限定词教资材料

1、一、限定词的概念限定词（determiner）是在名词词组中对名词中心词起特指（specific reference）、类指（generic reference）以及表示确定数量（definite quantity）和非确定数量（indefinite quantity）等限定作用的词类。名词词组除有词汇意义外，还有其所指意义（referential meaning），是特指（即指特写的对象），还是类指（即泛指一类人或物）；是有确定的数量，还是没有确定的数量。能在名词词组中表示这种所指意义的词类就是限定词。二、限定词包括哪些词定冠词（defintite article）：the；不定冠词（ind

2、efintite article）：a, an；零冠词（zero article）物主限定词（possessive determiner）：my, your, his, her, our, your, their, one's, its；名词属格（genitive noun）：toms, my mothers；指示限定词（demonstrative determiner）：this, that, these, those, such；关系限定词（relative determiner）：whose, which；疑问限定词（interrogative determiner）：what,

3、 which, whose；不定限定词（indefintite determiner）：no, some, any, each, every, enough, either, neither, all, both, half, several, many, much, (a) few, (a) little, other, another；基数词（cardinal numeral）：one, two, three, four, five；序数词（ordinal numeral）：first, second, third, fourth, fifth；倍数词（multiplicative num

4、eral）：one third, two thirds；分数词（fractional numeral）：twice, three times；量词（quantifier）a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a great of, a good deal of, a large of, a small amount of, a quantity of, a great of, a good number of。三、限定词的分类按照限定词与限定词的相互搭配关系，限定词可分为前位限定词(pre-determiner)、中位限定词(central determiner)和后位限

5、定词(post-determiner)。其相互搭配关系为：前位+中位+后位在这三类限定词中，前位限定词与前位限定词以及中位限定词与中位限定词是相互排斥的，后位限定词与后位限定词之间虽不相互排斥但有搭配限制。前位限定词包括：all, both, half; double, twice, three times, etc; one-third, two-fifths, etc; what, such, (a / an)等中位限定词包括：冠词：a(n), the指示代词：this, that, these, those形容词性物主代词：my, your, his, her, our, etc名词属格

6、：jims, my mothers不定代词：some, any, no, every, each, either, neither, enough, etc连接代词what(ever), which(ever), whose, etc后位限定词包括：one, two, three, etc; first, second, third, etc; next, last, other, another, etc; many, much, (a) few, (a) little, fewer, (the) fewest, less, (the) least, more, most; several,

7、 plenty of, a lot of, lots of, a great / large / good number of, a great / good deal of, a large / small amount of; such等。四、限定词与形容词的差别限定词是在名词词组中对名词中心词起特指、类指以及表示数量等限定作用的词类。限定词与形容词的差别有以下几个方面：一、当限定词与形容词同时出现在一个名词词组里时，通常的顺序是：限定词在前，形容词在后。二、限定词的选择受名词中心词的类别的严格限制，而形容词的选择虽也受词汇意义的限制，但没有语法意义上的限制。三、限定词对名词中心词只在所指

8、意义上起限定作用，而形容词作为前置修饰语则起描写作用。四、限定词通常只能前置，而形容词作名词修饰语时既可前置又可后置。五、除few, little, many, much外，限定词一般没有比较级和最高级形式，而形容词通常有比较级和最高级。wish 类的虚拟语气英语中，wish 之后的宾语从句，表示一种没有实现或根本不可能实现的愿望，常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：表示所发生的时间虚拟语气结构发生在主句动作之前 (1) had + 过去分词； (2) would / could / might / should + have + 过去分词与主句动作同时发

9、生(1) 过去时(be 用were )；(2) 过去进行时发生在主句动作之后would / could / might / should + 原形动词注意:从句的时态只与从句所指的时间有关，而与 wish 的时态无关。比较：i wish i were rich. 要是我现在有钱就好了。i wish i had been rich. 要是那时我有钱就好了。i wished i were rich. 当时我后悔自己没有钱。i wished i had been rich. 当时我后悔自己曾经没有钱。以上第一句和第三句的wish分别用了现在

10、时和过去时，但宾语从句中都用的were，只是意思有所不同：wish表示现在的愿望，wished表示过去的愿望。另外，wish后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气，但与之意义相近的hope却不能用虚拟语气，千万别混在一起了。if only后的句子用虚拟语气if only 与 i wish一样，也用于表示与事实相反的愿望，其后所虚拟语气的时态与 wish 后所接时态的情况相同。但if only 通常独立使用，没有主句。if only i had listened to my parents! 我要是当时听了父母的话就好了。if only&#

