risk-assessment风险评估ppt课件VIP

1、风险评估风险评估 Risk Assessment风险评估风险评估RISK ASSESSMENT风险评估风险评估 Risk AssessmentDefinition of Hazard风险的定义风险的定义 A hazard is a property or characteristic, of a process facility, piece of equipment, commodity or activity, that has the potential of causing harm. 风险指的是加工工具风险指的是加工工具,物品或活动的一物品或活动的一种性质或特征种性质或特征,有潜在引

2、起伤害的可能有潜在引起伤害的可能性性.风险评估风险评估 Risk Assessment理解风险的含义理解风险的含义Understanding Risk所谓风险指的是对人员和环境、生产损失、财产或设备损坏就程度、结果所谓风险指的是对人员和环境、生产损失、财产或设备损坏就程度、结果、机率和发生频率进行的、机率和发生频率进行的“一种潜在伤害的衡量一种潜在伤害的衡量”。Risk is a measure of potential harm to personnel and the environment, loss of production or damage to property or equi

3、pment, in terms of magnitude, consequence, probability and frequency of occurrence 多大多大? 多糟糕多糟糕? 可能性可能性? 频率？频率？ How big,how bad, how likely,how often 风险评估风险评估 Risk Assessment理解风险的含义理解风险的含义Understanding Risk几乎所有事都会有一定程度的相关风险，比如：几乎所有事都会有一定程度的相关风险，比如：Almost everything we do has some degree of risk asso

4、ciated with it, for example :横穿马路横穿马路 Crossing the road 攀爬梯子攀爬梯子 Climbing a Ladder进入有限空间进入有限空间 Entering a confined space运动运动/休闲休闲 Sports / Leisure驾驶车辆驾驶车辆 Driving a vehicle空中旅行空中旅行 Traveling by Air 风险评估风险评估 Risk Assessment理解风险的含义理解风险的含义Understanding Risk 1、举出三件你经常参加且觉得存在最高风险的活动。、举出三件你经常参加且觉得存在最高风险的活

5、动。List three (3) activities you regularly take part in that you feel carry the highest degree of risk.然后判断：然后判断：Then determine:2、是什么让你在知道其危险但却无碍的呢？、是什么让你在知道其危险但却无碍的呢？What makes it ok for you carry on with these activities, knowing they carry a risk?风险评估风险评估 Risk Assessment理解风险的含义理解风险的含义Understanding

6、 Risk 虽然我们知道没有一件事是绝对安全的！虽然我们知道没有一件事是绝对安全的！Even though nothing is absolutely safe !那我们为什么仍然愿意继续那些活动呢？那我们为什么仍然愿意继续那些活动呢？Why then are we still willing to go on with the activity?我们必然确信：我们必然确信：We must believe 潜在后果可能性是极小的潜在后果可能性是极小的The potential consequences are minor 及及/或或and / or后果实际发生的机率是很低的后果实际发生的机率是

7、很低的The probability of the consequences actually occurring is slight风险评估风险评估 Risk Assessment风险评估风险评估Risk Assessment原因原因 WHY我们进行了风险评估以制定控制措施。Risk assessment is carried out to enable control measures to be devised. 我们必须对风险的重要性有着清楚的认识并尽量认知并掌握它们。We need to have an idea of the importance of risks and to k

8、now as much about them as we can.因此：因此：So我们可以就控制措施做出正确而经济有效的决定。We can make decisions on controls which are both appropriate and cost effective.风险评估风险评估 Risk Assessment风险评估类型风险评估类型Types of Risk Assessment 定量定量-根据我们所获知的与相关情况有关的风险信息来进行评估。Quantitative - based on known risk information applied to circums

9、tances being considered.定性定性-根据人们在更多较为具体的数据基础做出的判断进行评估。Qualitative - based upon personnel judgement backed by more generalised data.总体风险评估可针对一般和基本特征进行，即“通用”或“标准”评估。详细情况请参见安全政策文件。General risk assessments can be made which cover common and basic features, known as “generic” or “model” assessments. The

10、se can be referred in the safety policy document.风险评估风险评估 Risk Assessment风险评估内容风险评估内容Contents of Risk Assessments 已确认主要危险的描述已确认主要危险的描述A statement of significant hazards identified 所采取的控制措施以及控制力度。所采取的控制措施以及控制力度。The control measures in place and the extent at which they control the risk 风险受众。风险受众。Who

