英文范文写作笔记

1、Issue 文章的开头就是分析issue的观点，一分为二，支持与不支持。并提出自己的观点，1 直接支持所述观点开头：Introduce In today's complex and rapidly changing society,阐述现代社会的背景，或者该问题的历史发展过程。然后就即将展开论证的各要素进行事先的提示，说明本人将在哪一些方面进行举例支持该论点。（例子很重要，要有足够的例子来说明）正文：Body， First of all, Secondly， Admittedly(让步说明，但是目的还是要支持论点)结尾：Conclusion 重写Introduction,形成首尾呼应。

2、范文：事实上，一篇好的Issue文章，不仅要摆出自己的论点及支持的论据，同时也要指出自己的漏洞所在，学会让步。因此我们常常必然会将这种说法进行变化，变成两个优点和一个缺点，很多人担心这么做会weaken论证的说服力，但事实上这种担心是完全没有必要的。相反，这种写法更能加强说服力。ETS也认可这种写法，因此我们没有任何理由拒绝这种写作方法，在这个写法中我们务必注意一点就是很多参考书包括孙老师的范文，把Admittedly放在第二段，事实上，这极不符合美国人的逻辑思维，因此David强烈建议大家写作的时候按照David给的模板操作：In the first place /To begin with

3、In the second place /Furthermore/In additionAdmittedly / However, it should be admitted (confessed) that / However, there is no denying that举举例子说说吧，顺便也讲讲写作思路的展开。issue41.“Such nonmainstream areas of inquiry as astrology, fortune-telling, and psychic and paranormal pursuits play a vital role in societ

4、y by satisfying human needs that are not addressed by mainstream science.”研究界的一些非主流领域，比如星象学、占卜学和意念及超自然探索，在社会中起到了很重要的作用，因为他们满足了人们无法从主流科学获得的需求。题目告诉我们：非主流文化在社会中起到很重要的作用。好，我们尝试用比较双方观点的方式开头：The author asserts that the nonmainstream areas of inquiry play a considerable part 这个结构记下来，它和题目中的play a vital role

5、 in一起将来在大家的写作中必然要用的for its satisfying human needs that are not addressed by mainstream science. 复述主题Critics of this idea argue that mainstream science could not be weighted.反面的观点，个人认为可以不要As for me, however, I will contend that 你的观点nonmainstream areas of inquiry are beneficial to the society to some

6、extent 非主流文化是有益于社会/in that 引出两个原因，而这两个原因恰恰是下文的两个分论点such areas of inquiry can not only comfort human beings能够安慰人 but they can also freely explain some phenomena which the mainstream could not explain解释现象.第二段：To begin with信号性标志词/, one of the major functions of the nonmainstream areas of inquiry is to

7、comfort people who hold no confidence in their future.论点一：非主流文化的作用之一是能够抚慰那些对将来不抱有信心的人。In this sense they strongly resemble the religions:/类比论证，而且大家看到这里有个冒号，这暗示下文是对冒号前的同义重复，这个大家在学习填空的时候能够学到 both serve as the spiritual home for individuals after they are torn by psychological frustrations imposed by t

8、he reality. 举例论证Take the famous movie "Ghost" as an example.后面是展开，此处省略。Under this circumstance, it is obvious that we benefit from the nonmainstream areas of inquiry.总结，在这里很多人忽视这个总结，David觉得很不好，尽管这句话只是对TS的总结，但是从论证角度讲，这叫作有始有终。第三段：From a practical point of view典型模板的套话/, as a part of human nat

9、ure, the longing for the unknown and the inclination to conduct and explanation that is blessed to get the public acknowledgement.一句引语，看见下面however，知道真正的TS在后面。 Common sense tells us that the most convincing way is subjected to the mainstream science, however, when the mainstream cannot afford or be a

10、vailable同义重复, the rest approach is to turn to nonmainstream for help to satisfy peoples insatiable appetite. TS重复In other words, nonmainstream areas of inquiry could understudy the role of mainstream science in the germinal phase.第四段：There is no denying that overemphasizing the importance of 可用作你的模板

