桥式起重机维护及保养

1、起重机日常维护与保养RoutineCare and Maintenanceof Crane（一）机构的润滑 Lubricationof Mechanism起重机设备润滑情况的好坏直接影响起重机各机构的正常运转，同时与延 长机件的寿命和促进安全生产有密切的关系。因此，使用和维修人员必须经常 检查各润滑点的润滑情况，按时用油枪通过各润滑点的油杯加油。The lubrication condition of crane equipment directly affects the normal operation of crane mechanismsand is closely related t

2、o extending the service life of the mechanics and promoting safety in production. Therefore, the use and maintenancepersonnelmust carry out regular checkson all lubrication points andfuel on time with oil gun through oil cupsof the lubrication points.1. 起重设备各润滑点的分布2. Distributionof lubricationpoints

3、of hoistingequipment吊钩滑轮轴；Hook pulley spindle固定滑轮轴（小车架上）；Fixed pulley spindle （on the dolly frame） 钢丝纯；Steel rope各减速器；Reducers各齿轮联轴器；Gearcouplings各轴承箱（包括车轮组、卷筒组）；Bearing boxes （including group wheel and group reel）电动机轴承；Motor bearing制动器各节点和轴栓；Nodesand axle bolts of brake 电缆导电中滑车的轴承；Pulley bearing of

4、 electric cable 抓斗各钦点的轴。Shaftsof grab hinge joints2.润滑条件与润滑材料3. Lubricatingconditionand materials起重设备必须采用合适的润滑油脂，定期润滑和及时更换，润滑装置和各 润滑点必须保持清洁。下表所列为各机构主要零部件润滑时间的一般规定和推 荐用的润滑材料：Appropriate lubricant greasemust be usedfor hoisting equipment, which should be regularly lubricated and timely replaced; lubri

5、cation equipmentand the lubrication points must be kept clean. The following table lists the general regulation on lubrication interval time of major componentsof various mechanismsand lubricating materialsrecommendedto use.厅pNo.易损零部件Wearing parts规MRegulation润滑条件Lubricating condition润滑材料Lubricating

6、materials1钢丝纯Steel rope-M 1530 k次， 根据实际使用中的润 滑情况决定Lubricatedonce1530 days in general,把润滑脂加热到80 c100 c浸泡至饱和为宜不加热涂沫 Heat lubricant钢丝纯麻心脂(Q/SY1152- 65)涂合成石墨钙基脂 (SYB1405-65)或其它钢丝纯 润滑脂accordingtolubrication condition in the actualusegreaseto80C100C, soaked to saturation Linimentnotheated Steel rope hemp

7、core grease (Q/SY1152-65) graphite calcium basegrease (SYB1405-65) or other stee rope lubricant grease2减速器Reducers使用初期每季换一次， 以后可根据油的清洁 情况半年一年换一 次Replaced once every quarter in the early use period and 6-12 months later according to the cleannessof oil夏季summer用 HL30 齿轮油(SYB1103-62) With HL30 gear oil

8、 (SYB1103- 62)冬季 (不-20 C)Winter (not lower than - 20 C)用 HL20 齿轮油(SYB1103-62) With HL20 gear oil (SYB1103- 62)3齿轮联轴器Gear couplings每月一次Oncea month工作温度-20 C60 cService temperature-20 C60C高于50cHigher than50C <T-20CLower than-20 C可采用以任何元素为基体 的润滑脂，但/、能混合使 用。冬季宜用1.2号，豆 季宜用3.4号。Lubricant greaseadopting

9、any elementas the basecan be used but cannotbe mixed. No.1.2 is preferred in winter andNo.3.4 in summer.用工业锂基润滑脂(QSY1110-65佟季用 1 号， 夏季用2号。Industrial lithium basegrease (QSY1110-65);No.1 for winter and No.2 for summer 采用1、2号特种润滑脂 (Q/SY1119-70)No.1 and No.2 special lubricant grease(Q/SY1119-70)4滚动轴承Ro

