Noun Clauses

1、名词性从句名词性从句是一种具有名词功能的非独立分句，可以表示：事实&问题1.连接词有: that, whether, if2. 连接代词有：who, whom, whose, which3. 连接副词有：when, where, why, how 等 whatever, whoever, whichever等名词性从句中的that没有词义，也不作任何成分。除引导宾从外，主从和表从不省。Subject ClauseObject ClausePredicative ClauseAppositive Clause主语从句主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语

2、it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。Subject Clause引导主语从句主语从句连词：that, whether,连接代词：who, what, which连接副词：when, where, how, why1.从属连词从属连词：that, whether that引导主语从句只起引导作用，本身无实际意义，在主语从句中不充当任何成分，不能省略。That people cut down too many tree destroyed the balance of nature.Whether life will continue on the earth for millions of years

3、 to come will depend on whether this problem can be solved.Whether the solid shape would last or not was clear.IfIt was not clear whether the solid shape would last or not.IfFormed SubjectReal Subject Subject ClauseConclusion:引导主语从句在句首只能用whether, 有it作形式主语的whether/if都可以。1. That he will refuse this pi

4、ece of advice is impossible.It is impossible that he will refuse this piece of advice is impossible.由that引导的主语从句有时为了使句子结构平衡，避免“头重脚轻”，常用it作形式主语形式主语，而把从句放在后面。2. That they should like each other is natural.It is natural that they should like each other.1) It is + n. + ClauseIt is a pity/shame that.It i

5、s a surprise that.It is a fact that.It is common knowledge that._ we lost the match._ he cheated in the exam.It is a pity thatIt is a fact that2) It is + adj. + ClauseIt is certain that.It is possible that.It is unlikely that.It is obvious that.It is necessary/important/natural that._ (很可能)she will

6、come back tomorrow._ (很明显)this measure is effective.It is possible thatIt is obvious that3) It + vi. + ClauseIt happened that. 碰巧。It occurred to me that. 突然想起。_ (刚好)I came into the office at that time._ (我突然想起)I forget to sent the letter.It happened thatIt occurred to me that4) It be + done + Clause

7、It is said that.It is known to all that.It is reported that.It is suggested that.It must be admitted that.It is believed that.It cannot pointed out that._ (据报道)20 people were killed in the accident._ (建议)we should eat more vegetable and do more exercises.It is reported thatIt is suggested that5) 无关紧

8、要（的是）无关紧要（的是）“It doesnt matter It makes no difference _one is wealthy or not.It doesnt matter whetherIt omakes no difference whether一个人是否富有无关紧要一个人是否富有无关紧要CorrectionThey should like each other is natural. It is natural that they should like each other. If Mary really heard him is really doubtful.It w

9、as doubtful if Mary really heard him.2. 连接代词连接代词who, what, which, whatever, whichever, whoever.What many scientists believe is that the continued presence of water. Who will take part in the meeting has not been decided. Whoever breaks the law will be punished.Which student will win the first is unc

10、ertain.What many scientists believe is that Who will take part in the meeting Whoever breaks the law Which student will win the first 3. 连接副词连接副词when, where, how, why Why they suddenly disappeared still remains a mystery.When they will set off is not decided.Where she is from is unknown.How we will

11、paint the house has not been decided.Why they suddenly disappearedWhen they will set off Where she is fromHow we will paint the houseComplete the sentences using what, whether, where, when, who, why, how, or that.1. _ is needed for success is your hard work.2. _ they will arrive has been told to the

12、 teacher.3. _ we will go tomorrow hasnt been decided yet.whatwhen / HowWhere / WhetherComplete the sentences using what, whether, where, when, who, why, how, or that.4. _ can join in the sport meet is decieded by the teacher.5. _ it will rain or not is not clear.6. _ the earth is becoming warm is a

13、good topic for research.WhoWhetherWhy7. _ the earth is a solid is known to us all.ThatConclusion:主语从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用主语从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数单数形式。形式。1. 用用that / whether / if / where / how / when / why / who / what / which / how much / etc. 来连接主语从句。来连接主语从句。2. That 在主语从句中不能省略。在主语从句中不能省略。3. 引导主语从句在引导主语从句在句首只能用句首