11、160;she would go with me! 她要是愿意和我一道去就好了!as if (though) 从句用虚拟语气（方式状从）以as if (as though)引导的方式状语从句或表语从句，有时用虚拟语气，若表示与现在事实相反，或与主句动作同时发生，谓语动词用一般过去时（be 用were）；若表示与过去事实相反，或发生在主句动作之前，用过去完成时had done；表示将来的可能性不大，发生在主句动作之后,用would (might, could)+动词原形。he talks as if he had a potato in his mouth.他说起话来好像嘴里

12、含了个土豆。he talks as if he had been abroad. 他说起话来好像曾经出过国。she looked as of she had seen a ghost.他看起来好像刚才遇见鬼似的。he coughed twice as if someone should come. 他咳嗽两声就好像有人要来了。两点说明：(1) 从句所表示的内容若为事实或可能为事实，也可用陈述语气：it looks as if well be late. 我们似乎要迟到了。(2) 注意 it isnt as if的翻译：it isnt as if

13、 he were poor. 他不像穷的样子(或他又不穷)。it isnt as if you were going away for good. 又不是你离开不回来了。(3) 比较下面两个句子：he looks as if he is rich.他看上去好像很有钱。he talks as if he wad rich.他看上去就像是很有钱的样子。第一句的as if从句用了陈述语气，表明说话者认为他也许真的很有钱比如看到他穿名牌，开高级轿车，出入豪华宾馆等。第二句的as if从句使用了虚拟语气，表明说话者认为他其实不是很有钱，认为他夸夸其谈的样子像是在吹牛，或者说

14、认为“他很有钱”这一描述是非真实的。目的状语从句中的虚拟语气(1) 在 for fear that, in case, lest 引导的目的状语从句中，若用虚拟语气时，从句谓语为： should + 动词原形。并且 should 不能省略he started out earlier lest he should be late. 他很早就出发了以防迟到。(2) 在 so that, in order that 所引导的目的状语从句中，从句中的谓语为：can / may / could / might / will / would / should + 动词原形。he goe

15、s closer to the speaker so that he can hear him clearer. 他走近说话的人以便能挺得更清楚。让步状语从句中的虚拟语气(1) 在 even if, even though 所引导的让步状语从句中，可用虚拟语气，主句、从句的结构与 if 所引导的条件从句结构相同。nobody could save him even though hua tuo should come here. 即使华佗在世也救不了他。(2) 在whatever, whichever, whenever, whoever, wherever, howeve

16、r, no matter wh-word 等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为： may +动词原形(指现在或将来)。we will find him wherever / no matter where he may be. 无论他在哪里，我们都要找到他。 may +完成式(指过去) ，主句结构不限。you mustnt be proud whatever / no matter what great progress you may have made. 不管你取得了多么大的进步，你也不能骄傲(3) 在though, although等引导的让步状语从句

17、中，从句虚拟语气结构为 should +动词原形，主句结构不限。although / though he should often be late, he is a good student. 尽管他经常迟到，他还是个好学生。 原因状语从句中的虚拟语气amazed, angry, annoyed, astonished, disappointed, frightened, happy, pleased, proud, sorry, surprised, upset 等后面的状语从句中常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为： should + 原形动词(指现在或将来)。he was

18、 angry that you should call him by name. 他很生气，你竟然对他直呼其名。 should + 完成式, 指过去。im very sorry that you should have failed the exam. 我很遗憾，你这次考试竟然失败了。表语从句及同位语从句中虚拟语气英语中，表示请求、要求、命令、建议等名词advice, desire, decision, idea, instruction, order, plan, proposal, recommendation, request, requirement, suggestion,

19、 wish充当句子的主语而后面接表语从句或它们后面接同位语时，都须用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：(should)  + 动词原形。he told us his idea that he should go to university. 他告诉了我们他的想法：他想上大学。his suggestion is that we should do our work more carefully. 他的建议就是我们的工作要更细心些。it is time的虚拟语气英语中，表示“早该做某事了”时，定语从句中的谓语动词须用虚拟语气，其虚拟语气的结构为：it is (high / abou

20、t) time that + 主语+ 动词的过去式/ should + 动词原形。定语从句谓语通常用过去式表示现在或将来，有时也用过去进行时或“should+动词原形”(较少见，且should不能省略)im getting tired. its time we went home. 我累了，我们该回家了。i think its time they were taught a lesson. 我想现在该给他们一点教训了。两点说明:(1) time前有时有about和high修饰：its high time we left.  我们早该动身了。it

