【英语】2021年度全国医学考博英语统考-阅读理解全解及详解

1、2021 年度全国医学统考博士英语阅读懂得翻译及详解2021 年passage oneparents are ona journeyofdiscovery witheach childwhose temperament, biology, and sleep habits result in a unique sleep-wakepattern. it can be frustrating when children s scloenefporhmabits do notto the household schedule. helping the child develop good slee

2、p habits in childhood takes time and parental attention, but it willhave beneficial results throughout life. an understanding of the changing patterns of the typical sleep-wake cycle in children willhelp alleviate any unfounded concerns. maintaininga sleep diary for each child willprovide the parent

3、s with baseline information in assessing thenature and severity of childhood sleep problems. observantpatents willcome to recognize unusual sleep disruptions or those that persist oinr tensify.一对父母发表了一篇关于孩子的性情 （temperament：predisposition）、生理以及睡眠习惯会导致不一样睡眠- 觉醒模式；当孩子的睡眠习惯不能遵从 conformto 遵从家庭的规划时间睡眠是很困惑

4、的一件事情；帮忙孩子养成好的睡眠习惯，需要花费时间和父母的操劳，但好 的睡眠习惯对孩子终生受益； 明白孩子典型的睡眠周期可以削减父母的无故徘徊 ，坚持为每个孩子写睡眠日记，能够供应最基本的信息， 用来评估孩子睡眠问题的 本质和严峻程度；善于观看的 父母就能够意识到反常睡眠的困惑所在或那些连续睡眠反常或严峻的问题 ；developmental changes throughout childhood bring differences in thesleep-wake cycle and in the type and frequency ofparasomnias that may inter

5、rupt sleep. medical consultation to rule out illness, infection of injuryis prudent if the child s sleep problems prevent adequate sleep and resultin an ongoing sleep deficit. as reported by news-medical in child healthnews, children s sleep problems should be taken seriously as they may be a “ mark

6、er ” for predicting later risk of eaardlyolescent substance use. inthe same article. university of michigan psychiatry professor kirk brower,who has studied “ theinterplay of alcohol and sleep in adults” stressedthat“ the finding does not mean there-and seaffecacturseelationship.”童年时间发育的变化会引起睡眠周期和类型

7、的变化，频繁的睡眠反常会困扰睡眠； 假如儿童睡眠问题阻挡了充分的睡眠和导致进行性睡眠匮乏， 需要就诊于医院谨慎的排除疾病以及感染的损耗引起；在child health news 报道医疗新闻称儿童睡眠问题应当被重视， 它可能是少年时期体质多病的 “预警”；美国的 brower 教授写了一篇相同的文章，他争论了成年酒精和睡眠的相互影响， 强调他发觉两者之间并不是因果关系；1. parasonmials 异睡症2. prudent谨慎的；精明的；节省的3. adolescent 青春期4. interplay相互影响consultation with child psychologist may

8、be helpful if frighteningdreams intensifyand become more frequent as this may indicate aparticular problem or life circumstance that needs to be changed or onethat the child may need extra help working through.假如孩子做噩梦的程度和频率恶化， 可能说明有特殊问题或者需要改变生活环境， 或者遇到了需要额外帮忙才能应对的问题，这时可能仍需要询问 心理学家 ；most childhood sl

9、eep disturbance will diminish over time as the brain matures and a regular sleep-wake cycle is established. parental guidance is crucial to development of healthy sleep habits in children.随着大脑的成熟，多数儿童睡眠困扰都会消逝以及规律的睡眠周期的建立；在儿童期在建立良好的睡眠习惯父母的指导是特别重要；61. to have a journey of discovery with each child, ac

10、cording to the passage, is.a. to discover their unique sleep-wake cycles62. in the first paragraph, the author suggests that parents.d. keep a diary on sleep pattern for their children63. when there exists a“ marker ” in the child according to the passage, .a. it might lead to his or her early subst

11、ance use64. what is the author trying to tell us in the third paragraph.b. sometimes parents need to seek professional assistance.65. what is the main idea of the passage.c. parents role in building their child s healthy sleeping habit.passage twothe united states and england each has a major anduni