10、lling bearing36个月一次Once36 months5滑动轴承Sliding bearing酌情Caseby case6卷筒内齿盘Inner fluted disc of reel每大修时加满Top up in every heavy maintenance7电动机Motor年修或大修Annual overhaul or heavy maintenance一般电动机GeneralmotorH级绝缘和湿热 地带H-grade insulation and hot and humid zone复合铝基润滑脂 (Q/SY1105-66)Compound aluminum base gre

11、ase(Q/SY1105-66) 3号锂基润滑脂No.3 lithium basegrease注：表中所列Q/SY系列系辽宁省营口市润滑油脂厂厂标代号；SYB系石油部 部颁标准代号。Note: the listed Q/SY seriesis the blem codeof Lubricating Oil and GreaseFactoryin Yingkou City, Liaoning Province; SYB is the ministerial standard code of thePetroleum Department.（二）机构设备的维护和保养 Care and Mainte

12、nanceofMechanicaEquipment1.钢丝纯1. Steelrope.报废标准：按GB6067-85起重机械安全规程中有关规定执行。Discard standard: according to the relevant provisions in GB6067-85 " Hoisting Machinery Safety Regulations ” .钢丝绳使用的安全程度由下列项目判定（见2.5.12.5.10款）The security level of steel rope is determined by the following items （refer t

13、o 2.5.12.5.10）a、 断丝的性质和数量； Nature and numberof filament breakageb、绳端断丝；Rope-endfilament breakagec、 断丝的局部聚集； Partial aggregationof filament breakaged、 断丝的增力口率； Increasingrateof filament breakagee、绳股断裂；Strandbreakagef、由于纯芯损坏而引起的纯径减小；Reduction of rope diameter causedby the damageof rope coreg、弹性减小；Redu

14、ctionof elasticityh、夕卜部及内部磨损； External and internal wearandtear i、外部及内部腐蚀； External andinternal corrosion j、变形；Deformationk、 由于热或电弧造成的损坏。Damagescausedby heator electric arc所有的均应考虑以上各项因素并遵循各自的标准。然而，钢丝绳的损坏 往往是由各个因素综合积累造成的，这就应由主管主管判别并决定钢丝纯是报 废还是继续使用。All the above factors should be taken into account an

15、d follow their respective standard.However, the damageof steel rope is often causedby the accumulation of various factors, which requires the superintendentto judge and decide to discard or continueto usetherope.在所有情况下，检验人员应弄清钢丝绳的损坏是否由机构上缺陷所造成， 如果是这样，应建议在换新钢丝绳之前消除这缺陷。In all cases, inspectors should

16、ascertain whether the rope damage is causedby mechanism defects; if so, it should be recommendedto eliminate the defect before replacingthe rope.2.5.1 绳端断丝 Rope-endfilament breakage当纯端或其附近出现断丝时，即使数量很少也表明该部位应力很高，可能 是由于纯端安装不正确造成的，应查明损坏原因。如果纯长允许，应将断丝的 部位切去重新合理安装。When filament breakageoccurs at the rope

17、 end or nearby,even if there is only a small number, it also indicates that the stressof that part is very high, which may be becauseof the incorrect installation of rope end; the cause of damage should be identified. If the rope length allows, cut out the site where filament breakageoccurs and cond

18、uct a reasonablere-installation.2.5.2 断丝的局部聚集 Partial aggregationof filament breakage如果数年丝紧靠一直形成局部聚集，则钢丝纯应报废。如这种断丝聚集在 小于6d的纯长范围内，或者集中在任一支纯股里，那么，即使断丝数比表列的 数值少，钢丝绳也应予以报废。If for years the filaments gatherforming partial aggregation,the rope should be scrapped.If the filament breakageaggregateswithin th

19、e scopeof rope length lessthan 6d, or concentratesin any one strand, even if the number of broken wires is lessthan the value listed in the table, the steel rope should also be scrapped.2.5.3 断丝的增加率 Increasing rate of filament breakage在某些使用场合，疲劳是引起钢丝绳损坏的主要原因，断丝则是在使用一 个时期以后才开始出现但断丝数逐渐增加，其时间问隔越来越短。在此情

