【3年高考2年模拟】外研版高三英语一轮复习课件：54_语法专练六　非谓语动词(66张)

1、栏目索引课标卷外研版 英语语法专练六非谓语动词栏目索引高频考点一非谓语动词作状语(1)结果状语:“only+to do”表示“意外或事与愿违”的结果。(2)目的状语:to do位于句首常相当于in order to do。典例 (2014天津,5)Anxiously,she took the dress out of the package and tried it on,only (find)it didnt fit.考点清单考点清单答案to find解析句意:她急切地从袋子里取出那条连衣裙试穿了一下,结果发现它不合身。本题考查非谓语动词作状语。根据语境可知,此处考查“only+动词不定式”

2、表示出乎意料的结果。所以答案为to find。栏目索引类别结构含义现在分词doing主动,进行being done被动,进行(正在被做)having done主动,完成having been done被动,完成过去分词done(1)被动,完成(2)所处的状态或特征栏目索引典例 (2014福建,27) (spend)the past year as an exchange student in Hong Kong,Linda appears more mature than those of her age.答案Having spent解析句意:作为一名交换生在香港度过一年后,Linda看起来比

3、同龄人更成熟。本题考查非谓语动词作状语。分析题干可知,spend与其逻辑主语Linda之间为主动关系且非谓语动词所表达的动作发生在句子谓语appears之前,所以用现在分词的完成式。栏目索引高频考点二非谓语动词作定语 (1)动词不定式作定语时,被修饰的词多为它的逻辑宾语;如果动词不定式是不及物动词时,要带有必要的介词,构成及物动词短语。(2)有些动词不定式只起单纯的修饰作用,这些被修饰的名词有:被序数词、最高级或no,all,any等限定的词;其他名词,如:wish,chance,plan等。典例 (2014北京,28)There are still many problems (solve)

4、before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.答案to be solved解析句意:在我们准备好在月球上长久停留之前,仍然还有许多问题有待解决。本题考查非谓语动词作定语。根据句意可知“这些问题还未解决”,to be solved既表被动又表示将来,故答案为to be solved。栏目索引(1)作定语的及物动词分词形式为:v.-ing,being+过去分词和过去分词。当被修饰的名词与动词为主动关系时,用v.-ing;当被修饰的名词与动词为被动关系且表正在进行时,用being+过去分词;当被修饰的名词与动词为被动关系且表完成时,用过去分词。 (2

5、)作定语的不及物动词分词形式为:v.-ing和过去分词。v.-ing表示正在进行;过去分词表示已经完成。 栏目索引典例 (2014北京,25)Last night,there were millions of people (watch) the opening ceremony live on TV.答案watching解析句意:昨天夜里有数百万人在电视上观看了开幕式的现场直播。本题考查非谓语动词作定语。被修饰词people与watch之间为逻辑上的主动关系,故答案为watching。栏目索引高频考点三非谓语动词作宾补 非谓语动词作宾补分为两种情况:宾语与宾补之间是逻辑上的主动关系、宾语与宾

6、补之间是逻辑上的被动关系。主动关系时应该用:doing和(to)do。doing表示动作正在进行,do(省略to的不定式)表示动作已经完成,to do表示动作将要发生。被动关系应该用done(一般式)和to be done。done表示已经完成的被动动作,to be done表示将来的被动动作。做题时分析结构,找出宾语和宾补,然后分析主动和被动关系,再对动作发生的时间做出判断。栏目索引典例 (2014四川,5)The manager was satisfied to see many new products (develop)after great effort.答案developed解析句

7、意:经理看到经过巨大努力许多新产品被研发出来非常满意。本题考查非谓语动词作宾补。many new products与develop之间是被动关系,所以要用过去分词。栏目索引高频考点四非谓语动词作宾语非谓语动词作宾语主要是考查一些固定搭配,考查某些特殊的动词后面一定要用v.-ing形式作宾语,有些动词后面要求用不定式作宾语,有些动词这两种情况都可以但是意思上有区别。要求考生对这些动词要在平时的学习中去熟悉积累。典例 (2014北京,35)The film star wears sunglasses.Therefore,he can go shopping without (recognize).

