this robbing Peter to pay Paul. 我管这个叫拆东墙补西墙。（宾补语）This is called tuning things upside down. 这叫把事物颠倒了。(主语补语）5.动名词作宾语(1)某些及物动词后可接动名词作宾语，这些常见、常考的动词如下表：admit，appreciate，avoid，deny，enjoy，finish，miss， postpone，practice，quit，resent，resist，suggest，keep，complete，

8、anticipate，discuss，mention，tolerate，understand，favor，escape，forgive，consider，prohibit，mind，dislike，acknowledge，fancy，defer，imagine等。He detests smoking.I suggest doing it in a different way. 我建议换一种方法做此事。The students anticipate having a good time in the Spring Festival at home.学生们预料春节在家里会过得很愉快。1：Mark

9、often attempts to escape whenever he breaks traffic regulations.A)having been fined B)to have been finedC)being fined D)to be finedescape后只能接动名词或名词，不接不定式，fine是及物动词，在这里要用被动语态，而且句子讲的是经常性动作，应当用一般时态。全句意思是：每当马克违反交通规则时，他常常企图逃避罚款处分。C2：People appreciate with him because he has a good sense of humor.A)to wor

10、k B)to have workedC)working D)having worked动词appreciate后面应接动名词，并且该句描述的是一般性动作，应当用一般时态。全句意思是：人们喜欢和他一起工作，因为他很有幽默感。C(2)动名词做短语动词的宾语。在动名词作短语动词的宾语时，应特别注意在一些短语动词后的to究竟是介词，还是不定式符号。如在下列短语中的to都是介词：lead to，contribute to，devote to，object to，look forward to，dedicate to，confess to，be used to1：They objected to leav

11、ing school and going to work.他们反对辍学去打工。2：Jane's summer vacation in England led to her marrying an Englishman. 简的暑假在英国度过，这使她嫁给了一个英国人。3.He is fond of taking a walk.4 This book is worth(介词) reading.worth 通常只用作表语，不用于名词前作定语；It isnt worth the trouble.  worthy 值得.的与of 连用，&

12、#160;和 worthwhile（值得的） 可用作表语和定语。His behavior is worthy of great praise. He is a worthy gentleman.  They achieved a very worthwhile result. T IIS is worthwhile to stay up all night to watch the game.1：

13、I'm sure your suggestion will the problem.A) contribute to solving B)contribute to solve C)be contributed to solve D)be contributed to solvingcontribute to中的to是介词，其后应接动名词，并且suggestion是该动词短语的主体，故要用主动语态。全句意思是：我确信你的建议将有助于我们解决这个问题。A2：The match was cancelled because most of the members a match withou

14、t a standard court.A)objected to have B)were objected to haveC)objected to having D)were objected to having该句中的object是不及物动词，无被动语态。object to中的to是介词，后接动名词。全句意思是：比赛取消了，因为大多数人反对在没有一个标准球场的情况下举行比赛。C三、动名词的复合结构“名词所有格(或物主代词)+动名词”，即构成动名词的复合结构。在该结构中，名词所有格或物主代词是动名词的逻辑主语，在句中可作主语或宾语。一般说来，该结构用作宾语时，对于有生命的名词来说，既可以用名

15、词又可用名词所有格，但以直接使用名词为宜；对于无生命的名词来说，一般避免使用所有格；对于指代人的代词来说，使用其物主代词为宜。1：Excuse my interrupting you.请原谅我打断你的话。2：I was awakened by the door being opened.有人开门把我吵醒了。3：I don't like stranger's interfering in my affairs.我不喜欢局外人干涉我的事。I remember to help us if we ever got into trouble.A)once offering B)him o

16、nce offering C)him to offer D)to offer himremember doing sth.表示记得做过某事，这里的动名词短语作宾语，其逻辑主语用代词宾格him，也可用所有格his，remember todo sth.的含义是“记住，别忘记(尚未做的事)”，而不是“记得(做过的事)”。全句意思是：我记得他曾主动提出，如果我们遇到麻烦，他会帮我们一把BAlthough punctual himself， the professor was quite used late for his lecture.A)to have students B)for student

17、s' being C)for students to be D)to students' being本题中be used to短语后接动名词，表示“习惯于”。其中动名词短语being late for his lecture的逻辑主语是students，以名词所有格形式出现。全句意思是：尽管教授自己很准时，但对学生们上课时迟到的现象却习以为常。D注：在下列句型或固定搭配中常用动名词be busy doing sth.have trouble (difficulty) in doing sth.There is no doing sth.can't help doing