21、s high time you bought a new car. 你该买辆新车了。(2) 与其他的虚拟结构不同，该结构不能在该用 was 时而用 were：its time i was in bed. 我该上床睡了。(不用were)宾语从句中的虚拟语气1英语中，如：advise, ask, demand, desire, decide, insist(坚决要求) , order, propose, request, suggest(建议) 表示请求、要求、命令或建议等意义的动词所接的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气，其虚拟语气的结构为：(sh

22、ould) + 原形动词。当insist的意思为：坚决认为，坚持说；suggest的意思为：表明，暗含，暗示等时，宾语从句一般不用虚拟语气。如：tom insisted that he hadnt stolen the watch. 汤姆坚持说他没有偷那块手表。his smile suggested that he had succeeded in this exam. 他的微笑表明他在考试中成功了。2. believe, expect, suspect, think, imagine 等动词的否定句或疑问句中的宾语从句常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为：should + 原形动词。c

23、an you believe that he should kill a tiger? 你能相信他竟杀死了一只老虎？3. 英语中，would rather, had rather, would sooner等之后的宾语从句常表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望，故使用虚拟语气。意思是“宁愿、希望”其虚拟语气的结构为：表示所发生的时间虚拟语气结构过去had + 过去分词；现在过去时(be 用were )将来过去时(be 用were )id rather you were here now. 我倒想你现在在这儿。1. “i still havent thanked aunt lucy for

24、her present. ” “its time you _. ”a. do                        b. did                 

25、        c. had                          d. would2. “ive told everyone about it. ” “oh, id rather you _. ”a.

26、60;dont                    b. hadnt                    c. couldnt    &

27、#160;               d. wouldnt3. it has been raining for a day, but even though it hadnt rained, we _ there by tomorrow.a. cant get           

28、60;    b. wont get               c. hadnt got                 d. wouldnt get4. yesterday, jane walke

29、d away from the discussion. otherwise, she _ something she would regret later.a. had said                  b. said            

30、0;          c. might say                 d. might have said5. all the doctors in the hospital insisted that he _ badly wounded and that he&#

31、160;_ at once.a. should be; be operated on                           b. were; must be operated onc. was; should be operated   

32、0;                         d. was; be operated on6. i forget where i read the article, or i _ it to you now.a. will show     

33、          b. would show             c. am going to show    d. am showing7. why didnt you go to yesterdays meeting?i would have but i _ 

34、too busy working on the important experiment.a. had been                  b. was                    

35、   c. were                       d. am8.dont you think it necessary that he _ to miami but to new york? i agree, but the problem is _ he has

36、 refused to.a. will not be sent; that                                  b. not be sent; thatc. should not be sent; w

37、hat                            d. should not send; what9. the workers will go on strike if the demands they _ put forward are turned down.a.

38、 could                       b. would                  c. 不填   &#

39、160;                    d. had10. _ fired, your health care and other benefits will not be immediately cut off.a. would you be         

40、b. should you be         c. could you be             d. might you be答案与解析:1. b。its time you did 为 its time you thanked aunt lucy for her present 之略。按照英语语法，

41、its time 后从句通常要用过去式。2. b。id rather 后接从句时，从句谓语的时态规律是：用过去式表示现在或将来，用过去完成式表示过去。3. a。we cant get there by tomorrow 为客观事实，故宜用陈述语气。4. dotherwise 在此相当于 if she had not walked away from the discussion，即暗示一个与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句。5. d。insisted 接第一个宾语从句，表示“坚持认为(是怎么回事)”，用

42、陈述语气；接第二个宾语从句，表示“坚决要求(做某事)”，用虚拟语气。6. b。根据上文的语境可知句中的 or 隐含有一个虚拟的条件，即 or=if i didnt forget where i read the article（要是我没忘记我在哪儿读过这篇文章的话但事实上忘了）。7. b。易受前面虚拟语气的影响而误选a。实际上前面虚拟语气的答语采用了省略形式。可补充为：i would have gone to yesterdays meeting if i hadnt been too busy. 所以be too busy是过去的一

43、种实际情况，并不是虚拟的情况。故填空处用陈述语气。8. b。因为necessary后的从句要用“(should+)动词原形”，排除选项a; 因he与send是被动关系，send要用被动式，排除选项d; 答句中的表语从句中不缺任何句子成分，用that。值得说明的是，refuse to后省略了be sent to new york。9. c。they put forward为修饰名词demands的定语从句，按英语语法，当demand用作动词后接宾语从句，或用作名词后接定语从句或同位语从句时，从句谓语习惯上要用should+动词原形这样的虚拟语气，其中的should可以省略。10. b。should you be fired是由if you should be fired变来的，又如：should you require (=if you should require) anything give me a ring. 如果需要什么，可以给我打电话。thank you very much indeed. if it had not been for your advice i really _&#