8、答案being recognized解析句意:那个电影明星戴着太阳镜,因此,他可以在不被认出的情况下去购物。本题考查非谓语动词。without为介词,后接动词的动名词形式, recognize与he为逻辑上的被动关系,故答案为being recognized。栏目索引高频考点五独立主格结构非谓语动词带有自己的逻辑主语,在句子中作状语,我们称之为独立主格结构,其形式为:/with / without/名词 代词现在分词 过去分词名词 代词形容词名词 代词 副词名词 代词 不定式名词 代词介词短语名词 代词 宾语补足语栏目索引典例 (2014江苏,29)The lecture (give),a l

9、ively question-and-answer session followed.答案having been given解析句意:演讲之后,紧跟着一个生动的问答环节。本题考查非谓语动词。the lecture是give的逻辑主语,两者间为被动关系,且该动作发生在谓语动词followed之前,故应使用现在分词完成式的被动形式,the lecture having been given是独立主格结构,在句中作时间状语。栏目索引知识清单知识清单知识清单一非谓语动词的句法功能知识清单二分词、不定式作宾语补足语的用法要点一、分词、不定式作宾语补足语的区别1.感官动词see,watch,observe

10、,look at,hear,listen to,notice等和使役动词have 成分形式主语宾语宾语补足语表语定语状语不定式动名词 分词 栏目索引后面的宾补有两种情况:当宾语与宾语补足语之间存在逻辑上的主动关系时,需用动词原形(即不带to 的不定式)及doing(现在分词一般主动式)。不带to 的不定式表完成,doing形式表正在进行;当宾语与宾语补足语之间存在逻辑上的被动关系时,需用过去分词及being done(现在分词一般被动式),过去分词表完成或没有一定的时间性,being done表正在进行。如:I heard her sing an English song just now.刚

11、才我听见她唱了一首英文歌。(主动,完成)I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday.昨天经过她房间时,我听见她在唱英文歌。(主动,正在进行)I heard an English song being sung by a little girl when I passed by her room yesterday.栏目索引昨天经过她房间时,我听见一个小女孩正在唱英文歌。(被动,正在进行)Id like to see the plan carried out.我想看到这个计划被执行。(被动,没有一

12、定的时间性)注意:不及物动词的过去分词作宾补表完成或状态。如:I looked down at my neck and found my necklace gone.我低头看了一眼我的脖子,发现我的项链不见了。(不及物动词,状态)I was surprised to find my hometown changed so much.发现我的家乡变化如此之大我感到很惊奇。(不及物动词,完成)栏目索引2.使役动词let后加复合宾语时,有两种情况:(1)let+宾语+do让做(2)let+宾语+be done让被做Dont let your child play with matches.别让你的孩

13、子玩火柴。My fathers just had his operation and the doctor wont let me see him yet.我父亲刚动过手术,医生还不允许我去看他。Let the work be done immediately.工作要马上去做。3.leave 后接非谓语动词作宾语补足语时,意为“使处于某种状态”。栏目索引leave如:Its wrong of you to leave the machine running.你让机器一直开着是不对的。(主动,正在进行)The guests left most of the dishes untouched,be

14、cause they didnt taste deli-cious.sb.doing sth.(,)sth.undone(,),undone,unfinished,unsettled,untouchedsb.to do sth.(sth.to be done)让某人一直做某事 宾语与宾语补足语之间是逻辑上的主动关系 表示动作正在进行留下某事未做 宾语与宾语补足语之间是逻辑上的被动关系 表示被动和完成 一般以为多留下某人做某事不定式表示将来留下某事要做的动作栏目索引大部分的菜客人们都没有动,因为它们不可口。(被动,完成)He left,leaving me to do all the rest