18、sth.There is no sense (point，harm，fun) in doing sth.It's no use (good) doing sth.等等。1：There is no knowing when he will come again.不知道他什么时候再来。：I can't help admiring his speech.我禁不住称赞他的演讲。Jean didn't have time to go to the concert last night because she was busy for her examination.A)to pr

19、epare B)to be prepared C)preparing D)being prepared形容词busy表示“忙于做什么”时，后面接动名词。全句意思是：琼昨晚没有时间去听音乐会，因为她忙于准备考试。CSometimes very young children have trouble fact from fiction and may believe that such things actually existA)for separating B)to separate C)having separated D)separating在have trouble(in) doing

20、sth.结构中应用动名词，表示“干有困难”。全句意思是：有时孩子难以将事实与虚构区分开，因而可能相信实际上存在这样的事情。C四、动名词的完成式当动名词所表示的动作发生在句子谓语动词所表示的动作之前时，该动名词要使用完成式。 His having left made the situation extremely hard for us.他一走使我们的处境极为困难。I regret not having taken your advice.我后悔没有听你的劝告。The man in the corner confessed to a lie to the manager of the compa

21、ny.A)have told B)be told C)being told D)having told动词confess后面可接介词to，也可省略to，直接接动名词和名词。此外，tell a lie这一行为必然发生在confess之前，所以用动名词的完成式。全句意思是：角落里的那个人承认自己对公司经理撒了谎。DThe police accused him of setting fire to the building but he denied in the area on the night of the fire.A)to be B)to have been C)having been D

22、)be动词deny后面可接动名词和名词。因为句中有状语on the night of the fire，该句中动名词短语表示的动作应发生在deny这一动作之前。全句意思是：警察控告他放火烧毁那座建筑物，但他却否认在火灾当晚去过那里。C五、动名词的被动式当动名词与被其修饰说明的名词或代词在逻辑上是动宾关系时，该动名词要使用被动式。I couldn't help being moved by his speech. 我不得不为他的发言所感动。I don't remember having ever been asked to answer the question. 我不记得曾经有

23、人要我解答这个问题。I appreciate to your home.A)to be invited B)to have invited C)having invited D)being invited动词appreciate后面接动名词，表示“感谢”。此外，动名词短语的逻辑主语是“I”，它是invite这一动作的客体，所以应用被动态。全句意思是：感谢你邀请我到你家。(即：能被邀请到你家，我很感激。)DThe squirrel was lucky that it just missed .A)catching B)to be caught C)being caught D)to catchm

24、iss后接动名词，表示“避免(灾难)、躲过”，动名词短语动作catch与其逻辑主语squirrel之间是动宾关系，所以应当用动名词的被动式。全句意思是：这只松鼠很幸运没有被捉住。C注：在某些动词后的动名词的主动形式可以表示被动含义。这些动词有need，require，want，deserve等等。The question requires studying (to be studied). 这个问题需要研究。The naughty boy deserves warning (to be warned). 这顽皮的男孩应当受到警告。Your hair wants .You'd bette

25、r have it done tomorrow.A)cut B)to cut C)cutting D)being cut句中的wants等于needs，是一种口语习惯说法，后接动名词主动式。这时动名词主动式有被动含义，动名词与主语之间是动宾关系，所以用cutting，相当于to be cut。全句意思是：你的头发该理了，最好明天就去理。CThe electric shaver before it can be used.A)needs repairing B)should be in repair C)has to be repairable D)must repair此处的needs rep

26、airing相当于needs to be repaired。全句意思是：这个电动剃须刀得先修一下才能用。A六、动名词的否定式直接在动名词前加not，就可构成该动名词的否定式。I fancy it has done you a lot of good not going.我看不去对你倒太好了。He was nervous from not having spoken in public.他由于从未做过公开演讲而觉得紧张。1：John regretted to the meeting last week.A)not going B)not to go C)not having been going

27、 D)not to be going动词regret表示“因而后悔”时，后接动名词或名词，而当regret表示“为传达令人不快的事件而感到抱歉或遗憾”时，后接不定式。全句意思是：约翰后悔上星期没有去参加会议。AI never regretted _ his offer, for it was not where my interest lay. a. not to accept b. not having accepted c. having not accepted d. not accepting七、不定式和动名词的比较(1)一般地说，动名词着重过程，不定式着重结果；动名词侧重于表示抽象、

