word组胚教案

1、 四川大学八年制教案（Histology & Embryology）1.视盘3.螺旋器5.视杆2.黄斑4.壶腹嵴6.视锥（三）问答题: 1、角膜的组织结构有何特点？损伤后会产生哪些后果？2、试述视网膜的组织结构及其三组神经元的相互关系？3、比较视杆细胞和视锥细胞的异同？（四）作业下图为视网膜在高倍镜下的结构草图，请您在图上注明下列结构：色素上皮层、视杆视锥层、外界膜、外核层、外网层、内核层、内网层、节细胞层、神经纤维层、内界膜第 100页共 189 页 四川大学八年制教案（Histology & Embryology）Chapter 12ENDOCRINE SYSTEMObje

2、ctivesIn this chapter, the following are examined:1. The general structural characteristics of endocrine glands.2. Histological structure and function of thyroid gland.3. The division of adrenal gland .The structural characteristic andfunction of each zone of adrenal cortex.4. The structural charact

3、eristic and function of each cell type of parsdistalis.5. The relationship between hypothalamus and adenohypophysis thehypophysealportalsystem.Thestructuralcharacteristicofneurohypophysis, and the relationship with the hypothalamus.Section I Outline on Lecture I. General characteristics1. Glandular

4、cells are arranged in cords, clusters, follicles, or reticula.2. Have no duct, rich in capillary3. Hormones: The secretions of endocrine glands are called hormones.Type of hormone:Nitrogenous hormone - amino acid derivatives, amine, peptides & proteins (RER,Golgi complex, granules).Steroid hormo

5、nesteroid hormone secreting cellEM: Its cytoplasm is rich in SER, mitochondria with tubular cristae, lipiddroplets.LM: The cytoplasm of this cell is acidophilic or vacuole like if containing alot of lipid droplets.Targets - receptors:Nitrogenous hormones receptors are in the cell membrane.Steroid ho

6、rmones receptors are in the cytoplasm.remote endocrine, paracrine and autocrine第 101页共 189 页 四川大学八年制教案（Histology & Embryology）II. Thyroid1. Capsule: LCT, septa, rich in capillary network2. Parenchyma is composed of follicles and parafollicular cells.(1) FolliclesConsist of a simple epithelial sp

7、here (range from squamous to low columnar)whose lumen contains acidophilic colloid (glycoprotein).The function of follicular cells is to produce thyroid hormones.The synthesizing process:Synthesis of thyroglobulin:synthesizereleaseby follicularcellin cell plasmain Golgicomplexin RERlumen offollicleT

8、ake inamino acidsprocessedfrom vesiclesIodization(In Lumen of follicle):Reabsorption & decomposion:through I- peroxidase I2Othyroglobulin iodinationFollicular cells take up colloid bypinocytosis (stimulated by thyrotropin);the pinocytotic vesicles fuse withlysosome. And then the iodinatedthyrogl

9、obulin are broken by proteasesin lysosome intoT4 (tetraiodothyronine,thyroxine)T3 (triiodothyronine)Releasing: T4 & T3 are discharged into blood stimulate the rate ofmetabolism & development of bone and central nerve system.第 102页共 189 页 四川大学八年制教案（Histology & Embryology）Thyroid disorders

10、:Hypothyroidism Cretin (child)Myxedema (adult)Hyperthyroidism decrease body weight, asthenia, nervousness, eyeprotrusion, and accelerated heart rate.(2) Parafollicular cellsLocation: They are found as part of the follicular epithelium or as isolatedclusters between follicles.Structure: Large, pale s

11、tain, silver stain (argyrophilic granules)Secretion: Calcitonin (polypeptide)Stimulate osteoblast to produce new boneBlood calcium levelInhibit absorption of Ca2+III. Parathyroid gland1. CT Capsule 2. Glandular cells Chief cells (principal cells) are small polygonal cells with round nucleus andpale-

12、staining cytoplasm.Secretion parathyroid hormone (polypeptide)Stimulate osteocytes & osteoclasts to broken up bone matrixblood Ca2+Stimulate absorption of Ca from intestine and renal tubules2+ Oxyphil cells are larger polygonal cells, their cytoplasm contains manymitochondria (acidophilic stain)

13、. Their function is not clear. Adrenal glandDCT capsuleAdrenal medulla(center)Two concentriclayersAdrenal cortex(periphery)1. Cortex 80%-90%zonaglomerulosaThree layerszona fasciculatazona reticularis第 103页共 189 页 四川大学八年制教案（Histology & Embryology）(1) Zona glomerulosaImmediately beneath the capsul

14、e small cells are arranged in rounded orarched clusters surrounded by capillaries.Secretion: mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) maintain electrolyte (Naand water balance (absorption of Na in distal tubules and collecting tubulesand excrete K(2) Zona fasciculata, K )+ +).Thick most layer straight cords