15、work.他走了,留下我一个人去做剩余的所有工作。(主动,将来)We hurriedly ended our meeting,leaving many problems to be settled.我们匆匆忙忙地结束了会议,留下了很多问题等待解决。(被动,将来)4.have,get后可以接动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词三种形式作宾语补足语,have,get表示“使、让、叫”之意。(1)have sth.done=get sth.done 使/让某事由别人去做(叫/让某人做某事)。如:Ill have/get my bike repaired tomorrow.栏目索引我明天得(请人)修一下我的

16、自行车。此外,have sth.done还表示“使遭受”之意。如:Tom had his leg broken while playing football.汤姆踢足球时,伤了腿。Mr.Smith had his house broken into while he was away on holiday.史密斯先生在度假期间,家被盗了。(2)如:The captain got the soldiers moving toward the front after a short rest.have sb./sth.doing/(,)get sb./sth.doing/使 让某人 物持续地做现在

17、分词表主动 正在进行使某人 物开始做栏目索引休息了片刻之后,上尉让士兵们开始朝前线行进。注意:have sb.doing若用于否定句中,其中have有“容忍”之意。如:I wont have you speaking to your dad like that.我不允许你和你父亲那样讲话。(3)使/让/叫某人去做某事如:Mother had me go/got me to go to the shop and buy some salt.妈妈让我去商店买些食盐。二、下列动词及动词词组后接不定式作补足语,即“动词/动词词组+sb.+to do”have sb.do sth.get sb.to d

18、o sth.栏目索引advise,allow,ask,beg,cause,encourage,expect,forbid,force,get,intend,invite,like,love,order,persuade,prefer,remind,require,teach,tell,want,warn,wish,think,wait for,call on,depend on等。如:You are not allowed to smoke here.此处不允许吸烟。The doctor warned him not to eat too much meat.医生警告他不要吃太多的肉。三、注意

19、下列结构中用不定式作主语补足语,它们是:sb.be said/believed/known/reported/considered/found/thought+to do/to have done/to be done/to have been a done。如:栏目索引He is said to have gone abroad.(=It is said that he has gone abroad.)据说,他出国了。Heat is considered to be a form of energy.热能被看做是一种能量。四、不定式、现在分词作宾语补足语小窍门下列动词在主动语态中用不带to

20、的不定式作补足语,但在被动语态中要加上to:它们是“吾看三室两厅一感觉”5看(look at,see,watch,notice,ob-serve);3使(make,let,have);2听(listen to,hear);1感觉(feel)。以上动词还可用现在分词作宾语(主语)补足语(5+3+2+1-2+4):即以上动词栏目索引除let,make(-2)外都可以用现在分词作宾语(主语)补足语,此外find,catch,keep,leave(+4)也可以用现在分词作宾语(主语)补足语。如:I hate to see you leave so soon.我不愿意看到你这么早就离开。Someone

21、was heard to come up the stairs.听见有人上楼了。At that time,I found him crying in the street.在那时,我发现他在大街上大哭。Im sorry to have kept you waiting for such a long time.对不起让你等这么长时间。栏目索引He was caught stealing.他正在偷东西时被抓住了。知识清单三不定式、分词作定语的用法要点一、不定式作定语1.作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等,不定式后面须有相应的介词。如:The B

22、rowns have a comfortable house to live in.布朗一家有一幢舒适的房子可以居住。但是,不定式所修饰的名词如果是time,place或way 时,不定式后面的介词习惯上省去。如:栏目索引He had no money and no place to live(in).他没钱,也没有安居之所。2.当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时,不定式既可用主动语态,也可用被动语态,但其含义有所不同。试比较:Have you got anything to send?你有什么东西要寄吗?(不定式to send 的动作执行者是“你”)Have you g

23、ot anything to be sent? 你有什么要(我或别人)寄的东西吗?(不定式to be sent 的动作执行者是“我”或“别人”)3.用不定式作定语的几种情况:(1)不定式表将来。如:栏目索引The car to be bought is for his sister.要买的这辆车是给他姐姐的。(2)用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no,all,any等限定的中心词,且与中心词为逻辑上的主动关系。如:He was the best man to do the job.他是做这个工作最好的人选。She was the first woman to win the gold medal i