28、泛指动作，或暗示已有的经验，并不明确说明动作发生的时间，而不定式侧重于比较具体的某一次动作，还可以表示尚未发生的动作。My job is teaching English. 我的工作是教授英语。My main task now is to teach them to read the text. 我现在的主要任务是教他们读课文。(2)有不少动词后既可以接动名词亦可接动词不定式，但意义却有所不同。总的说来，不定式表示动作尚未发生或尚未完成，而动名词则表示动作已经发生或已经完成。这类动词有stop，remember，forget，regret，try，mean，go on等。例1：Try knoc

29、king at the back door if nobody hears you at the front door.前门如没有人答应，就敲后门试试看。(try 意为“尝试”)Try to get some sleep.试图去睡一会儿吧。(try意为“试图”，“企图”) 例2： I regret missing the film. 我后悔没看上那部电影。(动名词missing指过去)I regret to say that I cannot come. 我很抱歉，我不能来了。(不定式to say指现在)此外：“remember+动名词”表示“记得做过某事” “remember+不定式”表示“

30、记得要做的事” “mean+动名词”表示“意味着，意思是” “mean+不定式”表示“打算，想要” “forget+动名词”表示“忘了做过某事” “forget+不定式”表示“忘了要做某事” “stop+动名词”表示“停止干某事” “stop+不定式”表示“停下来去干某事” I remember the door before I went to bed.A)locking B)to lock C)to have locked D)being lockedremember doing表示“记得做过某事”与该题的过去时间相一致。全句意思是：我记得我在上床睡觉前已锁了门。AIf I had rem

31、embered the window ,the thief would not have got in.A)to close B)closing C)to have closed D)having closed该题中的虚拟语气表示“要是记得把窗户关起来”，强调未发生的动作，因此选不定式to close。本句意思是：我要是记得把窗子关起来的话，小偷就进不来了A。(3)有些动词后直接接动名词作宾语，而接不定式作宾语补足语。这类动词有advise，admit，allow，consider，permit，encourage，forbid，intend，recommend， authorize等等。Sh

32、e recommended us to visit the town of London. 她建议我们游览伦敦。She recommended our visiting the town of London. 她建议我们游览伦敦。The teacher doesn't permit in class.A)smoke B)to smoke C)smoking D)to have a smoke动词permit的用法是permit doing或是permit sb.to do。又如：The policemen permitted him to park there.警察允许他在那儿停车。全

33、句意思是：老师不允许上课吸烟C。 They are considering before the prices go up.A)of buying the house B)with buying the house C)buying the house D)to buy the house动词consider的用法是consider doing或是consider sb.to do。又如：I consider him to have acted disgracefully.我认为他的行为很丢脸。全句意思是：他们正在考虑趁房价未涨时把房子买下来。C第三节 现在分词分词也是一种非限定动词形式。分词

34、有现在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词的具体构成法与动名词一样，即由动词原形加词尾-ing构成。现在分词在句中可用作表语、定语、状语、补语等。现在分词一般表示主动和正在进行。一、现在分词的形式现在分词的形式如下表所示：时态主动语态被动语态一般式doingbeing done完成式having donehaving been done二、现在分词的功用1.用作表语例1：The day was so charming. 天气是如此地好。例2：The theory sounds quite convincing. 这种分析听上去非常令人信服。注：现在分词作表语相当于形容词(有些现在分词已经转化成了形容词

35、)作表语，常可用quite，rather，very等程度副词修饰，而动名词作表语相当于名词作表语，不可以用程度副词来修饰。2.现在分词作定语单个的现在分词作定语时，一般放在它所修饰的名词之前a running boy。而现在分词短语作定语时，一般放在它所修饰的名词之后，往往具有进行、持续的含义，与谓语所表示的动作同时发生。1：I saw a notice warning people not to smoke.我看到一则通知，告诫人们不要抽烟。2：We must keep a secret of things being discussed here.我们必须对这里正在讨论的事情保密。现在分词

36、及其短语也可以用作非限制性定语3.There I met a friend, fishing.4.He was a great realist, writing about ordinary people in their misfortunes.用作定语的现在分词有两种。一种已转化为形容词，已我动词性质，不但可以被副词VERY 修饰，而且可有比较的变化。另一种则仍有动词性质，不可被副词VERY 修饰，也没有比较的变化a promising young man (已转化为形容词，我动词性质）a running guy（未转化为形容词，仍有动词性质）If I correct someone，I