11、内容/inquiring nonmainstream should prevent people from actively struggle against fate or making effort for better future.提出一点弱点，但要记住你提出这样一个观点，后面一定要展开，有些考生不注重或者说没有足够的时间来写这一段，如果实战中没有时间展开，不妨删掉这一段。如果写了，就要展开，这个是ETS的要求。其实，展开很简单，举个身边的小例子一句话带过就可以。第五段：写总结。In conclusion, I hope it has been shown that.这个文章的作者是一

12、位实战中至少得了4分的作文，拿出来讲的目的就是增加一下大家的信心，连这样烂的文章也能得4？但这是事实，以后我们讲连续分析两篇6分ETS给的范文，我们好好体会6分的魅力所在：感受范文结构特点和论证方式，同时介绍怎样收集好词靓句。这里先不过多解释。"The media (books, film, music, television, for example) tend to create rather than reflect the values of a society."There are some who would say that the media reflect

13、s the values of society. I believe however, that the media in fact tend to create values in a society. The values created may be far different from the values that our society would choose to embrace. I offer two examples that serve well to illustrate that the media can in fact shape the very moral

14、fibers in our society. The first medium that comes to mind is music. Through music we can proclaim our love, communicate feelings, and express new attitudes. Music is widely available to almost everyone in our society. To see how music has changed the values of our society, one needs only to lo

15、ok to the urban sprawl. Rap and gangster styles of music reach millions of city teens and young adults. It's message is quite simple- violence, drugs, and sex . Young people are constantly bombarded with the message that if you want something all you have to do is to take it. The values of human

16、 life, respect for elders and children have been lost. We have gangs and random killings in the streets of most cities in our country. Are these my values? They are most certainly not. This music does not reflect the values of this society. This music is the very core of this degradation of our valu

17、es. How many tricked out gang cars to you see that don't have the annoying bass rumble of Rap music vibrating out of them? This music is part of the persona of a whole generation of people. It is just as much a part of their ego as the guns, drugs, and abuse of women. Another medium that is shap

18、ing the values of our society is advertising. Advertising is everywhere, on T.V., billboards, radio, even at the ballpark. Through advertising some vendors can create "values". To illuminate my point I will use tobacco companies as an example. Joe Camel has convinced millions of young

19、 people that it is cool to smoke. The Marlboro man has done the same. The audience is always the same. These ads are targeting young people. They have created the "value" among children that it is ok for kids to smoke. Again the values of society have been changed by a powerful media. I

20、9;m sure there are not too many parents out there who would want their children to start smoking. Another advertising media that will surely change the values of ours society is the Internet. The internet is really just the world's largest commercial launched under the veil of access of use

21、ful information. It will be interesting to see just how this new network that has brought the world together will affect our values. These are just examples but I think they are effective at making my point. I think they serve to illustrate that the media can in fact change our values. As for me, I&

22、#39;ll be out back smoking a Don Lino, on a beautiful trout stream while sipping a cold beer, waiting for the trout to rise and hoping a couple of those girls from the Coors commercial show up.2 反对所述观点（基本同支持的方法）开头：Introduce Though I fundamentally agree that most of the faculty in the universities sh

23、ould have the experience to participate the employment or real works outside the academic world, it is unwarranted to expend this broad assertion to embrace the all faculty in the college. Therefore, my contention toward this opinion is that正文：Body 就Opinion的观点展开，所以该Opinion最好不要太单一，反对的最好方式还是详细分类，一类人适合

24、该论点，并举出合适的原因与例子。而另外一类不合适，并稍微展开。结尾：Conclusion 重写Introduction,形成首尾呼应。范文：The study of history is only valuable if it is relevant to our daily lives To state that the study of history is only valuable if it is relevant to our daily lives is to ignore the value that history has beyond the day-to-day acti

