2012年考研英语一真题及答案完整解析

1、2012 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)TheethicaljudgmentsoftheSupremeCourtju

2、sticeshavebecomeanimportantissuerecently.Thecourtcannot_1_itslegitimacyasguardianoftheruleoflaw_2_justicesbehavelikepoliticians.Yet,inseveralinstances,justicesactedinwaysthat_3_thecourtsreputationforbeingindependentandimpartial.JusticeAntoninScalia,forexample,appearedatpoliticalevents.Thatkindofacti

3、vitymakesitlesslikelythatthecourtsdecisionswillbe_4_asimpartialjudgments.Partoftheproblemisthatthejusticesarenot_5_byanethicscode.Attheveryleast,thecourtshouldmakeitself_6_tothecodeofconductthat_7_totherestofthefederaljudiciary.Thisandothersimilarcases_8_thequestionofwhetherthereisstilla_9_betweenth

4、ecourtandpolitics.TheframersoftheConstitutionenvisionedlaw_10_havingauthorityapartfrompolitics.Theygavejusticespermanentpositions_11_theywouldbefreeto_12_thoseinpowerandhavenoneedto_13_politicalsupport.Ourlegalsystemwasdesignedtosetlawapartfrompoliticspreciselybecausetheyaresoclosely_14_.Constitutio

5、nallawispoliticalbecauseitresultsfromchoicesrootedinfundamentalsocial_15_likelibertyandproperty.Whenthecourtdealswithsocialpolicydecisions,thelawit_16_isinescapablypolitical-whichiswhydecisionssplitalongideologicallinesaresoeasily_17_asunjust.Thejusticesmust_18_ doubtsaboutthecourtslegitimacyby

6、makingthemselves_19_tothecodeofconduct.Thatwouldmakerulingsmorelikelytobeseenasseparatefrompoliticsand,_20_,convincingaslaw.1.AemphasizeBmaintainCmodifyDrecognize2.AwhenBlestCbeforeDunless3.ArestoredBweakenedCestablishedDeliminated4.AchallengedBcompromisedCsuspectedDaccepted5. AadvancedBcaughtC

7、boundDfounded6.AresistantBsubjectCimmuneDprone7. AresortsBsticksCloadsDapplies8. AevadeBraiseCdenyDsettle9. AlineBbarrierCsimilarityDconflict10. AbyBasCthoughDtowards11. AsoBsinceCprovidedDthough12. AserveBsatisfyCupsetDreplace13. AconfirmBexpressCcultivateDoffer14

8、. AguardedBfollowedCstudiedDtied15. AconceptsBtheoriesCdivisionsDconceptions16.AexcludesBquestionsCshapesDcontrols17. AdismissedBreleasedCrankedDdistorted18. AsuppressBexploitCaddressDignore19.AaccessibleBamiableCagreeableDaccountable20.AbyallmesnsBatallcostsCinawordDasaresultSec

9、tionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text 1Come on Everybodys doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and hal

10、fforcing,iswhatmostofusthinkofwhenwehearthewordspeerpressure. Itusuallyleadstonogood-drinking,drugsandcasualsex.ButinhernewbookJointheClub ,TinaRosenbergcontends that peer pressure can also beapositiveforcethrough whatshe calls the socialcu

11、re, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to helpindividualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheword.Rosenberg,therecipientofaPulitzerPrize,offersahostofexampleofthesocialcureinaction: InSouthCarolina,ast

12、ate-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against theHazesetsouttomakecigarettesuncool.InSouthAfrica,anHIV-preventioninitiativeknownasLoveLiferecruitsyoungpeopletopromotesafesexamongtheirpeers.Theideaseemspromising ，andRosenbergisaperceptiveobserver.Hercritique

13、ofthelamenessofmanypubic-healthcampaignsisspot-on:theyfailtomobilizepeerpressureforhealthyhabits,andtheydemonstrateaseriouslyflawedunderstandingofpsychology.”Daretobedifferent,pleasedontsmoke!”pleadsonebillboardcampaignaimedatreducingsmokingamongteenagers-teenagers,whodesirenothingmorethanfittingin.