12、que-health- care challenge, according to a study comparing the health of seniorcitizens in the two countries. the study, conducted by researchers from rand corporation in the united states and institute for fiscal studies in the united kingdom, found that disease and health disorder incidence was hi

13、gher among u.s. senior citizens, but mortality rates were higher among english senior citizens.依据美国和英国老年人争论对比，这两个国家面临着重要和特殊的挑战， 这项争论主要有美国的兰德公司和英国的财政机构参加的， 发觉在美国老年人的疾病的发生率和患病率明显高于英国，但是死亡率却明显低于英国；americans aged 65 and older have almost twice the rate of diabetes found among their english counterparts

14、and more than double the rate of cancer. nevertheless, death rate among americans 65 and older lowe美r.国 65 岁以上的老年人患糖尿病概率是相应年龄英国人的2 倍，并且癌症的发生率也大于2 倍，然而，美国 65 岁以上老人的死亡率却比英国人的低；“ americans are a sicker group of people who tend to live longer, james smith, a study co-author. he attributes the u.s. healt

15、h problems tolifestylefactors,includingpooreatinghabitsandinadequateexercise. americans tend to eat muchlargerservings of food , forexample, there is what i call an americanplate . when we go to arestaurant, it s plate i can t even eat any more. it s a plate withfood on if it s even appealing一to个m共e

16、同. 争论者认为美国 “患者小病不断，寿命不短” ，包括不良的因素习惯和缺乏锤炼，美国人倾向于吃大量食物，例如，我们称之为的美国人的盘， 当我们进入餐厅时， 那种多食物我是吃不下的，假如食物没有足够好吃的话；smithalso says that englishadults are generallymuch more physically active than americans. biking and walking are much commonin everyday life in english. he observes that“ there is a lot of walkin

17、g london ” a, nd there is a lot of bicycle riding.i don st ee people indowntown los angeles on their bicycles也表”示s英mi国th成年人有更多的锤炼， 骑车和散布是最常见的英国人的日常生活方式；他观看到在伦敦有很多的散布和自行车骑行的人，而在洛杉矶没有看到这些；on the other hand, england s problem is that doctors fail to diagnose serious conditions early enough. americans d

18、octors tend toscreen patients for cancer, diabetes, and other illnesses more frequently. smithnotes “ americanmedicine is much more aggressive.”it leads to high costs, but it has benefits, too. 换句话说，在英国医生不能早期诊断出疾病的严峻性，而美国医生多倾向于筛查癌症、糖尿病以及常见病， smtih 表示美国的医疗多是侵袭性有创的检查花费很高，但是同样有好处；66 the study s reisnud

19、litcsated-a. an urgent call for health promotion among english and american senior citizens.b. health disparities between english and american senior citizens. 次选项内容正常但不是indicated 是 noted；c. a close relation between disease incidence and mortality rate不. 一样d. a significant rise in mortality rates am

20、ong senior citizens.本文没有indicated 说年龄大了死亡率会上升，只是说患病率和死亡率不一样；67 which of the following is a unique health care challenge for england senior citizens when compared with their american counterparts .a a higher death rate.b a higher rate of cancer. lower 才对c a higher incidence of disease. lower 才对d a lo

21、wer tendency of have diabetes. 本文只是说了对比美国老男人， 英国老年人没有想美国人那样常规筛查cancer、diabetes等，indicated 有很多 cancer、diabetes没有诊断出，没有说 lower diabetes；68. what does james smithimply american plate.a. a sedentary american lifestyles. 不爱运动的的生活方式， 缺乏活动， 此题问的是吃相关；b. american junk foods on the table. 垃圾食物c. a large porti

22、on offood consumed by americans. 很大一部分，很多d. severe malnutrition among american senior citizens.69. the americans unique health-care challenge according to jamessmith, is derived froma. their unusual forms of physical activities 本文没有指出b. their different geographic location本文没有指出c. their genetic likel