25、vities of human beings. It would seem to be a rather shallow statement that implies that humans only live just to survive rather than planning for the futures of their children and the environment.First of all, to study history is to look at a road map of human behavior that has led us to where we a

26、re today in the world. For example, the lessons learned during all of the past wars can make for more effective wartime leadership by avoiding mistakes made by past commanders. From the ancient Chinese author Sun Tzu's book "The Art of War", today's military commanders and even bus

27、iness leaders gather valuable information that allows them to operate more efficiently and effectively. The study of this type of history has a value beyond the daily lives of people. It can lead to a military victory or the success of a business that directly affects what happens in the future, inc

28、luding the futures of those that are possibly not even born yet. Another example is that by studying history, parents can help to improve the lives of their children in the future. Lessons learned by generations of their ancestors before them could help show them the way to properly raise a child. W

29、hat worked for others can give guidance to the parents of today and tomorrow to make sure that children are prepared for their own futures beyond their daily lives. Additionally, the study of medical advances made throughout history can be the foundation to build upon to make the medical advances of

30、 today and tomorrow to make people live longer and healthier lives. A researcher's daily life may not be enhanced by the study of the history of the AIDS pathogen, but it could certainly bring about a profound effect on the lives of others in the future if ways to control and cure the disease ar

31、e found. The study of previous research over history has led to many amazing medical discoveries. To study history only to enrich one's daily life would here again seem to be incongruous with the truth.A further example of the value of the study of history beyond its effect on daily life is the

32、treatment of the environment and the earth as a whole. Looking back to the past to see the various effects of various human behaviors on the environment can show valuable lessons on what can happen if proper precautions are not taken. The nuclear accidents at Three Mile Island and Chernobyl have bee

33、n studied to ensure that they do not happen again. Certainly the study of the effects of nuclear materials on humans and the environment provides value beyond that of the day-to-day life of people. The study of oil spills and their effects on the environment gives similar guidance on how to avoid or

34、 at least minimize the damage of an oil spill on the environment. The study of the disintegration of the ozone layer over the poles of the earth has given birth to new laws and regulations on certain chemicals that help to preserve this valuable part of our atmosphere. All of these examples of study

35、ing history provide value far beyond its impact on the daily lives of people.To be certain, there are people out there that believe that only what affects them right here and right now is important. For them, the study of history might seem to be a waste of time if it does not affect their day-to-da

36、y lives. But for countless other individuals and groups, the study of history leads to improvements in activities that have an effect reaching far into the future, beyond their daily lives. The futures of mankind and the environment depend on these types of people who have enough foresight to study

37、history to make for a better future for everyone.(690 words)"Both the development of technological tools and the uses to which humanity has put them have created modern civilizations in which loneliness is ever increasing."I disagree with the argument that "Both the development of tec

38、hnological tools and the uses to which humanity has put them have created modern civilizations in which loneliness is ever increasing."" Arguments can be made for this thesis, but they depend largely upon what I believe to be a poor definition of "loneliness". If one defines

39、 loneliness as the absence of as much physical, face-to-face contact with other people, then this argument is probably true. The invention of modern telecommunications devices such as telephones, fax machines, and computers has definitely cut down on the amount of physical contact with other people.

40、 This is especially true in recent times due to the extremely rapid expansion of the Internet. E-mail and tele-conferencing are direct substitutes for physical contact, especially in the business world. However, I believe that loneliness can be better measured by intellectual contact with other

41、 individuals. Unarguably, modern technology makes this faster and easier, with better communication with a larger number of people. Some employers have argued that productivity is lessened since they have had computers linked to the Internet, as the employees spend much of their time "chatting&

42、quot; with friends, acquaintances, or business contacts across the country. This is probably not a good thing for the employers, but it demonstrates the increased degree of communication due to modern technology. Of course, some technologies have increased loneliness by any standards, such as t

43、he automobile or other transportation mechanisms. These encourage substantially longer commutes between home and work. Automobiles have made possible the pattern of suburbanization that has been in place in the United States since immediately after World War Two. Time spent commuting is generally un