11、is exposed to the risk. 可参考已执行的其他手册可参考已执行的其他手册/安全文件。安全文件。Reference can be made to other manuals / safety documents in place. “风险评估的关键就是对所进行的工作进行仔细的检查，找出那些可能导风险评估的关键就是对所进行的工作进行仔细的检查，找出那些可能导致人员伤害的原因，从而衡量所采取的预防措施是否足够还是应该加强预致人员伤害的原因，从而衡量所采取的预防措施是否足够还是应该加强预防力度防力度”。An assessment of risk is nothing more th

12、an a careful examination of what, in your work, could cause harm to people so that you can weigh up whether you have taken enough precautions or should do more”风险评估风险评估 Risk Assessment 危险评估危险评估Hazard EvaluationHazard Evaluation4明确：机械、设备、工具、程序、任务以及过程。明确：机械、设备、工具、程序、任务以及过程。Identify - machinery, equipm

13、ent, tools, procedures,task, processes.4通过那些熟悉危险的人、政府部门、专业组织、咨询单位以及以往的检查报通过那些熟悉危险的人、政府部门、专业组织、咨询单位以及以往的检查报告等各种渠道收集信息。告等各种渠道收集信息。Assemble information from those familiar with the hazard, Government dept, professional societies, consultants, old inspection reports etc4审查风险明确案例、失效模式、影响分析以及工作安全分析。审查风险明确

14、案例、失效模式、影响分析以及工作安全分析。Review examples of identifying risk, Failure modes and effects analysis, job safety analysis.风险评估风险评估 Risk Assessment按风险性进行危险排序按风险性进行危险排序Ranking hazard by risk根据反映情况最严重的第一手资料排出危险主次顺序。What is looked for is a priority list of hazards on a worst first basis按照发生机率和严重性对风险的相对重要性进行分类。P

15、robability and severity are used to categorise the relative importance of risks.严重程度严重程度 Severity 受伤或受损受伤或受损 Injury or damage 级别级别 Rating 灾难性的Catastrophic 迫在眉睫的危险 Imminent danger 3 临界性的 Critical 严重受伤以及财产或设备严重受损。 Serious injury, property or equipment damage 2 边缘性的 Marginal 可导致疾病、受伤以及设备受损。但应不严重。Can ca

16、use illness, injury equipment damage. Not expected to be to serious 1 可忽略性的Negligible 不会导致严重伤病或急救。 Will not result in serious injury or illness, first aid. 0 风险评估风险评估 Risk Assessment危险机率排序Probability rating of hazard应该指出的是，通过此类排序方式存在一定的缺陷，有些不同情况的打分值可能会相同，因此，必须由那些具有丰富经验、合格称职的人员进行审核。It should be noted

17、 that ranking systems of this kind introduce their own problems. Some situations produce the same scores and therefore should only be reviewed by experienced competent personnel.机率机率 Probability 机率机率 Rating 分值分值Value 很可能 Probable 短期或即期可能发生的 Likely to occur, immediately or shortly 3基本可能Reasonably pro

18、bable 在某些情况下会发生 Probably will occur in time 2 机率较小 Remote 在某些情况下可能发生 May occur in time 1 机率极小 Extremely remote 不大可能发生 Unlikely to occur 0 风险评估风险评估 Risk Assessment风险评估风险评估Risk Assessment最终决定一项风险等级必须做到：最终决定一项风险等级必须做到：The final decision as to what is an acceptable risk requires; 正确判断正确判断 Judgment 客观性客观

19、性 Objectivity 具备经验具备经验 Experience 与同事通力合作。与同事通力合作。 Collaboration with colleagues风险评估风险评估 Risk Assessment风险评估风险评估Risk Assessment危险是在生活中客观存在的危险是在生活中客观存在的Hazards are a fact of life.风险评估可帮助我们确保这些危险不会造成事故和损失。风险评估可帮助我们确保这些危险不会造成事故和损失。Risk Assessments help us to ensure that the hazards dont cause incidents

20、 and losses;我们无法消除所有的危险，我们无法消除所有的危险，We may not be able to eliminate all of the hazards; 但我们可以通过风险评估将事故发生的机率降到最低。但我们可以通过风险评估将事故发生的机率降到最低。However we can minimize the probability of incidents occurring, through risk assessment. 风险评估风险评估 Risk Assessment施工现场常见危险施工现场常见危险Common Construction Site Common Con

