冠状动脉介入损伤与急性心包填塞-戴军ppt课件

1、冠状动脉介入损伤与急性心包填塞Jun Dai , M.D. Coronary disease center Fuwai Heart Hospital CAMS & PUMCChina1;.2内容内容w冠脉血管损伤概念冠脉血管损伤概念w冠脉穿孔分类和处理原则冠脉穿孔分类和处理原则w心包填塞病理生理心包填塞病理生理w心包填塞的临床表现心包填塞的临床表现w心包填塞正确处理心包填塞正确处理w总结总结3冠状动脉介入损伤及后果冠状动脉介入损伤及后果w冠状动脉夹层：内膜与中膜、中膜与外膜分离：血管壁血栓形成和管腔的闭塞冠状动脉夹层：内膜与中膜、中膜与外膜分离：血管壁血栓形成和管腔的闭塞w冠状动脉穿孔

2、：亚急性心包积血或心包填塞，尤其充分抗血小板抗凝治疗的情况下冠状动脉穿孔：亚急性心包积血或心包填塞，尤其充分抗血小板抗凝治疗的情况下w冠状动脉破裂：急性心包积血处理不及时急性心包填塞冠状动脉破裂：急性心包积血处理不及时急性心包填塞wExcluding case of Kawasaki d. traumatic injure4PredictorswPatient-related: female gender/ older agewVessel-related: tortuosity angulation calcification CTOwProcedure-related: High ball

3、oon-stent ratio High inflation pressure Extremely distal location of the guidewirewDevice-related: Stiff wire/Hydrophilic-coated wire/cutting balloon/atheroablative devices/Ivus5Classification of coronary perforation proposed by Ellis et al 1994 wType I: extraluminal crater without extravasation wTy

4、pe : pericardial or myocardial blush without contrast jet extravasationwType : extravasation through frank(1mm) perforationwCavity spilling: perforation into anatomic cavity chamber coronary sinus As6TreatmentType I 1. 15-30min careful obervation 2. no enlarge or diminish, no further action 3.protam

5、ine (1 mg per 100u heparin) ACT 150, hemostatic PL function to restore whenb/a receptor occupany falls to50%b/a receptor occupany falls to50%7Type wPerfusion balloon cather to seal wUCG without delaywReversal of anticoagulation: protamine transfusion in Ps received abciximabwPericardiocentesis with

6、tamponade/PTFE-covered stentwCardiac surgery ready for no achiveveing hemostasis8Type wBalloon inflation 5-10min to provide time for the preparation of perfusion ballon and pericardiocentesiswMust be completely sealed with covered stent wImmediate aggressive treatment: volume resuscitation, catechol

7、amines, pericardiocentesiswImmediate reversal of anticoagulation: protamine/ PL transfusion in abciximab-tratment9Pathophysiology The pericardium, which is the membrane surrounding the heart, is composed of 2 layers. The parietal pericardium is the outer fibrous layer; the visceral pericardium is th

8、e inner serous layer. The pericardial space normally contains 20-50 mL of fluid. 10心包积液与心包填塞心包积液与心包填塞 心包腔内液体量增加称心包积液。心包腔内液体量增加称心包积液。 当心包腔内液体量增加到一定程度，心包腔内的压力随之升高，达到一定限度后，引起心室当心包腔内液体量增加到一定程度，心包腔内的压力随之升高，达到一定限度后，引起心室舒张期充盈受阻，心排出量降低，使血液淤滞在静脉系统，产生体循环静脉压、肺静脉压舒张期充盈受阻，心排出量降低，使血液淤滞在静脉系统，产生体循环静脉压、肺静脉压增高等心脏受压症状

9、，称心包填塞。增高等心脏受压症状，称心包填塞。 心包积液引起心包内压力升高的程度决定于：积液的绝对量。积液的增加速度。心包心包积液引起心包内压力升高的程度决定于：积液的绝对量。积液的增加速度。心包本身的物理特性。如果液体的增加速度缓慢，心包被动扩张，心包腔内的积液可达本身的物理特性。如果液体的增加速度缓慢，心包被动扩张，心包腔内的积液可达2升而升而无明显的压力升高。然而，如果液体量快速增加，即使不超过无明显的压力升高。然而，如果液体量快速增加，即使不超过150200ml，也可引起腔，也可引起腔内压力明显升高。在心包纤维化或肿瘤浸润引起心包过度僵硬的情况下，少量液体积聚也内压力明显升高。在心包纤