37、will do it with as much good humor and self-restraint as if I were the one .A)to correct B)correcting C)having corrected D)being corrected根据全句的含义，我们可以判断出the one和后面的定语之间为被动的关系，所以应当用现在分词的被动式。全句意思是：如果我纠正、批评别人，我会采取幽默、克制的态度，就像被纠正、批评的人是自己一样。D2：As early as 1647 Ohio made a decision that free，tax-supported

38、schools must be established in every town 50 households or more. A)having B)to have C)to have had D)having had该句中的现在分词短语having 50 households or more作定语，修饰every town。全句意思是：早在1647年，俄亥俄州就作出决定，拥有50户或50户以上家庭的每一个镇都必须建立由税收支持的免费学校。A注：在一些固定搭配中，现在分词作定语必须置于它所修饰的名词之后。如nothing doing(不行，表示拒绝)，for the time being(现

39、在)，for years running(连续几年)等等。there is noting doing3.用作状语现在分词用作状语，可表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况。1.条件 原因 让步状语一般位于句首，要用逗号隔开。 表示结果， 方式 ，伴随状语时要位于句尾 且与前面用逗号隔开，有时也可以不用 2. 注意分词作状语时的逻辑主语（即分词动作的发出者）一般要与句中主语保持一致1）作时间状语 Walking in the street, I saw him.当我在街上走时，我看到他了 可以转化为一个时间状语从句 When/While I was walking in2）作条件状语 W

40、orking hard, you will succeed. 3）作原因状语 Being ill, she stayed at home. 4）作让步状语 Having failed many times,he didn't lost heart. 5）作结果状语 His friend died, leaving him a lot of money, 6）作方式状语 He died a hero fighting the bandits for us. 7）作伴随状语 He is standing there, reading . 少数现在分词可以放在形容词前面，相当副词的作用,表示

41、非常或是极。freezing(biting, piercing) cold 极冷burning(steaming, scorching) hot 极热raving mad 疯狂 soaking wet 湿透1：If the ocean were free of ice，storm paths would move further north， the plains of North America of rainfall.A)to deprive B)deprived C)depriving D)having deprived该句中的现在分词短语depriving the plains of

42、North America of rainfall作storm paths would move further north的伴随状语。全句意思是：如果洋面没有冰的话，风暴的路线便会再往北移，北美平原便没有降雨了。C2： the earth to be flat，many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth.A)Having believed B)Believing C)Believed D)Being believed该句中的主语many与原因状语的动词believe之间为主动的关系，且谓语动词fear与beli

43、eve之间并无时间上的前后之分，因此选择现在分词的一般式believing。全句意思是：由于认为地球是平的，许多人担心哥伦布会从地球边缘掉下去。B4.用作补语两类动词可以加现在分词作宾补. 宾语与作宾补的现在分词之间存在逻辑上的主谓关系 即宾语是现在分词动作的发出者 1感官动词：see， hear， watch， feel， notice ，observe， keep ，find ，listen to ，look at， I saw the naughty boy hitting the dog.我看见那个顽皮孩子打狗。 2使役动词：have, get, catch ,leave, set,k

44、eep Don't have the students studying all day.作为宾语补语的现在分词有时前面可有as,前面的动词多用regard, consider, describe, quote, picture, see, think ofWe consider this sentence pattern as being useful.being 可以省略我们认为这种句型是有用的We kept the fire burning all the time. 我们使火一直燃烧着。They described the young man as having initiat

45、ive and drive 他们说这青年积极肯干。We regarded the contract as having been broken.用作主语补语，多用于被动结构，与主语构复合主语She was heard griping(抱怨） all the timeHe was seen going upstairs.有人看见他上楼的。Corn originated in the new world and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it in Cuba.A)being cultivated B)been cultiva

46、ted C)having cultivated D)cultivating从句意来看，表示“玉米被种植”应用被动语态。B项(found it) been cultivated不合语法。A项being cultivated是谓语动词found的宾语补语，与宾语it一起构成复合宾语。全句意思是：玉米源于“新大陆”，直到哥伦布在古巴发现它的种植，玉米才被欧洲所知道。AHis remarks left me about his real purpose.A)wondered B)wonder C)to wonder D)wondering该句中的leave sb.doing sth.意为“使某人做某事