23、ihood of obesity本文没有指出d. their unhealthy lifestyle factors.70. even though it is much more aggressive, the american medicinea. better improves the quality of life among its medicine care.b. benefits more seniors who need medicine care.c. facilitates its senior citizens to live longer.d. helps its se

24、nior citizens live healthier.单词小结1. counterpartn.相对物；相对应的人2. sedentaryadj. 久坐的；坐惯的；定栖的；静坐的 ,3. junk foods 垃圾食物4. senior citizens老年人5. fiscal英 'f.sk.ladj. 会计的，财政的；国库的passage threeless meat and dairy in our diets could help reduce agricultural greenhouse gases by as much as 80% by 2025, according

25、to a recent study by the potsdam institute for clinmate impact researchpik.the researchers created global lan-duse model to project likely outcomes given different scenariosinvolving consumer dietary trends and changesin agriculture production methods. the models take into considerationpopulation gr

26、owth, the world economy, and other factors. 最近波士顿气候影响争论组织（ pik ）提出削减饮食中肉类和奶类，到 2025 年，能削减 80%农业温室气体； 争论者创建了全球土地使用模式， 来依据不同模式产生的可能的结果， 这些模式涉及到消费者饮食趋势以及农业生产方式的转变； 这个模式也考虑到人工的增长、 世界的经济以及其他因素；the researchersfound that, if meat and dairy consumption patterns remain constant of increase, the associated gl

27、obal agricultural omissions willincrease significantly. one the other hand, a 25% reductionover the next 40 years would help bring levels to where they were around1995. 争论者发觉，假如肉类和奶类消费模式仍连续增加，就相应的全球农业气体也显著增加，换句话也就是说，在过去40 年里有 25%的气体削减，那是气体水平与 1995 年相当；methane and nitrous oxide in particular could be

28、 reduced if less meat and dairy is produced and consumed. these gases are caused largely by livestockwasteandsyntheticfertilizers.aroundtwo-thirdsof nitrous-oxide emissions come from agriculture andmost of that as a result of either raising animals or producing the feed used to raise them.consumers

29、food choices, combined with what one pik researcher terms“ technicalmitigationoptions on the producers side ”could make an enormous impact on these emissions.假如削减肉类和奶类的生产和消耗，特殊是甲烷和一氧化氮会削减； 这些气体主要是有家畜粪便和化学肥料引起， 有三分之二的一氧化氮来自于农业，主要是由饲养动物或者生产的肥料来喂养动物引起， 消费者对食物的挑选， 结合 pik 争论者提出的技术减排正确方案会对这些气体排放产生庞大的影响；wh

30、ile not nearly as much methane or nitrous oxide is released into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide, both are significantly more potent and they form substantial pieces of the greenhouse gas pie. both of these gases trap heat and radiation in the atmosphere much more effectively than does carbon dioxi

31、de. the u.s. environmental protectionagency cites methane as being“ 21 times more effective at trapping heat in the atmosphere than carbon dioxide over a 100-year time period. ”nitrous oxide is more than 300 times more effective than co2； 虽然甲烷和一氧化氮排放至大气层没有二氧化碳多， 但甲烷和一氧化氮具有更大威力和能形成庞大的温室气体层； 这两种气体能比二氧

32、化氮更有效的产生滞留热和辐射； 美国环境爱护机构提出在过去的 100 年间甲烷产生的滞留热比二氧化碳大 21 倍，一氧化氮作用是二氧化碳的 300 倍；while the pik study doesn dtetail exactly which consumer choices and eating habits can help reverse the trend, it -seems clear that less ismore when it comes to consuming meat and dairy products.虽然 pik 的争论并没有准确的表示消费者的挑选和eat

33、习惯能够帮忙扭转这一趋势，但好像很明显，提到消费肉类和奶制品仍是少食为好；单词小结project rev展ea现l ，揭露scenariosn. 情节；脚本；情形介绍（ scenario 的复数）71. the currentpik study .a. was nothing but a what-ifb. was based on the global land-use modelsc. managed to reduce agricultural greenhouse gasesd. changed the patterns of meat and dairy consumption.72