20、况下， 为了判定断丝的增加率，应仔细检验并记录断丝增加情况。判明这个 规律”可 用来确定钢丝纯未来报废的日期。In some use occasions,fatigue is the main reasoncausing the damageof steel wire rope; filament breakagebeginsto occurafter a period of time, but the numberof broken wires gradually increasesand its interval time becomesshorterandshorter.In this

21、case, in order to determinethe increasing rate of broken wires, carefully inspect and record the increase of broken wires. Identifying this "law" can be used to determinethe future scrappingdateof steelrope.2.5.4 纯股断裂 Strand breakage如果出现整根纯股的断裂，则钢丝纯应报废。If the breakageoccursto a whole stran

22、d,thesteel rope should be scrapped.2.5.5 由于纯项损坏而引起的纯么减小Reduction of rope diameter causedbythe damageof rope core当钢丝绳的纤维芯损坏或钢芯(或多层结构中的内部纯股)断裂而造成纯 显著减小时，钢丝绳应报废。When the fiber core of steel rope is damagedor steel core (or the internal strand in multi-layer structure) fracturesand it causessignificant

23、reduction of ropediameter, the rope should bescrapped.微小的损坏，特别是当所有各纯股中应力处于良好平衡时，用通常的检验 方法可能是不明显的。然而这种情况会引起钢丝绳的强度大大降低。所以，有 任何内部细微损坏的迹象时，均应对钢丝绳内部进行检验予以查明。一经证实 损坏，则该钢丝纯就应报废。Minor damage,especiallywhen the stressof all the strandsis in good balance, may be unobviouswith the usual test method. However, t

24、his may greatly reducethe strength of steel wire rope. Therefore, when there are any signs of internal slight damage,the interior of steel rope should be inspectedto make clear the signs. Once thedamageis proven,the ropeshouldbe discarded.2.5.6 弹性减小 Reduction of elasticity在某范些情况下，钢丝绳的弹性会显著减小，若继续使用则是

25、不安全的。In some cases, the elasticity of steel rope will be significantly reduced and continued usewould be unsafe.钢丝绳的弹性减小是较难发觉的，如检验人员有任何怀疑，则应征询钢丝 纯专家的意见。然而弹性减小通常伴随下述现象：It is rather difficult to find the reduction of the wire rope elasticity; if inspectors have any doubts, they should consult the rope

26、 expert. However, the reduction of elasticity is usually accompaniedby the following phenomenon:a 绳径减小； Reduction of rope diameterb、钢丝绳捻距伸长；Prolongedlay length of steel ropec、由于各部分相互压紧，钢丝之间和纯股之间缺少空隙；As various parts are compressedagainst each other, there is lack of gap among wires and strands.d、纯股凹

27、处出现细微的褐色粉末；Fine brown powder appearsin the place of strand cavity.8虽未发现断丝，但钢丝纯明显的不易弯曲和直径减小比起单纯是由 于钢丝磨损而引起的也要快得多。这种情况会导致在动载作用下突 然断裂，故应立即报废。Although broken wires are not found, the elasticity reduction causedby obvious difficulty of bending and diameter reduction is quicker than that simply caused by

28、wear and tear of wires. This situation will result in a suddenfracture under dynamic load, so the ropeshould be immediately scrapped.2.5.7 夕卜部及内部磨损 External and internal wearandtear产生磨损的两种情况：The two situation causingwear and tear:a、内部磨损及压坑 Internal wear and indentation这种情况是由于纯内各个纯股和钢丝之间的摩擦引起的，特别是当钢丝