21、struction Site HazardsHazards 1.易燃材料易燃材料 Flammable materials2.高空作业高空作业 Heights and elevated work 材料运送材料运送 Handling materials 化学品化学品 Chemicals 5. 高低压电气设施高低压电气设施 Low and high voltage electricity 6. 机械设备机械设备 Machinery / equipment风险评估风险评估 Risk Assessment施工现场常见危险（续）施工现场常见危险（续）Common Construction Site Com

22、mon Construction Site Hazards continued.Hazards continued.7.大流量交通大流量交通 High traffic volume8. 工具和装置工具和装置 Tools and devices 9. 同时施工同时施工 Simultaneous activities10. 高压高压 High pressures11. 高噪音区域高噪音区域 High noise areas 12. 工人多工人多 High volume of workers13. 其他其他 Any others ?风险评估风险评估 Risk Assessment风险管理风险管理Ma

23、nage the Risk我们如何进行风险管理我们如何进行风险管理?How do we manage the risks?风险评估风险评估 Risk Assessment危险管理危险管理Managing Hazards优良的设计优良的设计 Good design 消除危险消除危险 Eliminate the hazard工程技术工程技术 Engineering techniques4. 行政管理行政管理 Administrative controls5. 人员防护设备人员防护设备 Personal Protective Equipment风险评估风险评估 Risk Assessment安全先后

24、次序安全先后次序The Safety Precedence Sequence危险消除危险消除- 如另辟蹊径、设计变更或改变程序。如另辟蹊径、设计变更或改变程序。Hazard elimination - e.g. use of alternatives, design improvements, change of process替换替换- 如改用风险较小的化学品等。如改用风险较小的化学品等。Substitution - e.g. replacement of chemical with one with less risk.设置栏障：设置栏障：Use of barriers:隔离隔离 Isol

25、ation 分隔分隔 Segregation风险评估风险评估 Risk Assessment采用程序采用程序- 如工作安全系统、限制危险暴露时间等。如工作安全系统、限制危险暴露时间等。Use of procedures - e.g. safe systems of work, limiting exposure time.采用警告系统采用警告系统- 如设立安全标牌标识。如设立安全标牌标识。Use of warning systems e.g. signs instruction labels.采用人员防护服采用人员防护服- 佩戴个人防护设施是最终最本质的防护措施！佩戴个人防护设施是最终最本质的

26、防护措施！Use of personnel protective clothing - PPE is the last resort!.安全先后次序安全先后次序The Safety Precedence Sequence风险评估风险评估 Risk Assessment设计问题设计问题Design issuesDesign issues（效率方面）（效率方面）(in order of effectiveness)避免由于设计单方面原因造成的危险。避免由于设计单方面原因造成的危险。Avoid the hazard by design alone从源头遏止危险。从源头遏止危险。Combat the

27、hazard at source对所有人进行保护，防止受到危险。对所有人进行保护，防止受到危险。Protect the entire population affected by the hazard依靠个人防护设施。依靠个人防护设施。Rely on PPE风险评估风险评估 Risk Assessment何谓何谓HSE管理控制？管理控制？What are HSE Management Controls?HSE管理控制是为了确保有效且高效控制现场作业危险和相关风险而执行并管理控制是为了确保有效且高效控制现场作业危险和相关风险而执行并管理的一种标准、方法和程序。管理的一种标准、方法和程序。HSE

28、management controls are standards, methods and processes implemented and managed to ensure that work site hazards and their risks are effectively and efficiently controlled. 终极目标：我们必须创建并维护一个安全无事故的工作场所！终极目标：我们必须创建并维护一个安全无事故的工作场所！The Ultimate Goal : We must create and maintain a safe and incident free

29、 workplace ! 风险评估风险评估 Risk Assessment工程设计控制举例说明工程设计控制举例说明Examples of Engineering Controls 在设计阶段便建立并实施在设计阶段便建立并实施HSE管理。管理。Design phase includes HSE concepts 材料规范和质量保证。材料规范和质量保证。Materials specifications and quality assurances.变更管理变更管理Management of change技术信息技术信息Technical information维护和稳定性程序维护和稳定性程序Mai

30、ntenance and reliability programs风险评估风险评估 Risk Assessment行政管理控制举例说明行政管理控制举例说明Examples of Administrative Controls施工方案施工方案Method Statements作业危险分析作业危险分析Job Hazard Analysis吊装机检查吊装机检查Lift Studies材料安全数据表材料安全数据表Material Safety Data Sheets进入和隔离规程程序进入和隔离规程程序Entry and Isolation Practices / Procedures 政策、规定、规程