34、. as thepik results imply, it ispossible.a. to keep consumption patterns unchanged over the next 40 yearsb. to reduce the emissions by 25% over the next 40 years.c. to maintain a constant drop in the consumption.d. to return to the emission levels around199573. simply put, to produce and consume les

35、s meat and dairyis to .a. to reduce more methane and nitrous oxide emissionsb. produce more economic benefits for agriculture.c. cut two-thirds more of nitrous-oxide emissionsd. have more technical mitigation options.74. the greenhouse gas pietells us.a. the importance of being a vegetationb. no nee

36、d to worry about carbon dioxide.c. the priorities in the environmental protectiond. the best consumer choice for meat and dairy products75. what can be the best title for the passage.a. eating healthyb. from farm to platec. green house effect.d. diet for a healthierpassage fourtoday this dangerous s

37、ituation has been largely alleviated. henry, a 77-year-old pensioner from east london, stilllives alone and happily practices golf swings in his back garden safe in the knowledge that his body is able cope with the extra exertion.现在这种危急的形势大部分得到缓解， henry，一位伦敦东部的靠退休金过日子的77 岁老人，仍然独自生活， 并知道自己身体能应对额外运动的情

38、形下， 他在自家后花园高兴的挥舞着高尔夫球杆打着高尔夫；what has altered henrylifesis not some wonder drug but a simplechange in the way his illness is managed. everyday henryhookshimself up to monitoringdevices whose results are helped him to understand it and overcome its more debilitating effects.“ telehealthhas given me co

39、nfidence in myself because i know my own body now,”he says. he adjusts what he does according to what his daily readings tellhim about his condition. 能转变 henry 生活的不是药物， 而是疾病治疗方式的简洁变化， 每天 henry 将自己和设备连接上，这些设备监测的结果能帮忙 henry 明白自己的状态，并能防范于未然；他说远程医疗使他 now 更自信了，由于他现在更能明白自己的身体；依据每日身体监测的数据，进行调整；henry is jus

40、t one of a growing number of pioneering patients who are trusting their futures to telehealth. large trials are under way around the world to evaluate the idea. with elderly populations and the incidence ofage-dillnesses growingtelehealth promises togivepeople the independence they need to remain in

41、 their own homes. it could also reduce the burden of healthcare costs. henry仅仅是日趋增长的首批使用远程医疗的一员， 他把自己的将来也交给了远程医疗， 为了评估远程医疗，在世界范畴内进行了大量试验；随着老龄化人口的增长以及年龄相关疾病的增多， 远程医疗能使患者在自己家里独立生活， 并且也能够削减医疗花费的负担；the disorder that makes henry s life so difficult is chronic obstructive pulmonary diseasedopd, a conditio

42、ns that affects some 800000 peoplein england. the airways in his lungs have narrowed, leaving him with severe shortness of breath and blood oxygen levels that can fall dangerously low. 慢性堵塞性肺疾病让 henry 的生活很麻烦，在英国有800000 患者受此困扰，患者肺部气管狭窄，呼吸急促和血氧水平极低降低时，会有生命危急；with his equipment, henry can keep a close

43、eye on how his body is doing. he received for measuring his blood oxygen level and pulse rate, a blood pressure monitor and a set of speaking scales. each connects wirelessly to a unitcollates the readings and sends them to a team of medical specialists, who watch for suspicious changes. if the read

44、ings look bad, they call him to discuss appropriate action. henry too can see the readings on his television, where they are displayed with the help of a special set-top box. 利用这个设备，henry 你能够亲密监测自身的指标，这些指标包括血氧的水平和脉搏， 血压的监测和肯定的语言设置， 通过无线连接核对数据， 将数据传到专家医疗组， 来监测数据可疑的变化；假如数据看上去有问题， 他们通过电话告知他并争论恰当的方案；hen

45、ry 也可以通过电视上明白自身的数据，电视上的数据是通过特殊的机顶盒来完成的；whether a day is good or bad depends largely on henry s blood oxy level. before joining the telehealth program, he could only guess at that.now he knows if the reading is low, he can take action. when the reading is high, he can go about his business confident