29、纯 经受弯曲时更是如此。This situation is due to the friction among strands and wires in the rope, especiallywhen the wire rope is subjectto bending.b、外部磨损 External wear钢丝纯外层纯股的钢丝表面的磨损，是由于它的压力作用下与滑轮和卷筒 的纯槽接触摩擦造成的。这种现象在吊载加速和减速运动时，钢丝绳与滑轮接 触的部位特别明显，并表现为外部钢丝磨成平面状。The wear on the wire surface of the outer strandsin

30、the rope is causedby the friction in the contactwith the rope groove of pulley and reel under its pressure.When the suspendedload is accelerationand deceleration movements,this phenomenonis particularly evident at the contact areaof wire ropeand pulley andit is shownthat the external wires are worn

31、into a planar.润滑不足，或不正确的润滑以及还存在灰尘和砂粒都会加剧磨损。Lack of lubrication, improper lubrication, or the existenceof dust and grit will acceleratethe wear.磨损使钢丝绳的断面积减小因而强度降低。当外层钢丝磨损达到其直径的 40%时，钢丝纯应报废。The wears reducethe sectional areaof steel rope andthus reducethe strength of the rope. When the wear of outer w

32、ire reaches40% of its diameter, the rope should be scrapped.当钢丝绳直径相对于公称直径减小 7%或更多是，即使未发现断丝，该钢丝 纯也应报废。When the diameter of steel rope decreasesby 7% or more compared to the nominal diameter, even if no broken wire is found, the wire rope should also be scrapped.2.5.8 外部及内部腐蚀 External andinternal corr

33、osion腐蚀在海洋或工业污染的大气中特别容易发生。它不公减少了钢丝纯的金 属面积从而降低了破断强度，而且还将引起表面粗糙并从中开始发展裂纹以致 加速疲劳。严重的腐蚀还会引起钢丝纯弹性的降低。Corrosionswill happenvery easily in the seaor in the atmospheresubjecting to industrial pollution. It not only reduces the metal area of the wire rope and thus reduces the breaking strength, but also will

34、 cause a rough surface which may be developed into cracks accelerating fatigue. Serious corrosion can also reduce the reductionof rope elasticity.2.5.8.1 外部腐蚀 External corrosion外部钢丝的腐蚀可用肉眼观察。当表面出现深坑，钢丝相当松弛时应报废。The corrosion of external wires can be observedwith the naked eye.When there is deeppit on

35、 the surfaceand the wire is quite loose, the ropeshould be scrapped.2.5.8.2 内部腐蚀 Internal corrosion内部腐蚀比经常伴随它出现的外部腐蚀较难发现。但下列现象可供识别：The internal corrosion is difficult to find than the external corrosion often accompanying the internal corrosion. However, the following phenomena can be identified:a、钢

36、丝绳直径的变化。钢丝绳在绕过滑轮的弯曲部位直径通常变小。但 对于静止段的钢丝绳则常由于外层股出现锈积而引起钢丝绳直径的增加。The changeof wire ropediameter: The diameterof the bending part through the pulley usually decreases.But the diameter of steel rope in the still part usually increasesdueto rust accumulationof the outer strands.b、钢丝纯外层纯间的空隙减小，还经常伴随出现个层纯股之

37、间断丝。The gapreduction betweenthe outer wire ropesis also often accompaniedby filament breakagein the single strand.如果有任何内部腐蚀的迹象，应由高度重视人员对钢丝绳内部检验。若确 认有严重的内部腐蚀，则钢丝绳应立即报废。If there are any signs of internal corrosion, the inspection of the steel rope interior should be attachedgreat importance to by test

38、ingpersonnel.If seriousinternal corrosion is identified, the rope should be immediately scrapped.2.5.9 变形 Deformation钢丝绳失去正常形状产生可见的畸形称为变形”。这种变形部位可能引起变化它会导致钢丝绳内部应力分布不均匀。Loss of normal shape and visible malformation of wire rope are known as "deformation". This kind of deformation may causet

