介词讲义完整版

1、-介 词一，介词的分类1.简单介词，是指单个的介词如： in, on, at, on, to, with等2.合成介词，是指两个简单介词合在一起构成的介词如： into, onto, without, inside3.短语介词，是指一个或两个简单介词与一个或几个其他词类的词组合，在意义和作用上相当于一个简单介词的短语如： instead of代替because of因为according to按照in front of在.的前面二，表示时间的介词1. at 表示具体的时间点如： at eight o clock联想： at构成的固定短语：at first 首先at least至少at pres

2、ent目前at noon在中午at the age of 在.岁时at the moment 在目前，现在at the same time 同时at school在上学at the end of在。末如： In some western countries shops are closed_ weekends.2. in 用于年，月，季节，上午，下午，晚上等。in March在三月in spring 在春天in 2008 在 2008 年in the morning/afternoon/evening注意：in 表示在某一季节或某一月份时，一般不加冠词，但季节和月份的意义一旦具体化，就要加定冠

3、词the 。如： The weather is a little in May.An earthquake happened in Sichuan in the May of 2008.In summer children are happy because they can swim.1-联想： in 构成的固定短语：hand in上交in fact事实上in surprise 吃惊地in search of寻找in public当众in the end最后，终于in no time立刻，马上in a minute立刻，马上in front of在.前面in a word一句话，总而言之in

4、 good health身体健康的do well in在.方面干的不错be interested in对.感兴趣in common共同的show great interest in对。感兴趣in the last/past several years在过去的几年里3. 表示具体的某一天或某一天的早晨，晚上等，用on 。如： In the morning I often get up at six oclock but_Sunday morning, I getup at seven.A traffic accident happened near our school _ the night

5、of May 2nd ,2014.联想： on 构成的固定短语：on board乘坐（车，飞机）on duty值班，值日on earth到底on fire 着火on foot步行on hire雇佣on holiday度假on time按时be on show展览on the right 在右边on the other hand另一方面a book on history 一本关于历史的书on ones way to在某人去 .的路上4. 表示时间的since, for, by, during, until(1)since （自从）后跟具体的过去时间，for 后接一段时间。for 和 since

6、短语所在的句子应用现在完成时，谓语动词要用延续性动词。如： Great changes have taken place in my hometown since the year 2000.We have lived in the city for about five years.2-(2) by+ 时间点，意为“到 . 为止”，如果 by 后面跟的是将来的时间点，用一般将来时或将来完成时，如果 by 后面跟一个过去的时间点，用过去完成时。如： I will finish eating by nine oclock.By the end of last week, we had finis

7、hed learning Unit5.(3) during+ 时间段，与延续性动词连用，表示某期间的动作。如： She had trained hard during the four years to get ready for London OlympicGames.(4) until+ 时间点，意为 “道 .为止”，句中的谓语动词若是非延续性动词，构成句型 not.until 直到 .才如： We stayed there until the sunset.We didn tgo home until thesunset.(5) 表示时间前后的before, afterbefore在.之

8、前，after 在 .之后如： We must hand in our homework before class.After half past eleven we can relax ourselves.注意： before作为介词，还可以表示“面临，面对”如： What should you do before so many difficulties?I had nothing to say before her.三表示方位，地点，行为对象等的介词1.表示方位的介词in, to, onin 表示包含关系，意为“在。范围内”， on 表示相邻关系，接壤；to 表示相隔关系。如： Chin

9、a is_ the east of Asia.Japan is _ the east of China.Russia is _ the north of China.2.表示“上下”等方位的介词over, under, above, below, on(1) over在。正上方，其反义词为under-3-如： There is a football under the desk.I looked up and saw a plane flying over my head.(2) above 表示“在。上方”，非垂直关系 , 其反义词为 below如： The plane is flying

10、above the clouds.(3) on 在。之上，指两者表面接触。其反义词也为under3. 表示“前后”的介词和短语介词（ 1） in front of在。前面，指在范围之外的前面，和before意义接近。如： There are some bikes in front of the teaching building.(2)behind是 in front of的反义词，意为“在。后面”(3)in the front of表示在范围之内的前面，其反义词组是at the back of4. by, beside 在。旁边； between 在两者之间 , among 在三者及以上之间

11、（ 1） by 和 beside 意义相近如： Do you know the man who is standing by thewindow? Lucy sits beside me. She is my deskmate.(2) between 指两者之间，也表示三者或多者中的每两者之间； among 指三个或三个以上的事物或人之间。注意： between表示两者之间，只要构成双方关系，就可以用between如： There are so many desks in the classroom that there is hardly any room tomove between th

12、em.教室里有这么多张课桌，几乎没有空间从它们中间穿过。5. across, through穿过across 从表面穿过， through穿越，穿透，透过，指从物体内部穿过。如： (1)When you go_ the road, you must be careful.(2)Which river runs_ Shanghai?(3) -I left my keys in the room yesterday. I had to get in_ the window. -It s dangerous to do that.A. inB. throughC. overD. to4-6. 表示里