44、productive and spent alone, unless the individual in question is car-pooling or using mass transit. The contribution of the commuting culture to loneliness may actually be changing now due to new technology that is being invented and used by the general public. Popular new devices, such as the cellu

45、lar phone, the laptop computer, and the combination thereof may actually convert commuting time to a period of increased communications between people, to "pass the time". This will be especially true as use of mass transit grows, which will probably happen, due to problems with gas shorta

46、ges, air pollution, and the creation of further mass transit by federal and local governments. The motivation for the declaration that loneliness is increasing may be due to the fact that many people, especially blue-collar workers, are unable to afford or use these new devices. However, since

47、the advent of the personal computer, the price per computing power has continually lowered rapidly, and this trend shows no sign of changing. Several companies, such as Sun Microsystems and Oracle have announced that they are attempting to develop terminals with little computing power, but a full ca

48、pability to access the Internet. These devices will be in approximately the $500 price range, which is much more reasonable than the price of the current top of the line PC. In addition, to cater to a larger mass of the public, software companies have been carefully making their products easier to u

49、se by non-"computer nerds". This trend is not likely to cease. In conclusion, although early development of modern transportation may have increased loneliness, I believe that more recent technologies are actually doing the opposite, stimulating interpersonal contact and encouraging i

50、ntellectual expansion. The perception that the opposite is true derives from what I believe is poor definition of loneliness and the difficulty that the working class has in acquiring and using modern telecommunications devices.3 平衡所有观点 开头：Introduction1> With the development of human society / in

51、 today's complex and rapidly changing society, the controversy rose from the gap between A and B has attracted more and more attentions. some argue that A，while the others contend that B.One of the best ways to solving this controversy is to construct a balance between A and B.2> There are tw

52、o sides to every icon. some regard ，while some other persons argue that。It is hard to conclude which statement above is better than the other; however, constructing a balance on the research subjects of the history study is not only important but also necessary. 正文：body1> A 重要（总分总结构）2> 过渡A会出现什

53、么问题（分总结构）3> B也很重要，没有B不行The overemphasizing of the few elites also may have adverse effect on the study of the history. 列举一个因素进行展开 First of all A 由于什么什么没有办法达到，By contrast B却可以在该方面有Though * have great significance in the evolution of human civilization. Overemphasis the intellect and neglect the ot

54、her non-intellectual skill also will hamper the human society. For example,结尾：Conclusion In sum, both the common people and famous figures are very important in the study of history and only through the research work based on these two groups can historians to get the complete information of the his

55、tory. 范文： "In our time, specialists of all kinds are highly over-rated. We need more generalists people who can provide broad perspectives."第一段：提出观点：随着社会的发展，需要在专家和通才中寻找一种平衡。In this era of rapid social and technological change leading to increasing life complexity and psychological displace

56、ment, both positive and negative effects among persons in Western society call for a balance in which there are both specialists and generalists. 典型开头，摆明态度。一定要有一个态度。句型收获：In this era of rapid social and technological change leading to increasing life complexity and psychological displacement, both po

57、sitive and negative effects among persons in Western society call for a balance in which there are both specialists and generalists.（整句都应该背下，很有用） 第二自然段： 专家是必要的。（本段中心句）Specialists are necessary in order to allow society as a whole to properly and usefully assimilate the masses of new information

58、 and knowledge that have come out of research and have been widely disseminated through mass global media. （开始引用名言）As the head of Pharmacology at my university once said (and I paraphrase): "I can only research what I do because there are so many who have come before me to whom I can turn for b

59、asic knowledge. It is only because of each of the narrowly focussed individuals at each step that a full and true understanding of the complexities of life can be had. Each person can only hold enough knowledge to add one small rung to the ladder, but together we can climb to the moon." （下面是总结上面的引用）This illustrates the point that our societies level of knowledge and technology is at a stage in which there simply must be specialists in order for our society to take advantage of the information available t