24、n the Olympic Games.她是在奥运会上第一个获得金牌的女性。(3)用来修饰的词是抽象名词时用不定式,常见的有:ability,chance,idea,fact,excuse,promise,answer,reply,attempt,belief,way,reason,moment,time等。如:栏目索引Do you have the ability to read and write in English?你具备用英语读写的能力吗?I have no chance to go sightseeing.我没有机会外出观光。二、分词作定语1.作定语的及物动词分词形式为:v.-in

25、g、being+过去分词和过去分词。当被修饰的名词与分词为主动关系时,用v.-ing;当被修饰的名词与分词为被动关系且表正在进行时,用being+过去分词;当被修饰的名词与分词为被动关系且表完成时,用过去分词。如:The houses being built are for the teachers.栏目索引正在建的那些房子是为老师们建的。(被动,正在进行)自言自语道:“覆水难收啊!”(被动,完成,表状态) I have never seen a more moving movie.我从未看过更感人的电影。(主动,表特征)2.作定语的不及物动词分词形式为:v.-ing 和过去分词。v.-ing

26、表示正在进行;过去分词表示已经完成。如:boiling waterboiled water()沸腾的水烧开过的水 白开水falling leavesfallen leaves正在下落的叶子已经落下的叶子栏目索引三、不定式to be done形式、过去分词和现在分词being done形式作定语的区别不定式to be done形式表被动、将来;过去分词表被动、完成;现在分词be-ing done形式表被动、正在进行。如:Have you read the novel written by Dickens?你读过狄更斯的小说吗?(表被动、完成)Listen!The song being sung

27、is very popular with the students.听!现在正唱着的这首歌在学生中非常流行。(表被动、正在进行)The question to be discussed at tomorrows meeting is a very important one.明天将要在会上讨论的问题非常重要。(表被动、将来)栏目索引知识清单四不定式、动名词作宾语的用法要点一、下列动词只能用不定式作宾语,请牢记下面的口诀决心学会想希望,拒绝设法愿假装。主动答应选计划,同意请求帮一帮。decide/determine,learn,want,expect/hope/wish;refuse,manag

28、e,care,pretend;of-fer,promise,choose,plan;agree,ask/beg,help。此外,afford,strive,happen,wait,threaten等也要用不定式作宾语。如:She pretended not to see me when I passed by.当我经过时,她假装没看见我。We agreed to meet here but so far she hasnt turned up yet.栏目索引我们约好在此地见面,但是她到现在还没有露面。二、下列动词只能用动名词作宾语,请牢记下面的口诀考虑建议盼原谅,承认推迟没得想。避免错过继续

29、练,否认完成就欣赏。禁止想象才冒险,不禁介意准逃亡。consider,suggest/advise,look forward to,excuse/pardon;admit,delay/put off,fancy(想象,设想);avoid,miss,keep/keep on,practice;deny,finish,enjoy/appreci-ate;forbid,imagine,risk;cant help,mind,allow/permit,escape。此外,be used to,lead to,devote to,go back to,stick to,object to,get dow

30、n to,pay attention to,cant stand(无法忍受),give up,feel like,insist on,thank you for,栏目索引apologize for,be busy(in),have difficulty/trouble(in),have a good/wonderful/hard time(in),spend time(in)等动词词组也要用动名词作宾语。如:He got well-prepared for the job interview,for he couldnt risk losing the good opportunity.他为这

31、次工作面试做好了充分准备,因为他不能冒失去这次好机会的风险。三、下列动词或词组既可以跟动名词作宾语,也可以跟不定式作宾语,但意义上有区别,要特别注意to do sth.doing sth.忘记做某事忘记已经做过某事栏目索引rememberregret stop try mean go on to do sth.doing sth.记住要做某事记得曾经做过某事to do sth.doing sth.遗憾要去做某事后悔做过某事to do sth.doing sth.停下来去做另一件事停止做某事to do sth.doing sth.努力做某事尝试着做某事to do sth.doing sth.打算