47、”。其中的wondering是现在分词作宾语补语。全句意思是：他的话让我怀疑起他的真实意图了。D现在分词的完成式现在分词完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，常用作状语，表时间和原因。1：Having noted down our names and addresses， the policeman dismissed us. 那警察把我们的姓名和地址记下之后就让我们走了。2：Any man having witnessed the attack is under suspicion. 任何目击此次袭击的人都有了嫌疑。1：Our modern civilization must n

48、ot be thought of as in a short period of time.A)being created B)to have been created C)having been created D)to be created这里的现在分词短语动作create发生在谓语动作think之前，且与其逻辑主语modern civilization之间是被动关系。所以应当用现在完成式的被动式。该句中的现在分词短语作宾语补语，可用作这种“动词+as+现在分词(或过去分词)结构”的动词短语有regard，consider，describe，quote，picture，see，think

49、of等，如：They regarded the contract as having been broken.他们以为合同已被违约。全句意思是：我们不能认为现代文明是短期内就能创造出来的。C现在分词的被动式当现在分词所表示的动作与其逻辑主语之间是被动关系时，我们就用现在分词的被动式。1：Being surrounded，the enemy troops were forced to surrender. 敌军被包围了，结果被迫投降。2：Having been brought up in the countryside，he found it hard to get accustomed to

50、town life.由于是在农村长大的，他感到很难习惯于城市生活。1： such a chance，he planned to learn more.A)To be given B)Having been given C)Having given D)Giving “得到机会”这一行为发生在“打算”之前，且“他”是“得到机会”的承受者，所以应当用现在分词完成式的被动态。全句意思是：他得到了这么好的机会，打算进一步学习深造。B五、现在分词的否定式直接在现在分词前加not，就可构成其否定式。例1：Not seeing John，I asked where he was. 我看不见约翰，于是问他在何

51、处。例2：Not having done it right，I tried again. 我由于没有做对，所以又试了试。1： to disturb his baby sister，he tiptoed into the room.A)Wishing not B)To wish not C)Not wishing D)Not to wish该句中的现在分词的否定式作状语，表示原因。全句意思是：不想弄醒他的小妹妹，他踮着脚走进他的房间。C六、垂悬现在分词dangling participle现在分词作状语时，其逻辑主语应与句子的主语一致。但有时现在分词的主语与其所在句子中的主语并不一致，这种现在分

52、词即所谓垂悬分词。根据垂悬分词的逻辑主语不同，可将其分为三大类：(1)垂悬分词的逻辑主语有时是句中的非主语成分。1：Walking or sleeping， this subject was always in my mind. 不论走路或是睡觉，我总在想着这个问题。(2)垂悬分词的逻辑主语有时是泛指“我们”，这种情况一般是分词用在以it作形式主语的句子中。1：Using the electric energy，it is necessary to change its form. 使用电能时，(我们)必须改变其形式。(3)有时现在分词用来表示说话人对所说的话表示一种态度，它们已变成固定词组，

53、可以看作一种独立的句子成分。如：generally (strictly etc.) speaking 一般(严格等)地说takinginto consideration考虑到judging from从来判断 talking of说到allowing for考虑到 counting算上considering考虑到 assuming假定supposing假定1：Frankly speaking，I'd rather you anything about it for the time being.A)have done B)haven't done C)don't do D

54、)didn't dowould rather后接宾语从句应用虚拟语气，跟现在事实相反的应用过去式表示。请注意该句中的两个关于现在分词的固定搭配:frankly speaking坦率地说，for the time being现在。全句意思是：坦率地说，我宁可你现在什么都别做。D七、转化为介词的现在分词有一些分词已转化为介词，这些介词有regarding， concerning，not withstanding，considering，granting，according to等等。1：I hear he is more than 70，but he is still very stron

55、g considering his age.据说他已经70多岁了，但从他的年纪来看，他仍然很硬朗。2. He despised William Pitt, notwithstanding the similar views they both held.尽管他和威廉·皮特看法相似，却瞧不起他。1：The speech which he made the project has bothered me greatly.A)concerned B)being concerned C)concerning D)be concerned该句中的concerning是一个介词，意为“关于”。concern为及物动词，意为“涉及”。全句意思是：他所做的关于那个项目的讲话使我感到很厌烦。C 第四节 过去分词过去分词也是一种非限定动词形式，由“动词原形+-ed”构成(不规则动词除外)。过去分词在句