14、Rosenbergarguesconvincinglythatpublic-healthadvocatesoughttotakeapagefromadvertisers,soskilledatapplyingpeerpressure.Butonthegeneraleffectivenessofthesocialcure,Rosenbergislesspersuasive. JointheClub isfilledwithtoomuchirrelevantdetailandnotenoughexplorationofthesocialandbiologicalfactorst

15、hatmakepeerpressuresopowerful.Themostglaringflawofthesocialcureasitspresentedhereisthatitdoesntworkverywellforverylong.RageAgainsttheHazefailedoncestatefundingwascut.EvidencethattheLoveLifeprogramproduceslastingchangesislimitedandmixed.Theresnodoubtthatourpeergroupsexertenormousinfluenceonourbehavio

16、r.Anemergingbodyofresearchshowsthatpositivehealthhabits-aswellasnegativeones-spreadthroughnetworksoffriendsviasocialcommunication.Thisisasubtleformofpeerpressure:weunconsciouslyimitatethebehaviorweseeeveryday.Farlesscertain,however,ishowsuccessfullyexpertsandbureaucratscanselectourpeergroupsandsteer

17、theiractivitiesinvirtuousdirections.Itsliketheteacherwhobreaksupthetroublemakersinthebackrowbypairingthemwithbetter-behavedclassmates.Thetacticneverreallyworks.Andthatstheproblemwithasocialcureengineeredfromtheoutside:intherealworld,asinschool,weinsistonchoosingourownfriends.21.Accordingtothefirstpa

18、ragraph,peerpressureoftenemergesasAasupplementtothesocialcureBastimulustogroupdynamicsCanobstacletoschoolprogressDacauseofundesirablebehaviors22.RosenbergholdsthatpublicadvocatesshouldArecruitprofessionaladvertisersBlearnfromadvertisersexperienceCstayawayfromcommercialadvertisersDrecognizethelimitat

19、ionsofadvertisements23.Intheauthorsview,RosenbergsbookfailstoAadequatelyprobesocialandbiologicalfactorsBeffectivelyevadetheflawsofthesocialcureCillustratethefunctionsofstatefundingDproducealong-lastingsocialeffect24.Paragraph5showsthatourimitationofbehaviorsAisharmfultoournetworksoffriendsBwillmisle

20、adbehavioralstudiesCoccurswithoutourrealizingitDcanproducenegativehealthhabits25.TheauthorsuggestsinthelastparagraphthattheeffectofpeerpressureisAharmfulBdesirableCprofoundDquestionableText 2A deal is a deal-except, apparently,whenEntergyis involved. The 

21、company,amajorenergysupplierinNewEngland,provokedjustifiedoutrageinVermontlastweekwhenitannounced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclearregulations.Instead, the company has done&

22、#160;precisely what it had long promised it would notchallengetheconstitutionalityofVermontsrulesinthefederalcourt,aspartofadesperateefforttokeepitsVermontYankeenuclearpowerplantrunning.Itsastunningmove.The conflict has been surfacing 

23、since 2002, when the corporation bought Vermontsonly nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving stateapproval for the sale, the company 

24、agreed to seek permission from state regulators tooperatepast2012.In2006,thestatewentastepfurther,requiringthatanyextensionoftheplants license be subject to Vermont legislatures approval. Then, too, the company

25、 wentalong.EitherEntergyneverreal lyintendedtolivebythosecommitments,oritsimplydidntforesee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of acooling tower in 207 and&#

26、160;the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raisedserious questions about both Vermont Yankees safety and Entergys managementespecially after the company made misleading st

27、atements about the pipe. Enraged byEntergys behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing anextension.Nowthecompanyissuddenlyclaimingthatthe2002agreementisinvalidbecauseofthe 2006&#

28、160;legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power overnuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court hasruledthatstate

29、sdohavesomeregulatoryauthorityovernuclearpower,legalscholarssaythat Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend.Certainly,therearevalidconcernsaboutthepatchworkregulationsthatcouldresultifeverystate&

30、#160;sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside thepoint.ThecompanyseemstohaveconcludedthatitsreputationinVermontisalreadysodamagedthatithasnotinglefttolosebygoingtowarwiththestate.Butthere

31、shouldbeconsequences.Permissiontorunanuclearplantisapoblictrust.Entergyruns11otherreactorsintheUnitedStates,includingPilgrimNuclearstationinPlymouth.PledgingtorunPilgrimsafely,thecompanyhasappliedforfederalpermissiontokeepitopenforanother20years.ButastheNuclearRegulatoryCommission(NRC)reviewsthecomp

32、anysapplication,itshouldkeepitmindwhatpromisesfromEntergyareworth.26.Thephrase“renegingon”(Line3.para.1)isclosestinmeaningtoAcondemning.Breaffirming.Cdishonoring.Dsecuring.27.Byenteringintothe2002agreement,EntergyintendedtoAobtainprotectionfromVermontregulators.Bseekfavorfromthefederallegislature.Ca