32、做某事意味着做某事栏目索引cant help 2.在动词allow,advise,forbid,permit后直接跟动名词作宾语;如果后面有名词或代词作宾语,则用动词不定式作宾语补足语。即:allow/permit/forbid/advise如:Smoking is forbidden here but you are allowed to smoke.这里禁止吸烟,但你可以吸。We dont allow smoking in the hall.我们不准在大厅内吸烟。(to)do sth.doing sth.不能帮助做某事情不自禁地做某事sb.to do sth.doing sth.栏目索引3

33、.动词need,require,want 作“需要”讲时,其后必须用动名词的主动形式或不定式的被动形式作宾语,表示事情需要被做。这时动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。be worth后必须用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。此外,need,require,want后可以接名词或代词作宾语,然后接不定式作宾语补足语,表示“需要/想要/要求某人做某事”。即:need/require/want(需要)be worthto be donedoingsb.to do sth.doing名词栏目索引be worthy如:The window needs/requires/wants 窗户需要擦一下。This pl

34、ace is 这个地方值得参观。to be done()ofbeing done名词 表钱数或表价格的名词除外to be cleaned.cleaning.worthvisiting.to be visited.worthya visit.ofbeing visited.栏目索引四、动词不定式在but,other than后面时,如果but,other than之前有行为动词do的某种形式,那么不定式不带to,否则就要带to。如:We could do nothing but/other than wait.我们没有办法,只得等待。(wait前省去不定式符号to)He had no choic

35、e but to wait.他别无选择,只能等待。(wait前的不定式符号to不能省略)另外,在cannot choose but,cannot help but(只好),cannot but(只好),had better,would rather后面的不定式也要省略to。如:He cannot choose but stay on.他没办法只好待下去。栏目索引I cannot but agree to his terms.我只得同意他的条件。You had better come here on time.你最好准时到这儿。I would rather stay than do anythi

36、ng else.我宁愿留下来也不愿做别的。五、不定式作动词tell,show,understand,explain,teach,learn,advise,discuss,ask,decide,wonder,find out等的宾语时,前面常带引导词how,what,whether,where,when,who等,但why后加不带to的不定式。注意:此用法中的不定式的逻辑主语需与主句的主语或宾语保持一致,否则用宾语从句。如:He showed us how to do the work.(=He showed us how we should do the work.)栏目索引他给我们演示怎么做

37、这项工作。I dont know what to do.(=I dont know what I should do.)我不知道做些什么。We must decide whether to stay or go.(=We must decide whether well stay or go.)我们必须决定是留还是走。Can you tell me why do it?你能告诉我为什么做此事吗?栏目索引知识清单五不定式、分词作状语的用法要点一、不定式作状语动词不定式作状语,可以表示目的、结果或条件。Helen had to shout to make herself heard above t

38、he sound of the music.海伦不得不大声讲话,以便能在如此大声的音乐下被别人听见。(表目的)He hurried to the station only to find that the train had left.他匆忙到了车站结果却发现火车已经离开了。(表示“意外或事与愿违”的结果)My grandmother lived to see the liberation of China.我的祖母看到了中国的解放。(表示结果)栏目索引To look at him,you would like him.看看他,你会喜欢他的。(表条件)某些形容词作表语,表示喜、怒、哀、乐,后跟

39、不定式表示原因。如:I am very glad to see you.见到你很高兴。I am so sorry to hear about your failure in business.听说你事业失败我很遗憾。在带有enough或too的句子里,也常用不定式作状语,表示程度。如:He was too excited not to say a few words.他太激动了,不会不讲几句话的。He is old enough to go to school.他到上学的年龄了。栏目索引She is too tired to do the job.她太累了,做不了这项工作了。注意:强调动词不定

40、式所表示的目的时,动词不定式可用in order to(为了)或so as to(以便)+动词原形。so as to 不用于句首。如:He got up early in order to catch the first bus.他早起是为了赶上第一班车。The bus stopped so as to pick up passengers.公共汽车停下以便接载乘客。栏目索引形式意义v.-ing(doing)与句中主语为逻辑上的主动关系,与句中谓语动词动作同时发生,或基本上同时发生having+v.-ed(having done)与句中主语为逻辑上的主动关系,先于谓语动词动作发生v.-ed(d

