管理学,罗宾斯,9版,教师手册robbins_fom9_im_01b

1、.History Module: A Brief History of Managements RootsHISTORY MODULEA BRIEF HISTORY OF MANAGEMENTS ROOTSSince the birth of modern management theory in the early 1900s, management experts have developed theories to help organizations and their managers coordinate and oversee work activities as effecti

2、vely and efficiently as possible. In presenting the history of modern management, this supplement explores the evolution of management thought and practice during the twentieth century. EARLY MANAGEMENT3000-2500 B.C.E.Organizations and managers have existed for thousands of years. The Egyptian pyram

3、ids and the Great Wall of China were projects of tremendous scope and magnitude, requiring the efforts of tens of thousands of people. How was it possible for these projects to be completed successfully? The answer is management. Regardless of the titles given to managers throughout history, someone

4、 has always had to plan what needs to be accomplished, organize people and materials, lead and direct workers, and impose controls to ensure that goals were attained as planned.1400sExamples of early management practices can also be seen by studying the Arsenal of Venice. Assembly lines, accounting

5、systems, and personnel functions are only a few of the processes and activities used in business in the fifteenth century that are common to todays organizations as well. 1776 Adam Smith, author of the classical economics doctrine The Wealth of Nations, argued brilliantly for the economic advantages

6、 that he believed division of labor (the breakdown of jobs into narrow, repetitive tasks) would bring to organizations and society.1700sThe Industrial Revolution is possibly the most important pre-twentieth-century influence on management. The introduction of machine powers combined with the divisio

7、n of labor made large, efficient factories possible. Planning, organizing, leading, and controlling became necessary activities.CLASSICAL APPROACH1911 Scientific management is defined as the use of the scientific method to determine the “one best way” for a job to be done. Frederick W. Taylor is kno

8、wn as the “father” of scientific management. Taylors work at the Midvale and Bethlehem Steel companies stimulated his interest in improving efficiency. Taylor sought to create a mental revolution among both workers and managers by defining clear guidelines for improving production efficiency. Frank

9、and Lillian Gilbreth were inspired by Taylors work and proceeded to study and develop their own methods of scientific management. Frank Gilbreth is probably best known for his experiments in reducing the number of motions in bricklaying.1916-1947Henri Fayol, who was a contemporary of Frederick W. Ta

10、ylor, was the managing director of a large French coal-mining firm. Fayol focused on activities common to all managers. He stated 14 principles of management (fundamental or universal truths of management that can be taught in schools; see Exhibit HM-1). Max Weber was a German sociologist who wrote

11、in the early twentieth century. Weber developed a theory of authority structures and described organizational activity based on authority relations. He described the ideal form of organization as a bureaucracy marked by division of labor, a clearly defined hierarchy, detailed rules and regulations,

12、and impersonal relationshipsBEHAVIORAL APPROACH1700s-1900sRobert Owen, Hugo Munsterberg, Mary Parker Follett, and Chester Barnard were early advocates of the OB approach. Their ideas served as the foundation for employee selection procedures, motivation programs, work teams, and organization environ

13、ment management techniques. 1924-1930s The Hawthorne Studies were the most important contribution to the development of organizational behavior. This series of experiments conducted from 1924 to the early 1930s at the Western Electric Company Works in Cicero, Illinois, were initially devised as a sc

14、ientific management experiment to assess the impact of changes in various physical environment variables on employee productivity. After Harvard professor Elton Mayo and his associates joined the study as consultants, other experiments were included to look at redesigning jobs, make changes in workd

15、ay and workweek length, introduce rest periods, and introduce individual versus group wage plans. The researchers concluded that social norms or group standards were key determinants of individual work behavior. Although not without criticism (concerning procedures, analyses of findings, and the con

16、clusions), the Hawthorne Studies stimulated interest in human behavior in organizational settings.1930s-1950aThe human relations movement assisted managers in designing jobs that motivate workers, in working with employee teams, and in facilitating the flow of communication within organizations. Inc

17、luded in this movement were Abraham Maslow, best known for his hierarchy of needs and Douglas McGregory and this conceptualization of Theory X and Theory Y managers. QUANTITATIVE APPROACH TO MANAGEMENTLearning Catalytics Question: Instructor Directions and Follow-UpQuestion TypeQuestionAnswer/Respon

18、seFor the InstructorShort AnswerWhat is TQM?Correct answer is: TQM is a managerial philosophy devoted to continual improvement and responding to customer needs and expectations. Lead a discussion on what challenges and opportunities come as a result of the various managerial theories. Ask this quest

19、ion midway through the discussion as you talk about TQM and move to more contemporary approaches.1940sThe quantitative approach to management sometimes known as operations research or management science, uses quantitative techniques to improve decision making. This approach includes applications of

20、statistics, optimization models, information models, and computer simulations. The quantitative approach originated during World War II as mathematical and statistical solutions to military problems were developed for wartime use. As often happens after wartime, methods that were developed during Wo

21、rld War II to conduct military affairs were applied to private industry following the war. For instance, a group of military officersthe Whiz Kidsused quantitative methods to improve decision making at Ford Motor Company in the mid-1940s.1950Total Quality management is a philosophy of management tha

22、t is driven by continual improvement and response to customer needs and expectations. TQM was inspired by a small group of quality experts, including W. Edwards Deming, who was one of its chief proponents. TQM represents a counterpoint to earlier management theorists who believed that low costs were

23、 the only road to increased productivity. CONTEMPOARY APPROACHLearning Catalytics Question: Instructor Directions and Follow-UpQuestion TypeQuestionAnswer/ResponseFor the InstructorRegionWhich of the images represents the 1930s-1950s progression in the field of management?The correct choice is the i

24、mage in the bottom right corner of the collection.Use this question at the start of class to begin a discussion of the history of management.1960sSystems Theory. During the 1960s researchers began to analyze organizations from a systems perspective based on the physical sciences. A system is a set of interrelated and interdependent parts arranged in a manner that produces a unified whole.