39、he uneven distribution of internal stressin thesteelrope.钢丝绳的变形从外观上区分，主要可分下述几种：Distinguished from the appearancethe deformation of steel rope can be mainly classified as the following types:2.5.9.1 波浪形 Wave-type波浪形的变形是：钢丝绳的纵向轴线成螺旋线形状。这种变形不一定导致任何强度上的损失，但是变形严重即会产生跳动造成不规则的传动。时间长了 会引起磨损及断丝。Wave-shapedde

40、formation is: the vertical axis of the rope turns into the spiral shape.This deformation doesnot necessarilylead to any loss of strength,but serious deformation will lead to jumpiness and cause irregular transmission. Such deformation for a long time can causewear and filament breakage.出现波浪形时，在钢丝绳长度

41、不超过 25d的范围内，若d1>4d ,则钢丝纯3应报废。When the wave shapeoccurs and the length of the rope is no more than 25d, if d1 >4d , the rope should bescrapped.式中d为钢丝绳的公称直径；d钢丝绳变形后包络直径。In the formula d is the nominal diameter of steel rope; d1 refers to enveloping diameterafter steel wire rope deforms.2.5.9.2 笼

42、关畸变 Cage-typedeformation这种变形出现在具有钢芯的钢丝绳上。当外层纯股发生脱节或者变得比内 部纯股长的时候就会发生这种变形。笼状畸变的钢丝纯应立即报废。This deformation appears in the wire rope with steel core. When the outer strands become detached or become longer than the internal strands, the kind of deformation will occur. The rope deformed into cage shapesh

43、ould be immediately scrapped.2.5.9.3 纯股挤出 Strandextrusion此种状况通常伴随笼状畸变一直产生。绳股被挤出说明钢丝纯不平衡。纯 股挤出的钢丝绳应立即报废。This situation usually occurs accompanyingcage-type deformation. The strand extrusion means the imbalance of steel rope. The rope whose strand is extruded should be immediately scrapped.2.5.90.4 钢丝

44、挤出 Wire extrusion此种变形是一部分钢丝或钢丝束在钢丝绳背着滑轮槽的一侧拱起形成环状。 这种变形常因冲击载荷而引起。若此种变形严重时，则钢丝纯应报废。This kind of deformation is becausepart of the wires or wire tendons hog forming into ring shapeon the sideagainstthe pulley groove. This distortion is often causedby impact load. If suchdeformation is severe,the rope

45、should be scrapped.2.5.90.5 纯径局部增大 Partial increaseof ropediameter钢丝绳直径有可能发生局部增大，并能波及相当长一段钢丝纯。纯径增大 通常与纯芯畸变有关(如在特殊环境中，纤维芯因受潮而膨胀)，其必然结果是 外层纯股产生不平衡，而造成定位不正确。绳径局部严重增大的应报废。There is possibly partial increaseof rope diameterand can spreadto quite a long rope. The increaseof rope diameter is usually associa

46、tedwith the distortion of the rope core (for example, in a special environment, the fiber core will inflate due to damp), and it will definitely lead to the imbalance of outer strands and incorrect positioning. The ropewhosepartial diameteris severelyenlargedshould be scrapped.2.5.90.6 扭结 Kink扭结是由于钢

47、丝纯成环状在不可能绕其轴线；转动的情况下被拉紧而造成 的一种变形。其结果是出现捻距不均而引起格外的磨损，严重时钢丝绳将产生 扭曲，以致只留下极小一部分钢丝纯强度。Kink occurs when the rope is tensedup in the rotation becausethe ring-like rope cannotwind aroundits axis. This will result in the unevennessof lay length and extra wear. When this situation is severe,the rope will be d

48、istorted and only a very small part of the rope strengthremains.严重扭结的钢丝绳应立即报废。The steelrope having severekinks should be immediately scrapped.2.5.90.7 纯径局部减小 Partial decreaseof rope diameter钢丝绳直径的局部减小常常与纯芯的断裂有关。应特别仔细检验靠纯端部 位有无此种变形。The partial decreaseof ropediameteris often relatedto the fracture of