41、one)与句中主语为逻辑上的被动关系being+v.-ed(being done)与句中主语为逻辑上的被动关系,且与谓语动词动作同时发生,一般作原因状语置于句首二、分词作状语having been+v.-ed(having been done)与句中主语为逻辑上的被动关系,且先于谓语动词动作发生栏目索引分词作状语时,分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致。即:分词作状语必须和句中主语含有逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系,否则一般不能使用分词作状语。分词或分词短语作状语时,可以表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随状况等。表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连词while或when引出。如:When o

42、ffered help,one often says“Thank you.”or “Its kind of you.”(时间)栏目索引当被提供帮助的时候,人们常说“谢谢”或“你真好”。Be careful while/when crossing the street.(时间)过马路的时候小心点。Separated from other continents for millions of years,Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world.(原因)和其他大洲分离了上百万年

43、,澳大利亚有许多在世界上任何别的国家找不到的动植物。He glanced at her,noting that though she was tiny,she seemed very well.(结果)他不经意地看了一下她,发现她虽然很纤弱,但看起来非常健康。Having been told many times,he still repeated the same mistake.(让步)栏目索引虽然被告诉过好多次了,但他仍然重复犯同样的错误。The teacher came into the lab,followed by some students.(伴随)老师进了实验室,后面跟着一些学

44、生。有些分词或不定式短语作状语,其形式的选择不受上下文的影响,称作独立成分。常见的有:generally speaking 一般说来;frankly speaking 坦白地说;judging from/by.根据来判断;considering./o consideration考虑到;to tell you the truth 说实话;seeing.考虑到;supposing假设、如果;assuming 假使;admitting 虽说、即使;given如果;provided(that.)如果;compared to/with 与相比。如:栏目索引Judging from h

45、is accent,he is from the south.从口音判断,他是南方人。Considering your health,youd better have a rest.考虑到你的健康,你最好休息一下。To tell you the truth,I am a little tired.说实话,我有点累。非谓语动词作状语时,它的逻辑主语应和句子主语保持一致。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的逻辑主语,在句子中作状语,我们称之为独立主格结构(Absolute Construction)。独立主格结构的特点是:独立主格结构的逻辑栏目索引主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。独立主格结构中作逻辑主语的

46、名词或代词与后面的分词、形容词、副词、不定式、介词短语等是逻辑上的主动或动宾关系。独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。独立主格结构的构成是:名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词;名词(代词)+形容词;名词(代词)+副词;名词(代词)+不定式;名词(代词)+介词短语;with/without+名词(代词)+宾语补足语。如:栏目索引The test finished(=When the test was finished),we began our holiday.考试结束了,我们开始放假。The president assassinated(=After the president was assas

47、sinated),the whole country was in deep sorrow.总统被谋杀了,全国上下沉浸在悲痛之中。Weather permitting(=If weather permits),we are going to visit you tomorrow.如果天气允许,我们明天去看你。He came out of the library,with a large book under his arm.他夹着本厚书,走出了图书馆。栏目索引易混点总结一、不定式、动名词和分词在句中所作成分的区别(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作;而不定式作主语表示具体动作。如:Smoking

48、 is prohibited here.这里禁止抽烟。(抽象)It is not very good for you to smoke so much.你吸这么多烟对身体很不好。(具体)(2)动名词作主语时,通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验;不定式作主语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。如:Climbing mountains is interesting.爬山很有趣。(经验)栏目索引To lean out of the window is dangerous.把头伸出窗外是危险的。(未发生)(3)不定式作主语,一般用it充当形式主语,而把作真正主语的不定式短语后置。如:It took me o