14、只能用whether，有有it作形式主语的作形式主语的whether / if 都可以。都可以。4. 有时为了使句子结构平衡，避免有时为了使句子结构平衡，避免”头重脚轻头重脚轻“，常用，常用it作形式主语，而把主句放在后面。（作形式主语，而把主句放在后面。（四种句型四种句型）5. 主语从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用主语从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数单数形式。形式。Whoever (无论谁无论谁) = anyone / anybody who(谁谁)_ leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights. A. Anyone B. The pers

15、on C. Whoever D. Who“疑问词疑问词 + ever”引导引导 主、宾、表、状语从主、宾、表、状语从“No matter + 疑问词疑问词”只只引导引导状语从句状语从句无论谁违反法律将会受到处罚无论谁违反法律将会受到处罚_ will be punished.Whoever breaks laws_, he will be punished.No matter who breaks lawsWhoever breaks laws主语从句主语从句状语从句状语从句1. _ we need more practice is quite obvious. A. what B. That

16、C. When D. /2. _ they can solve the question is still unknown. A. If B. Which C. Whether D. What3. _ he said at the meeting astonished everbody. A. Why B. What C. That D. Who4. _ is a fact that English is accepted as an international language. A. There B. This C. That D. It 5. T or F. When the meeti

17、ng will be held havent been known yet.If we will have a meeting hasnt been decided yet.It is important that we will finish the work on time.That she wants to know is when the party will be held.He will give up his job surprises all of us.6. Fill in the blanks with whether / if.1) The question is _ t

18、he film is worth seeing.2) _ we shall attend me meeting hasnt been decided yet.whetherwhetherhasntwhethershouldwhatthat7. Translate the sentence.1) _(她们很需要帮助) is quite clear.2) It is known to us _.(马克.吐温怎样成为一位伟大的作家)3) _(她是否出席会议) is not certain.how Mark Twain became a great writerThat they are badly

19、in need of helpWhether she will attend the meeting1.时态2.引导词3. thatthat不可省略的情况不可省略的情况4.否定前移5.it做形式宾语6. if if 和和WhetherWhether的区别的区别7.7.运用虚拟语气的情况运用虚拟语气的情况8.8.语序语序9.9.宾语从句专项练习宾语从句专项练习Object Clause宾语从句的时态受主句的限制， 即：主句是一般现在时态，从句根据实际情况而定。 主句是一般过去时态，从句用相应的过去的时态。如果从句的动作发生在主句之前，则从句要用过去完成时态。 1)She says that sh

20、e is a student. She said that she was a student. 2)She says that she will fly to Japan in a week. She said that she would fly to Japan in a week. 3)She says that she has finished her homework already. She said that she had finished her homework already. 4)She says that she can sing a song in English

21、. She said that she could sing a song in English. 如果宾语从句说的是客观真理、自然现象或事实时，这时宾语从句要如果宾语从句说的是客观真理、自然现象或事实时，这时宾语从句要用用一般现在时态一般现在时态例：例：The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun. He told me that Japan is an island country. Could you tell me是用来征询对方的意见，语气委婉，并不表示过去。是用来征询对方的意见，语气委婉，并不表示过去。 例：例：Could yo

22、u tell me when we will visit the History Museum? A. 由由that 引导的陈述句性的宾语从句，在很多动词如引导的陈述句性的宾语从句，在很多动词如say, think, wish , hope, see, believe, agree, expect, hear , feel等动词后。连词等动词后。连词that只起连接作用，在从句中只起连接作用，在从句中不做句子的成分，也无词汇意义，在口语中常被省略，但在大多数情况下还不做句子的成分，也无词汇意义，在口语中常被省略，但在大多数情况下还是以不省为好，特别是在笔试中。是以不省为好，特别是在笔试中。 例

23、：例：I told him that he was wrong. B. 由由 连词连词if、 whether 引导的表示引导的表示“是否是否”的宾语从句。的宾语从句。Whether,if 在从句中在从句中不做句子的成分，一般情况下，不做句子的成分，一般情况下，whether和和if 可以替换。可以替换。 例：例：I dont know if/whether he will come tomorrow. The teacher asked if/whether we had finished the experiment. C. 由由wh-引导的宾语从句。引导的宾语从句。 连接代词连接代词who