49、 rope core. Carry out particularly careful examination to checkwhether there is suchdeformation in therope-endpart.纯径局部严重减小的钢丝纯应报废。The steel rope whose partial diameterseverelydecreasesshould bescrapped.2.5.90.8 部分被压扁 Partsflattened钢丝绳部分被压扁是由于机械事故造的。严重时，则钢丝纯应报废。The parts of steel rope are flattened

50、due to mechanical accident. If it is severe, the rope should bescrapped.2.5.90.9 折 Bending弯折是钢丝绳在外界影响下引起的角度变形。Bending is the angle deformation of steel rope caused under the outside influence.这种变形的钢丝纯应立即报废。The steelwire rope having suchdeformation should beimmediately scrapped.2.4.10由于热或电弧的作用而引起的损坏

51、Damagescausedby heat or electric arc钢丝绳经受了特殊热力的作用其外表出现可资识别的颜色时，该钢丝纯应 报废。If influenced by special heat the steel wire rope shows identifiable color, the rope should be scrapped. .维护：钢丝纯应定期检查，必须特别注意钢丝纯末端的固定情况。为 了避免钢丝绳迅速磨损，应保持钢丝绳处于良好的润滑状态。润滑前须用钢丝 刷子刷去钢丝绳上的污物并用煤油清洗，再按规定用热油润滑。Maintenance:wire rope should

52、 be regularly checkedand special attention should be paid to the fixation situation of the rope end. In order to avoid rapid wear of steel wire rope, wire rope should be maintained in good lubrication. Before lubrication, use steel wire brush to rod the dirt on the rope, wash it with kerosene,andthe

53、n conduct lubrication with hot oil accordingto the regulation. .更换：更换新的钢丝纯必须符合原设计型号、规格及钢丝纯公称抗拉 强度等要求。钢丝绳禁止接起来使用。钢丝纯压板纯夹等处螺检必须坚固牢靠。Replacement: The new wire rope must be consistent with the original design model, specifications, nominal tensile strengthof wire rope andother requirements.It is prohibi

54、ted to use the connectedsteel rope. The bolts at pressurepad, rope clamp, etc.must be firm and solid.2. .传动轴3. Propellershaft轴的弯曲度不得超过，1 (1为轴的有效长度)，超过此值时应校直或换 2000新轴。尤其是高速轴，弯曲度过大会产生振动。但允许低速轴的弯曲度超过1 (1为轴的有效长度)或超过1mm才予以更换。1000The curvature of the shaft should not exceed 1 1 (1 representsthe effective

55、2000length of the shaft), and the shafts should be aligned or replaced if the curvature exceed the value, especially the high-speed shaft, vibration will appear when the curvature is too big. But the curvature of low-speed shaft is allowed to exceed 1 1 (1 representsthe effective length of the shaft

56、) or the shaft should be replaced 1000only when the curvatureexceeds1mm.3.轴承4. Bearing轴承应保持良好的润滑状态。重新涂油前，轴承应当用汽油洗净，注意涂油量应为轴承体空腔的三分之二。正常情况下，轴承温升不超过60-70口，轴承的音响均匀。当轴承的温升过高、噪音很大时，必须检查，如发现轴承内外圈 滚道、滚珠(柱)表面产生磨损条、剥落小坑、裂纹或轴承径向间隙增大到0.2毫米时，应予以更换。The bearing should be kept in lubrication state. Before re-oil,

57、the bearing should be cleaned with petrol, and the oil amount should be 2/3 of the cavity of bearing. Under normal circumstances, the elevated temperature should not exceed 60 葭70 口，and the sound of bearing should be even. The bearing must be inspected when the temperatureis too high andthenoiseis too big andshould be replacedwhen feather wear, point corrosion or crackle are found on the inner or outer ring raceway or on the surface of the ball (column) or the diametral clearance of the bearing increasesto 0.2mm.5. 制动轮6. Brakewheel制动轮的制动磨擦面不应有缺陷和油污，制动轮磨损超过5mm或表面磨出大于4mm深的沟槽时应报废。There should