49、nly five minutes to finish the job.完成这项工作只花了我5分钟的时间。(4)一般来说,可以用动名词的复合结构作主语,不用不定式的复合结构作主语。如:正:Your saying that is useful.你那么说有用。栏目索引误:For us to say that means nothing to him.对我们而言,那么说对他没有用。(5)动名词或不定式都可以在句中作主语,但在下列句型中常用动名词作主语。It is/was+doing sth.如:It is no use crying over spilt milk.覆水难收。若主语和表语都是非谓语动词

50、,应保持形式上的一致。Seeing is believing.(=To see is to believe.)眼见为实。no use/goodnot any use/goodof little use/good栏目索引2.不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别(1)不定式作表语不定式作表语一般表示具体动作,特别是表示将来的动作。如:To do two things at a time is to do neither.一次做两件事等于什么也没做。What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始工作。如果主语是不定式(表示条件),表语也应是

51、不定式(表示结果)。如:To work means to earn a living.工作就是为了生活。栏目索引如果主语是以aim,duty,hope,idea,happiness,job,plan,problem,purpose,thing,wish等为中心的名词,或是what引导的名词性从句,则不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用的。如:His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the future.他的希望是在将来买一辆豪华轿车。The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the fut

52、ure of the plant.最重要的事情是与他们商讨一下这个工厂的将来。(2)动名词作表语动名词作表语表示抽象的、一般性的行为,一般可以和主语互换位置,意义不变。如:栏目索引Our work is serving the people.我们的工作是为人民服务。His hobby is collecting stamps.他的爱好是集邮。Her job is washing clothes.她的工作是洗衣服。注意:动名词作表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相同,但其功能迥异:现在分词作表语说明动作是由主语完成的;动名词作表语是用来说明主语的性质或情况的。(3)分词作表语分词作表语有两种情况,

53、一种是现在分词作表语,一种是过去分词作表语,这两者的区别是考试中经常考到的地方。一般来说,表示心理状态的动词,如excite,interest等都是及物动词,汉语意思不是“激动”、“感兴趣”,而栏目索引是“使激动”、“使感兴趣”,因而现在分词应该意为“令人激动的”、“令人感兴趣的”,过去分词意为“感到激动的”和“感兴趣的”。所以,凡表示“令人的”都用v.-ing形式,凡是表示“感到的”都用v.-ed形式。换句话说,若人对感兴趣,就是sb.is interested in.,若人/物本身令人感兴趣时,就是sb./sth.is interesting。常见的这类词有:interesting令人感兴

54、趣的interested感兴趣的exciting令人激动的excited感到激动的delighting令人高兴的delighted感到高兴的disappointing令人失望的disappointed感到失望的encouraging令人鼓舞的encouraged感到鼓舞的栏目索引pleasing令人愉快的pleased感到愉快的puzzling令人费解的puzzled感到费解的satisfying令人满意的satisfied感到满意的surprising令人惊异的surprised感到惊异的worrying令人担心的worried感到担心的如:Travelling is interesting

55、 but tiring.旅行是有趣的,但是使人疲劳。The pupils will get confused if they are made to learn too much.如果要学生学太多,他们会糊涂的。栏目索引His argument is very convincing.他的论点是非常有说服力的。They were very excited at the news.听到这个消息,他们非常激动。动名词作定语置于被修饰的名词前,表示名词的用途;不定式作定语置于被修饰的名词之后,表示尚未发生的事。如:a fishing net 渔网;a reading room 阅览室The probl

56、em to be discussed this afternoon is important.今天下午将要讨论的问题很重要。栏目索引I have three letters to write.我有三封信要写。(1)现在分词与不定式都作结果状语时:现在分词作结果状语,表示现在分词的动作发生在谓语动词之后,与句子的主语之间含有逻辑上的因果关系,往往带有必然性,它须放在句子之后,用逗号隔开。如:But,filled for the moment with extraordinary strength,he raised himself com-pletely,obliging me to rise too,or I could not have supported him.可他一下子使出了非凡的力气,完全站了起来,我也不得不跟着站了起来,否则就无法搀扶他了。栏目索引鱼能在两分钟内吃掉一个人,只留下一堆骨头。不定式作结果状语,位置也在句子之后,但