10、维化或肿瘤浸润引起心包过度僵硬的情况下，少量液体积聚也可使腔内压力快速增加。可使腔内压力快速增加。 1112;.1314Pathophysiologic Mechanism wIntrapericardial pressures transmural distending pressures insufficient to overcome LV diastolic filling w intrapericardial pressure systemic venous return right atrial collapse wDuring inspiration, intrapericard

11、ial and right atrial pressures decrease because of negative intrathoracic pressure. This results in augmented systemic venous return to right-sided chambers and a marked increase in the right ventricular volume. Because the pulmonary vascular bed is a vast and compliant circuit, blood preferentially

12、 accumulates in the venous circulation, at the expense of LV filling. This results in a reduced cardiac output. 151617SymptomswAnxiety, restlessness wDiscomfort, sometimes relieved by sitting upright or leaning forward. wDifficulty Rapid breathing wFainting, light-headedness wPulse, weak or absent w

13、Low blood pressure1819Signs and testsw Peripheral pulses may be weak or absent. w Neck veins may be distended but the blood pressure may be low.w HR may be over 100w Breathing may be rapid (faster than 12 breaths in an adult per minute).w Bp may fall (pulsus paradoxical) when the person inhales deep

14、lyw heart Sound uncharacteristically faint Fluid in the pericardial sac may show on: Coronary angiography (may show other changes also) Echocardiogram is first choice to help establish the diagnosis! 250ml x film2021关于Beck 氏征问题 急性心包填塞三个典型征象（Beck氏三联征）：静脉压升高、动脉压下降、心音遥远。但有此典型征象者仅占病人的。 根据血流动力学的变化（机体代偿机理

15、），急性心包填塞时，首先出现静脉压升高（或尿少比动脉压降低更早出现），继而出现动脉压下降。 22急性介入血性心包填塞特点急性介入血性心包填塞特点 一旦超过这些代偿限度（当心包内压力达到约厘米水柱时），将出现血压下降等心包填一旦超过这些代偿限度（当心包内压力达到约厘米水柱时），将出现血压下降等心包填塞症象。此时，若不降低心包内压力（将血液排出），当心包腔内压力超过上、下腔静脉塞症象。此时，若不降低心包内压力（将血液排出），当心包腔内压力超过上、下腔静脉压力时，则发生心脏停跳，病人将会导致死亡。在急性心包积血时，心包短时间内积血压力时，则发生心脏停跳，病人将会导致死亡。在急性心包积血时，心包短时间

16、内积血毫升便足以引起压迫，形成致命的心包填塞。毫升便足以引起压迫，形成致命的心包填塞。 23Expectations (prognosis) Tamponade is life-threatening if untreated. The outcome is often good if the condition is treated promptly, but tamponade may recur.2425Treatment tipswFluids are the initial treatment to maintain normal blood pressure wMedication

17、s that increase blood pressure may also help sustain the patients life until the fluid is drained.wOxygen reduces the workload on the heart by decreasing tissue demands for blood flow.wAvoid mechanical ventilation and -blockadewDiuretics and nitrates are contraindicted26Pericardiocentesis ！ Removal

18、of pericardial fluid is the definitive therapy for tamponade！27Pericardiocentesis(1)The subxiphoid approach is extrapleural; hence, it is the safest for blind pericardiocentesis.A 16- or 18-gauge needle is inserted at an angle of 30-45 to the skin, near the left xiphocostal angle, aiming towards the

19、 left shoulder. When performed emergently, this procedure is associated with a reported mortality rate of approximately 4% and a complication rate of 17%.282930Pericardiocentesis(2) Echocardiographically guided pericardiocentesis : left intercostal space Mark the site of entry.Measure the distance from the skin to the pericardial s