33、cquireanextensionofitsbusinesslicense.Dgetpermissiontopurchaseapowerplant.28.AccordingtoParagraph4,EntergyseemstohaveproblemswithitsAmanagerialpractices.Btechnicalinnovativeness.Cfinancialgoals.Dbusinessvision29.Intheauthorsview,theVermontcasewilltestAEntergyscapacitytofulfillallitspromises.Bthematu

34、reofstatespatchworkregulations.Cthefederalauthorityovernuclearissues.Dthelimitsofstatespowerovernuclearissues.30.ItcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatAEntergysbusinesselsewheremightbeaffected.BtheauthorityoftheNRCwillbedefied.CEntergywillwithdrawitsPlymouthapplication.DVermontsreputationmightbedam

35、aged.Text 3Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheir work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follow

36、s anambiguousandcomplicatedroute.Weaimtobeobjective,butwecannotescapethecontextofouruniquelifeexperience.Priorknowledgeandinterestinfluencewhatweexperience,whatwethinkourexperiencesmean,andthesubsequentactionswetake.Opportunitiesformisinterpretation,error,andself-deceptionabound.Consequently,di

37、scoveryclaimsshouldbethoughtofasprotoscience.Similartonewlystaked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny andacceptance to transform a discovery claim into a m

38、ature discovery. This is the credibilityprocess,throughwhichtheindividualresearchersme,here,now becomesthecommunitysanyone,anywhere,anytime .Objectiveknowledgeisthegoal,notthestartingpoint.Onceadiscoveryclaimbecomespublic,thediscovererreceivesintellectualcredit.But

39、,unlikewithminingclaims,thecommunitytakescontrolofwhathappensnext.Withinthecomplexsocialstructureofthescientificcommunity,researchersmakediscoveries;editorsandreviewersactasgatekeepersbycontrollingthepublicationprocess;otherscientistsusethenewfindingtosuittheirownpurposes;andfinally,thepublic(includ

40、ingotherscientists)receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claimworks it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared andco

41、mpetingbeliefsaboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolvedtransformsanindividualsdiscoveryclaimintothecommunityscrediblediscovery.Twoparadoxesexistthroughoutthiscredibilityprocess.First,scientificworktendstofocusonsomeaspectofprevailingKnowledgethatisviewedasincompleteorincorrect.Littlerewardaccompaniesd

42、uplicationandconfirmationofwhatisalreadyknownandbelieved.Thegoalisnew-search, notre-search. Notsurprisingly,newlypublisheddiscoveryclaimsandcrediblediscoveriesthatappeartobeimportantandconvincingwillalwaysbeopentochallengeandpotentialmodificationorrefutationbyfutureresearchers.Second,novel

43、tyitselffrequentlyprovokesdisbelief.NobelLaureateandphysiologistAlbertAzent-Gyorgyioncedescribeddiscoveryas“seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought.”Butthinkingwhatnobodyelsehasthoughtandtellingotherswhattheyhavemissedmaynotchangetheirviews.Sometimesyearsarerequiredfortrulynoveldis

44、coveryclaimstobeacceptedandappreciated.Intheend,credibility“happens”toadiscoveryclaimaprocessthatcorrespondstowhat philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reasontogether, challenge, revise,

45、0;and complete each others reasoning and each othersconceptionsofreason.”31.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,theprocessofdiscoveryischaracterizedbyitsAuncertaintyandcomplexity.Bmisconceptionanddeceptiveness.Clogicalityandobjectivity.Dsystematicnessandregularity.32.Itca

46、nbeinferredfromParagraph2thatcredibilityprocessrequiresAstrictinspection.Bsharedefforts.Cindividualwisdom.Dpersistentinnovation.33.Paragraph3showsthatadiscoveryclaimbecomescredibleafteritAhasattractedtheattentionofthegeneralpublic.Bhasbeenexaminedbythescientificcommunity.Chasreceivedrecognitionfrome

47、ditorsandreviewers.Dhasbeenfrequentlyquotedbypeerscientists.34.AlbertSzent-Gyö rgyiwouldmostlikelyagreethatAscientificclaimswillsurvivechallenges.Bdiscoveriestodayinspirefutureresearch.Ceffortstomakediscoveriesarejustified.Dscientificworkcallsforacriticalmind.35.Whichofthefollowingwouldbet