31、程序政策、规定、规程程序Policies, Rules, Practices / Procedures 工作令工作令Permits to work风险评估风险评估 Risk Assessment标准现场标准现场HSE管理控制管理控制Typical Work Place HSE Management Controls 工作令工作令 Permits to Work 作业危险分析作业危险分析 Job Hazard Analysis (JHA) 封闭空间作业令封闭空间作业令 Confined Space Entry Permits 锁定标识程序锁定标识程序 Lock-out / Tag-out Pro

32、cedure 作业任务程序作业任务程序 Job / Task Procedures 安全作业规程安全作业规程 Safe Work Practices 规定政策规定政策 Rules / Policies风险评估风险评估 Risk Assessment需要执行“工作令”的工作项目Tasks Requiring Permits开挖作业开挖作业Excavation明火作业明火作业Hot Work焊接、研磨、气焊、砂轮切割作业焊接、研磨、气焊、砂轮切割作业Welding, Grinding, Gas Torch, Abrasive Cutting密封空间作业密封空间作业Confined Space辐射性

33、作业辐射性作业Radiation Activities压力测试压力测试Pressure Testing带电作业带电作业Live Electrical Work易爆材料作业易爆材料作业Use of Explosive Materials多吊机吊装作业多吊机吊装作业Multiple Crane Lifts风险评估风险评估 Risk Assessment 氧气呼吸器氧气呼吸器Breathing apparatus 眼睛及面部保护眼睛及面部保护Eye and face protection 安全带（系索和惯性索）安全带（系索和惯性索）Safety harnesses ( lanyards and in

34、ertia ) 安全帽和安全靴安全帽和安全靴Hard hats and safety boots 呼吸保护呼吸保护Respiratory protection 化学防护服和手套化学防护服和手套Chemical suits and gloves 听力保护装置听力保护装置Hearing protection正确个人防护设备列举正确个人防护设备列举Examples of Proper Personal Protective Equipment ( PPPE )风险评估风险评估 Risk Assessment危险管理危险管理Managing Hazards优良的设计优良的设计 Good design

35、消除危险消除危险 Eliminate the hazard工程技术工程技术 Engineering techniques4. 行政管理行政管理 Administrative controls5. 人员防护设备人员防护设备 Personal Protective Equipment哪一种控制管理保护效率最高？为什么？哪一种控制管理保护效率最高？为什么？Which type of control offers the highest level of protection? Why?风险评估风险评估 Risk AssessmentHSE控制优先次序控制优先次序Priorities for HSE

36、Control首先考虑首先考虑 Priority One - 能力能力 Competency 其次考虑其次考虑 Priority Two - 防护防护 Protection 最后考虑最后考虑 Priority Three - 应对准备措施应对准备措施 Preparedness 在计划工作时，我们必须考虑如下在计划工作时，我们必须考虑如下HSE控制先后次序：控制先后次序：When planning work we need to think about HSE Control in terms of the following priorities:风险评估风险评估 Risk Assessmen

37、tMETHOD STATEMENT (MS) &JOB METHOD STATEMENT (MS) &JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS (JHA)HAZARD ANALYSIS (JHA)方法陈述方法陈述(MS) & (MS) & 工作危险性分析工作危险性分析 The Method Statement is the means by which a contractor intends to perform the work and is to include the following: 方法陈述是指一个承包商将要执行的作业并且包括下述内容方法陈述是指一

38、个承包商将要执行的作业并且包括下述内容: Brief description of work activity. 工作活动的简单描述工作活动的简单描述 Location of work / plan of work area.工作地点工作地点/工作区域计划工作区域计划 Limitations of applicability of method statement or JHA.方法陈述或方法陈述或JHA的适应性的限制的适应性的限制风险评估风险评估 Risk AssessmentMETHOD STATEMENT (MS) &JOB METHOD STATEMENT (MS) &

39、JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS (JHA)HAZARD ANALYSIS (JHA)方法陈述方法陈述(MS) & (MS) & 工作危险性分析工作危险性分析 Organisation and Responsibilities - Engineer in Charge, Safety Supervisor, Site Supervisor, Foremen, Tradesmen, General Workers.组织和责任组织和责任 负责工程师负责工程师, 安全监理安全监理, 现场主管现场主管, 工头工头, Tradesmen, 普通工人普通工人 Construction