46、that his oxygen level willsee him through. telehealth is a good thing for me, says henry,“that on the other end of the telephone thereisf anlyitthleinagngel andgoes wrongit shows up on the television and she osn the phone within five minutes”. henry 一天的血氧水平主要影响他的心情，在远程医疗以前，血氧水平主要靠推测；现在有了远程医疗，假如数据低，他

47、就能知道，就会实行措施，假如数据高，他能放心的做自己的事，信任他的血氧含量能帮忙他顺当通过；henry 说远程医疗对自己很有帮忙， 他知道电话那端有个小天使， 假如电视上显示的数据显现问题，他就会在 5 分钟内接到电话；单词小结：1.pensioner'pen.n.n. 领养老金者；领取抚恤金者2.in the knowledge that在知道的情形下3.debilitated.'b.l.te.t vt. 使衰弱；使虚弱4.collatek.'le.tvt. 核对，校对；校勘5.rid of除去，摆脱76. what can be said of henry ？（细节

48、懂得题）a. his illness was wrongly diagnosedb. he lived alone without medical care.c. his life was improved with telehealth.d. he used to be a professional golf player.77. henry activates hisdaily health management . 细节定位题 a. with a receipt of the doctor s order on his condition.b. by getting hooked up

49、to the monitoring devices.c. by giving a ring to the community doctor.d. with the practice of golf patients.78. as one of thepioneering patients , henry 细节懂得题 a. receives the most benefits from telehealth.b. puts his life in the hands of a medical teamc. seems to carry out well the intents of telehe

50、alth.d. is actively involved in evaluating telehealth globally.79. what is the most important about the telehealth technology in the case of henry .细节判定题 a. his illness can be brought back to normal as expected.b. it can rid him of the debilitating effects due to his illness.c. it helps him better u

51、nderstand the readings on the television.d. his condition can be kept under continuous surveillance at home.80. thanks to the telehealth technology, henry knows for sure his blood oxygen level, thus细节懂得题 a. having a good day.b. building up his confidence.c. getting hospitalized in no time.d. having

52、no trouble doing physical labor.passage fivewhen it comes to health, which is more important, nature or nurture ？you may well think your genes are a more important predictor of health and illhealth. notso fast. in fact, it transpiresthat our everyday environment outweighs ourgenetics, bigtime, wheni

53、tcomes to measuring ourriskofdisease. thegenome isout-welcomethe exposome.当我们提到健康，最重要我们想到的是环境仍是养分？，你可能认为基因在一个人健康方面是一个重要的推测因子，不要这么说， 事实上，在检测疾病风险因素时，大多数时候，日常生活的环境比基因 影响要大； 基因论已经过时，现在迎来环境暴露论；“ the exposome represents everything a person is exposed to inthe environment, that s not in the geness, tephe”n

54、 rsaapyspaport,environmental health scientist at the university of california, berkeley. that includes stress, diet, lifestyle choices, recreational and medicinal drug use and infections, to name a few, “ thebig difference is that the exposome changes throughout life as our bodies, diets and lifesty

55、les change, ” he says. steprheanppapor （ environmental health scientist at the university of california, berkeley.）说全部因素都可以暴露在环境中，不单单是基因方面；这些因素，举几个例子来说，包括压力，疾病，生活方式转变，休息或消遣以及药物的使用、 感染，最大的区分在于， 就是环境暴露的变化， 就像是我们的身体、 饮食以及生活方式转变一样，贯穿于我们的一生；while our understanding of the human genome has been growing at

56、an exponential rate over the last decade, it is not as helpful as we hoped in predicting diseases.“ geneosnly contribute 10 percent to the overalldisease burden, ” says rapp在ap过or去t. 二十年里，虽然我们对基因的熟悉以指数倍的速度增长， 但未像我们所期望的那样能有效帮忙我们推测疾病，基因对整个疾病的影响仅仅是10%， says rappapor；t“ knowinggenetic risk factors can prove absolutely futile,s”aysjeremy nicholson at imperial college london. he points to work by ninepaynter at the brigham and women s hospital in boston, who investigated th