48、hebesttitleofthetest?ANoveltyasanEngineofScientificDevelopment.BCollectiveScrutinyinScientificDiscovery.CEvolutionofCredibilityinDoingScience.DChallengetoCredibilityattheGatetoScience.Text 4IfthetradeunionistJimmyHoffawerealivetoday,hewouldprobablyrepresentcivilservant.WhenHoffasTeamsterswerein

49、theirprimein1960,onlyoneintenAmericangovernmentworkersbelongedtoaunion;now36%do.In2009thenumberofunionistsinAmericaspublicsectorpassedthatoftheirfellowmembersintheprivatesector.InBritain,morethanhalfofpublic-sectorworkersbutonlyabout15%ofprivate-sectoronesareunionized.Therearethreereasonsforthepubli

50、c-sectorunionsthriving.First,theycanshutthingsdownwithoutsufferingmuchinthewayofconsequences.Second,theyaremostlybrightandwell-educated.AquarterofAmericaspublic-sectorworkershaveauniversitydegree.Third,theynowdominateleft-of-centrepolitics.Someoftheirtiesgobackalongway.BritainsLaborParty,asitsnameim

51、plies,haslongbeenassociatedwithtradeunionism.Itscurrentleader,EdMiliband,oweshispositiontovotesfrompublic-sectorunions.Atthestateleveltheirinfluencecanbeevenmorefearsome.MarkBaldassareofthePublicPolicyInstituteofCaliforniapointsoutthatmuchofthestatesbudgetispatrolledbyunions.Theteachersunionskeepane

52、yeonschools,theCCPOAonprisonsandavarietyoflaborgroupsonhealthcare.Inmanyrichcountriesaveragewagesinthestatesectorarehigherthanintheprivateone.Buttherealgainscomeinbenefitsandworkpractices.Politiciansh averepeatedly“backloaded”public -sectorpaydeals,keepingthepayincreasesmodestbutaddingtoho

53、lidaysandespeciallypensionsthatarealreadygenerous.Reformhasbeenvigorouslyopposed,perhapsmostegregiouslyineducation,wherecharterschools,academiesandmeritpayallfaceddrawn-outbattles.Eventhoughthereisplentyofevidencethatthequalityoftheteachersisthemostimportantvariable,teachersunionshavefoughtagainstge

54、ttingridofbadonesandpromotinggoodones.Asthecosttoeveryoneelsehasbecomeclearer,politicianshavebeguntoclampdown.InWisconsintheunionshaveralliedthousandsofsupportersagainstScottWalker,thehardlineRepublicangovernor.Butmanywithinthepublicsectorsufferunderthecurrentsystem,too.JohnDonahueatHarvardsKennedyS

55、choolpointsoutthatthenormsofcultureinWesterncivilservicessuitthosewhowanttostayputbutisbadforhighachievers.TheonlyAmericanpublic-sectorworkerswhoearnwellabove$250,000ayearareuniversitysportscoachesandthepresidentoftheUnitedStates.Bankersfatpaypacketshaveattractedmuchcriticism,butapublic-sectorsystem

56、thatdoesnotrewardhighachieversmaybeamuchbiggerproblemforAmerica.36.ItcanbelearnedfromthefirstparagraphthatATeamstersstillhavealargebodyofmembers.BJimmyHoffausedtoworkasacivilservant.Cunionshaveenlargedtheirpublic-sectormembership.Dthegovernmenthasimproveditsrelationshipwithunionists.37.Whichofthefol

57、lowingistrueofParagraph2?APublic-sectorunionsareprudentintakingactions.BEducationisrequiredforpublic-sectorunionmembership.CLaborPartyhaslongbeenfightingagainstpublic-sectorunions.DPublic-sectorunionsseldomgetintroublefortheiractions.38.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph4thattheincomeinthestatesectorisAill

58、egallysecured.Bindirectlyaugmented.Cexcessivelyincreased.Dfairlyadjusted.39.TheexampleoftheunionsinWisconsinshowsthatunionsAoftenrunagainstthecurrentpoliticalsystem.Bcanchangepeoplespoliticalattitudes.Cmaybeabarriertopublic-sectorreforms.Daredominantinthegovernment.40.JohnDonahuesattitudetowardsthep

59、ublic-sectorsystemisoneofAdisapproval.Bappreciation.Ctolerance.Dindifference.PartBDirections:Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.（10points ）Thinkofthosefleetingmomentswhenyoulookoutofanaeroplanewindowandrealisethatyouareflying,higherthanabird.Nowt