24、, whom,whose, what, which, 连接副词连接副词when, where, why, how 等连接的宾语从句，它们在句中即有连等连接的宾语从句，它们在句中即有连接从句的作用，又在句中充当句子的成分。接从句的作用，又在句中充当句子的成分。 例：例：Do you know which film they are talking about? (which做定语做定语) I dont know where he lives. (where 做地点状语做地点状语) 宾语从句宾语从句that常可省略，但在以下情况下不能省略常可省略，但在以下情况下不能省略 A当主句谓语动词带有两个或

25、两个以上宾语从句时，可以省略第一个that，其他不能省略。 e gI believe（that）you have done your best and that things will get better B当it作形式宾语时 e gShe made it clear that she had nothing to do with him C当宾语从句前置时 egThat our team will win，I believe 在在think, believe, suppose, expect等动词引起的宾语从句中，有时谓语等动词引起的宾语从句中，有时谓语尽管是否定意义，却不用否定形式，而将

26、尽管是否定意义，却不用否定形式，而将think 等动词变为否定形式。等动词变为否定形式。 例：例：I dont think you are right. 我认为你做的不对我认为你做的不对在许多带有复合宾语的句子中，在许多带有复合宾语的句子中，that引导的宾语从句经常移引导的宾语从句经常移到句子的后面，而用到句子的后面，而用it做形式宾语。做形式宾语。 例：例：We think it wrong that he told a lie to everyone.我认为他向每一个人撒谎是错误的我认为他向每一个人撒谎是错误的在介词后面的宾语从句中不用在介词后面的宾语从句中不用if引导引导 例：例：Ev

27、erything depends on whether we have enough money。 宾语从句中有宾语从句中有or not时不用时不用if引导引导. 例：例：I dont know whether the movie star will come or not. 和不定式连用作宾语时不用和不定式连用作宾语时不用if引导引导. 例：例：Whether to go there or not hasnt been decided. 在表示：在表示： 建议建议 要求要求 决定决定 命令命令 坚决主张坚决主张 等动词后跟宾语从句，用（等动词后跟宾语从句，用（should）+v（虚拟语气虚拟

28、语气） e g I suggested that you（should）study hard He ordered that we should go out at once A . 宾语从句必须用陈述语序。宾语从句必须用陈述语序。 ( T or False)He is wondering when can he finish this difficult job. He is wondering when he can finish this difficult job. B.有时候可以用有时候可以用it 作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语从句放在后面。作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语从句放在后面。I t

29、hought that he could finish this job in just two hours impossible. I thought it impossible that he could finish this job in just two hours. 1. I dont know _ he will come tomorrow. _ he comes, Ill tell you A. if; Whether B. whether; Whether C. if; That D. if; If2. I dont know _ the day after tomorrow

30、. A. when does he come B. how will he come C. if he comes D. whether hell come3. Could you tell me _ the nearest hospital is? A. what B. how C. whether D. where4. Could you tell me _ the radio without any help?A. how did he mend B. what did he mend C. how he mended D. what he mended5. I want to know

31、 _.A. whom is she looking after B. whom she is lookingC. whom is she looking D. whom she is looking afterExercisesDDDCD6. Do you know where _ now? A. he lives B. does he live C. he lived D. did he live7. Do you know what time _? A. the train leave B. does the train leave C. will the train leave D. t

32、he train leaves8. I dont know _. Can you tell me, please?A. how the two players are old B. how old are the two players C. the two players are how old D. how old the two players are9. The small children dont know _.A. what is their stockings in B. what is in their stockingsC. where is their stockings

33、 in D. what in their stockings10. I cant understand _.A. what does Christmas mean B. what Christmas does meanC. what mean Christmas does D. what Christmas meansExercisesADDBD11、The girls asked if they _ some food and drink with them. A. took B. take C. takes D. will take12、Catherine said that she _

34、to Guangzhou.A. has never gone B. had never gone C. has never been D. had never been13、The students want to know whether they_ dictation today.A. had B. has . C. will have D. are14、She asked Linda if_ go and get some.A. could she B. she could C. she can D. she may15、Linda said the moon_ round the ea

35、rth.A. travelled B. has travelled C. travells D. had travelledExercisesADCBC16、Can you tell me_ you were born, Betty? A. who B. what C. when D. that17、I dont know _ they have passed the exam.A. what B. if C. when D. where18、I hardly understand._ he has told me.A. that B. what C. which D. who19、She d