15、 with rich capillaries. Polygonal cells with agreat number of lipid droplets (appear vacuous).Secretion: glucocorticoids (cortisol, corticosterone) Stimulate themetabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids; Suppress the immuneresponse (by destroying circulating lymphocytes).(3) Zona reticularisI

16、nnermost layer irregular cords form an anastomosing network with richcapillaries. Smaller cells with lipofuscin pigment granules and lipid droplets.Secretion: androgen*All cells in cortex are steroid hormone-secreting cells (SER, mitochondriawith tubular cristae, lipid droplets).2. Medulla Cells are

17、 in cords or clumps with sinusoidal capillaries.Large cells contain chromaffin granules (chromaffin cells).Two cells types:Adrenaline-secreting cells adrenaline heart rate increase, blood vesselsdilatationNoradrenaline-secreting cells noradrenaline heart rate increase, bloodvessels contract blood pr

18、essure increase. Hypophysis (pituitary gland)It is in a cavity of the sphenoid bone (sella turcica).第 104页共 189 页 四川大学八年制教案（Histology & Embryology）(AnteriorPars distalis lobe)Adenohypophysis Neurohypophysis Pars tuberalis Pars intermedia Pars nervosa Fundibulum (Posteriorlobe)median eminence ste

19、m CT capsule(1) Pars distalisGlandular cells are in clusters and cords and rich in blood sinuses.HE: ChromophobesAcidophilsChromophilsBasophils AcidophilsContain acidophilic granules (two types)Somatotrophic cell:Produce growth hormone, GH stimulate the growth of long boneDisorder:Young children hyp

20、ofunction midgethyperfunction gigantismAdult megalakriaMammotrophic cell:Secret mammotrophin stimulate development of breast and milksecretion BasophilsContain basophilic granules (three types)Thyrotrophic cell, TSH cell: Produce thyrotrophin (thyroid stimulating hormone,TSH) stimulate thyroid hormo

21、ne synthesis, storage & release.Gonadotrophic cell:第 105页共 189 页 四川大学八年制教案（Histology & Embryology） Follicle stimulating hormone, FSHFemale: promote development of ovarian folliclesMale: stimulate Sertoli cells to synthesize androgen binding protein, ABP Luteinizing hormone, LHFemale: stimula

22、te ovulation & formation of corpus luteumMale: stimulate interstitial cell in testis to secret androgenCorticotrophic cell, ACTH cell: Secret adrenocorticotrophin, ACTH promotezona fasciculata to secret glucocorticoids*Chromophobe cell: Many (50%); smaller, pale staining(2) Pars intermediaDegene

23、rative part in human chromophobes, basophils (melanotroph) andfollicles secret melanocyte stimulating hormone, MSH promote formation ofmelanin in fish and amphibian(3) Pars tuberalisThe cells are arranged in longitudinal cords separated by sinusoids. In normalcondition, the cells of the pars tuberal

24、is show no evidence of active secretion.(4) Blood supply hypophyseal portal systemThe blood supply of adenohypophysis is come from *superior hypophysealarteries that form a *primary capillary plexus in fundibulum. They then rejoin to formseveral *portal veins in pars tuberalis, which develop a *seco

25、ndary capillary plexusin pars distalis. The two sets of capillary plexus and portal veins constitutehypophyseal portal system. This structure is of importance in regulating hypophysealfunction.(5) Relationship of hypothalamus and adenohypophysis Releasing hormones (RH)Release inhibiting hormones(RIH

26、) (hypothalamus)Primary capillary plexushypophyseal portalPortal veinssystemSecondary capillary plexusreleaseintoParsdistalissecretionglandular(Regulateactivitycells)Venous sinusof第 106页共 189 页 四川大学八年制教案（Histology & Embryology）2. Neurohypophysis (1) Structures Unmyelinated nerve fibers from secr

27、etory neurons of supraoptic andparaventricular nuclei (SON and PVN) of hypothalamus.Neuroglial cell (pituicyte)Numerous blood sinusesHerring bodies: Unmyelinated nerve fibers carry secretory granules into parsnervosa. There they form accumulations, known as Herring bodies.(2) Blood supplyInferior hy

28、pophyseal arterySinusoidal capillaries (pars nervosa)Venous sinus(3) Relationship of hypothalamus and neurohypophysisSecretions (oxytocin and ADH) from SON and PVN: release into blood byunmyelinated nerve fibers to regulate remote targets.ADH (antidiuretic hormone) promotes distal & collecting t

29、ubules to absorbwater volume of urine decrease.Oxytocin stimulates contraction of the smooth muscles of uterine wall andpromotes secretion of breast.Review Questions:1. What are the general features of endocrine glands?2. List the three histological cell types and five functional cell types of thead

30、enohypophysis?3. Structurally and functionally, how does the neurohypophysis differ from theadenohypophysis?4. How does the hypothalamus regulate the activity of adenohypophysis?5. What is hypophyseal portal system?6. What hormones are secreted by the thyroid and how are they stored?7. List the two major parenchymal cell type