13、外的 in, inside, into, onto, out of, outside(1) in 在。之内如： My keys are in my pocket.注意：外来物“在树上”in，树用上结出的东西“在树上”on ，用如： There are some birds_ the tree.Autumn comes and some red apples_ the apple trees come intopeopleseyes.(2) inside 在。里面，到。里面。反义词为outside如： Listen ！Someone is talking in a low voice insid

14、e the door.Don tstay outside.(3) into 到。内。强调空间或状态的转换。反义词为out of如： Why not go into the house and have a look?He looked out of the window and saw some people coming back from work.注意 : out of还有“脱离，失去”等意义。如 : He has been out of work for long. Fish can tlive long out of water.7. 表示“靠近”的near, next to,aro

15、und near在。附近next to在。旁边around在。周围如： There is a park near our neighborhood.I didn tremember to phone until near the end of the week.The mouse is next to my computer.That patient is next to death.The flowers and applause(掌声 ) are always around the winners.注意： around还表示“大约”，同义词：about如： It was around/ab

16、out twelve oclock in the evening.-5-8. 表示运动方向的for, to, towards(1)for 常接在 leave ， start 等动词之后，表示运动的方向或目的地。如： They ll leave for Beijing to attend the meeting next month.(2)to 跟在 go ， come, return, move等动词之后，表示目的地，它既表示运动方向，又包含运动结果。如： When did you return to Guangzhou after the summer holiday?(3)towards朝

17、，向。只说明运动的方向，没有“到达”的意思如： The teacher is coming towards the classroom now.9. 表示行为对象的 to, at一般来说， at 同某些动词连用，表示攻击目标，含有某种程度的恶意；to 则只表示方向，并无恶意。如： I threw the ball to him and he threw it at the dog.He came_me and said hello to me.A dog came_her and she was frightened(受惊吓的）。10. 最高级结构中表示范围的of, in同类比较时，若主语和范

18、围一致，一般用of, of 后多为数词或可数名词复数；将某人 / 某物置于集体或环境中进行比较时，用in, in 后一般是可数名词的单数。如： She is the most beautiful girl _ the three sisters.Tom is the tallest boy_ the class.四表示“除。之外”的介词1.besides 除。之外还如： Five others were late besides me.There will be five of us for dinner, besides John.2.but, except除。之外。but 常与否定词连用如

19、： No one but we knows about the news.He has few friends except you in this school.He has few friends except you in this school.They all went to sleep except me.-6-3.except for表示从整体中排除，除。之外，前后不是一类事物。如： The care is really wonderful except for its price.The composition is quite good except for a few sp

20、elling mistakes.五表示方式，手段或工具的介词1. by, in, on表交通方式by bike=on a bike,by car=in a car如： Do you usually come to school by bike?2. by, in with表示手段或工具（ 1） by 表示用某种方式或手段。名此前不加冠词。如： This pair of shoes is made by hand.The old man had to make money by selling vegetables.(2) in 表示使用某种语言，用墨水，颜色，颜料等。名此前不加冠词。如： Ca

21、n you say it in English?Please write it in ink, not in pencil.(3) with 后跟具体的工具如： People here build houses with stones.I like to write with a ball pen.拓展： with 常用来表示伴随，意为“有，带有”，其反without义词为如： This is a house with a garden.Fish can tlive without water.六引出动词不定式逻辑主语的介词。1. 一般情况下用for sb. to do sth如： It sn

22、ecessary for us to learn English.It sdifficult for children to read such a book.2. 表示品质，性格，特征的形容词后用 of sb. to do sth., 这类句型中动词不定式的逻辑主语和形容词构成主系表结构。如： It sfoolish of him to make such adecision. Itskind of you to give me somuch help.-7-七 其它介词的用法1. as 作为， as for 至于如： _students we should work hard.He wor

23、ks_ a teacher in this school._him, I know nothing.2. thanks to 同 because of ，意为“因为，由于”如： Thanks to your help, I am good at mylessons.Because of the weather, we have to put off the sports meet.八介词的省略1. in 的省略be busy (in) doing sth忙于做某事have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth.做某事有困难（ in) this/that way以这

24、种 / 那种方法spend.(in) doing sth.花费。做某事have a good time (in) doing sth.做某事很高兴waste. (in) doing浪费。做某事There s no use/good (in) doing sth做.某事有用 / 没有好处2. for 的省略for+ 时间段里的for, 在口语中可以省略，尤其是在肯定句中。但是在否定句中或在句首一般不可以省略。如： The rain lasted (for) a whole afternoon.He has been waiting (for) three hours.We haventseen

25、each other for a long time.For a whole month, there is no rain.九常用介词短语1. 常与 with 连用的短语-8-do with处置，对付go on with继续。agree with同意。be busy with忙于keep/catch up with跟上fill.with.用。装满。be familiar with.熟悉。be popular with.受。欢迎be angry with sb.生某人的气cover.with.用。覆盖。help.with.在。方面帮助。get on well with与。相处的好be strict with sb.对某人要求严格be pleased with sb对.某人感到满意2. 常与 at 连用的短语look at看knock at敲at last 最后at once立刻laugh at嘲笑。shoot at朝。射击work at致力于。be good at擅长。be weak at不擅长。arrive at到达某地（小地方）be amazed at对。感到吃惊3. 常与 on 连用的短语9-get on上车turn o