36、idnt know_ back soon.A. whether he would be B. if would he be C. he will be20、I dont know _ he still lives here after so many years.A. whether B where C. what D. whenExercisesCBBAAPredicative Clause在复合句中作表语的从句，叫表语从句。在复合句中作表语的从句，叫表语从句。位于主句的系动词位于主句的系动词 is, am, are, was, were, seem, look, taste, remain

37、等等之后，对主语进行解释，说明，使主语的内容具体之后，对主语进行解释，说明，使主语的内容具体化。化。1、状态系动词状态系动词 be2、表像系动词表像系动词看起来像看起来像 seem, appear3、持续性系动词持续性系动词,用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度 1）“仍然处于原来的状态仍然处于原来的状态”remain, stay2）“需要设法才能保持的某种状态需要设法才能保持的某种状态” keep, stay, + clean, calm, awake, young, warm, fine4、感官系动词感官系动词 feel, smell, sound, t

38、aste, look5、变化系动词变化系动词 become, grow, turnn, fall, get, go, come, run6、终止系动词终止系动词 prove, turn out1、这个故事听起来像是真的。The story sounds true.The story sounds true.2、他似乎知道这件事。He appears to know this.He appears to know this.3、这些桔子很好吃。These oranges taste good.These oranges taste good.1、The forms of Predicative

39、ClauseHis suggestion is that we should stay calm.That is why she was late.（系动词）（系动词）+ + 引导词引导词 + + 简单句简单句2、The lead words in Predicative Clause1 1、thatthat引导的表语从句引导的表语从句thatthat仅起连接作用，无意义，在句中不作任何成分，通常不能仅起连接作用，无意义，在句中不作任何成分，通常不能省略。它往往对主句主语的内容起到进一步的解释作用。省略。它往往对主句主语的内容起到进一步的解释作用。The trouble is that she

40、 has lost his address.The result is that many of them become fat.The reason why I didnt attend the conference was that I was too busy.Why we decide to put off the football match is that the weather was too bad.2、The lead words in Predicative Clause2 2、wh-wh-引导的表语从句引导的表语从句1)whetherwhether引导表语从句连接词whe

41、therwhether起连接作用，意为“是否，究竟，到底”，在句中不作任何成分。（if不能引导表语从句）The question is whether that man will turn up in time.The question is whether it is worth doing.2、The lead words in Predicative Clause2 2、wh-wh-引导的表语从句引导的表语从句2)连接代词引导表语从句连接代词what, which, who, whom, whose等除了在句中起连接作用外，还在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语等，且各有各的词义The p

42、roblem is who is really fit for the hard job.Tom is no longer what he used to be.2、The lead words in Predicative Clause2 2、wh-wh-引导的表语从句引导的表语从句3)连接副词引导表语从句连接副词when, where, how, why等除了在句中起连接作用外，还在从句中充当时间、地点、方式、原因状语等，本身具有词义That is where I cant agree with you.That is why he was late.2、The lead words in

43、 Predicative Clause3 3、其它连词（词组）引导的表语从句、其它连词（词组）引导的表语从句1)because引导表语从句because引导表语从句通常用于This / That / It is / was because.结构中2）as if / though 引导的表语从句常置于感官系动词look, seem, sound等后面，常用虚拟语气，表示不大可能存在的动作或状态I was late for school this morning. Thats because I stayed up too late last night.The elephant feels as

44、 if / though it were a wall.1、在引导表语从句时，whether不能被if替换3、在句型The reason (why) . is that.中，that引导表语从句，此处的that不能换成because；而在句型It / This is / was because.的表语从句中，because也不能换成that。His suggestion is that we (should) climb all the way to the top of the hill.2、当主句的主语是表示建议、命令、要求等的名词时，那么表语从句应该用虚拟语气虚拟语气The reason

45、 why he was so late is that it was raining hard then.Its just because he doesnt know her.1、Id like to start my own businessthats _ Id do if I had the money. A. why B. when C. which D. what2、Im afraid hes more of a talker than a doer, which is _ he never finishes anything. A. that B. when C. where D.

46、 why3、Part of the reason Charles Dickens loved,David Copperfield, was _ it was rather closely modeled on his own life. A. what B. that C. why D. whetherAppositive Clause同位语是句子成分的一种，它位于名词、代词后面，说明它们的性质和情况，它可以由名词、代词、名词性短语或从句充当。同位语的表现形式有一下几种：2、代词Tom, our monitor, is a handsome boy.1、名词I myself will do t

47、he experiment.3、数词She is the oldest among them six.Appositive Clause同位语是句子成分的一种，它位于名词、代词后面，说明它们的性质和情况，它可以由名词、代词、名词性短语或从句充当。同位语的表现形式有一下几种：5、由such as, that is 引导He told me the news that the plane had exploded.4、从句Some subjects, such as maths and physics, are very difficult to learn.Appositive Clause同位

48、语是句子成分的一种，它位于名词、代词后面，说明它们的性质和情况，它可以由名词、代词、名词性短语或从句充当。同位语的表现形式有一下几种：7、由or引导The city of Beijing has been greatly changed since 2000.6、由of引导The freezing temperature, or freezing point, is the temperature at which water freezes under ordinary pressure.1、它一般放在fact, news, true, hope, problem, information,

49、 belief, thought, doubt, promise, question等名词的后面，对前面的名词作进一步的解释，说明前面名词的具体含义。引导同位语从句的词有连词that，连接副词how， when，where， whether， what等。The hope that he may recover is not gone yet.The problem whether we should continue to do the experiment has been solved.I have no idea when he will come back.注意The story g

50、oes that William Tell killed the king with an arrow.Word came that their team had won.同位语从句有时被别的词把它同位语从句有时被别的词把它和名词隔开。和名词隔开。2、由that引导The fact that you havent enough time to do the work is simply unblievable.The hope that he may come here is not gone yet.The news that he has been elected president of

51、 the United States is true.The truth that heavy objects and light objects fall at the same speed is known to all.2、由whether引导The question whether we need more time to do the work has not been discussed.3、由when引导I have no idea when they will go.4、有时可用namely, that is to say, in other words, that is, f

52、or example等引出同位语，说明其前面的名词或代词。He told us the good news, namely, the museum is open to all.Appositive Clause & Attributive Clause1、同位语从句同位语从句说明的名词大都是抽象名词； 定语从句定语从句所修饰、限定的名词或代词有抽象的也有不抽象的。We express the hope that they will come to visit China again.Those who want to go please sign their names here.A

53、ppositive ClauseAttributive ClauseAppositive Clause & Attributive Clause2、同位语从句同位语从句所说明的名词与从句没有逻辑关系； 定语从句定语从句所限定的名词是从句逻辑上的主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等。The news that they won the match is true.The news that you told us yesterday is true.Appositive Clause， news和从句没有逻辑关系和从句没有逻辑关系Attributive Clause，news是是told的逻辑

54、宾的逻辑宾语语辨析The order when we should go back hasnt reached us.The day when New China was founded will never be forgotten.Appositive Clause， order和从句没有逻辑关系和从句没有逻辑关系Attributive Clause，day是是founded的逻辑状语的逻辑状语Appositive Clause & Attributive Clause3、同位语从句同位语从句主要有连接词that引导，有时也可用when，where，who，whether等引导；

55、定语从句定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导。Then he raised the question where they were to get the machine needed.Do you know the place where he was born?Appositive Clause & Attributive Clause4、同位语从句同位语从句的连词不可省略； 定语从句定语从句的关系代词作宾语常可省略。The news that he has been elected monitor of our class is true.The news (that) he tol

56、d me is exciting.Appositive Clause & Attributive Clause5、同位语从句同位语从句与先行词一般可变成一个完整句子，谓语用be的不同形式；He heard the news that their team had won.The news was that their team had won.将下面两个句子连成一个含同位语从句的复合句。1、Two fifths of all girls in America are on a diet. / The fact worries their parents and teachers a l

57、ot.The fact that two fifths of all girls in America are on a diet worries their parents and teachers a lot.2、The Queen of English was on a four-day visit in China. / We heard the news last night.We heard the news last night that the Queen of English was on a four-day visit in China.翻译句子，并说明其作用。1、We dont think you two have met before. O.C2、It is certain that John will do well in his exam.S.C3、Whether they are coming or not dont matter too much.S.C4、Now is when we need him most. Predicative.C5、I have no idea how she got through the forest.App.CFill in the blanks with conjunction