40、 method - sequence of work, how the job is to be performed incorporating safety and quality, schedule施工方法施工方法 工作顺序工作顺序, 工作如何开展的，综合安全，质量和进度。工作如何开展的，综合安全，质量和进度。 Technical requirements & acceptance tolerances.技术要求和接受公差技术要求和接受公差风险评估风险评估 Risk AssessmentMETHOD STATEMENT (MS) &JOB METHOD STATEMENT

41、(MS) &JOB HAZARD ANALYSIS (JHA)HAZARD ANALYSIS (JHA)方法陈述方法陈述(MS) & (MS) & 工作危险性分析工作危险性分析 Pre-use inspection requirements for the equipment / tools / materials to be used.将使用的设备将使用的设备/工具工具/材料的预先使用检查要求材料的预先使用检查要求 Quality control proposal including relevant standards, control points and any

42、 special technical requirements.质量控制建议书，包括相关的标准质量控制建议书，包括相关的标准,控制点和所有特殊技术要求控制点和所有特殊技术要求 HSE proposal including JHA, Material Safety Data Sheets for hazardous substances to be used and any other special HSE requirements安全建议书，包括安全建议书，包括JHA, 即将使用的危险物质材料安全数据表即将使用的危险物质材料安全数据表 和和所有特殊安全要求所有特殊安全要求风险评估风险评估 R

43、isk Assessment作业危险分析作业危险分析Job Hazard Analysis (JHA)风险评估风险评估 Risk Assessment何谓何谓“JHAJHA”？What is a JHA?所谓“作业危险分析作业危险分析”指的是确定某一具体工作或任务有关的物理要求、环境条件以及安全因素的一种程序。Job Hazard Analysis (JHA) is a process of determining physical requirements, environmental conditions and safety factors relating to a specific

44、job or task. 作业危险分析旨在找出与某一作业有关的、可能会影响工人安全和健康以及环境的所有相关危险。JHA aims to look for all of the hazards associated with a job that may affect the workers safety and health as well as the environment. 风险评估风险评估 Risk Assessment何谓何谓“JHAJHA”? ?What is a JHA?工作危险性分析（JHA）包括对指定任务进行详细的和系统的检查，以便认识和理解下列各点：A Job Hazard

45、 Analysis (JHA) involves the detailed and systematic review of a given task, resulting in the identification and understanding of:随后要进行的每一步工作次序。The sequence and events or activities to be followed每项工作关联的具体危险性。The specific job hazards associated with each activity每项工作所关联的风险的程度或大小。The degree or magnit

46、ude of risk associated with each activity消除和控制关联风险所需的控制措施。The control measures required to eliminate and control the associated risks所有人员应遵循的安全工作的程序，包括在执行工作期间需要采取的预防措施。A safe work procedure that can be followed by all personnel which includes the precautions needed to be taken while performing the w

47、ork风险评估风险评估 Risk Assessment进行作业危险分析的原因进行作业危险分析的原因Why Do JHAs?进行作业危险分析可建立必要的安全作业程序，防止或控制与具体作业步骤相关的潜在主要事故。It will establish the safe job procedures necessary to prevent or control potential major accidents associated with each job step. 可找出那些可以消除的或至少可以控制的不安全条件。It will identify unsafe conditions that c

48、an be eliminated or at least controlled 作业危险分析对新募员工来说是一项有效的培训工具，而对有经验的老员工来说也是对必要技能的一次温故知新。It will be a useful training tool for new employees and a refresher of needed skills for the experienced employee.通过参与作业危险分析，可调动员工们的积极性，让其积极投入安全程序的执行中。Through their involvement in developing JHAs, employees wil

49、l become actively involved in the safety program.有助于确定所需的个人防护设施。It will help determine Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)可作为事故调查的原始基础材料。Benchmark for accident investigation风险评估风险评估 Risk Assessment何时需要进行作业危险分析？何时需要进行作业危险分析？When Should We Do a JHA?A Job Hazard Analysis must be performed by contractor

50、s and sub-contractors for all medium to high risk activities or for new activities where the associated hazards may not be immediately evident.对于所有高风险的作业活动以及可能有即时危险的新的作业，承包商和分包商都必须进行一次工作危险性分析。风险评估风险评估 Risk AssessmentDEFINITION OF RISKDEFINITION OF RISK 风险定义风险定义Medium Risk Where the hazards associate

51、d with the work have a known potential to cause a single disabling injury or damage in excess of RMB 50,000.中度风险 已知与一项作业有关的危险可能导致个别丧失行动能力或者损失超过RMB 50,000。High Risk - Where the hazards associated with the work have a known potential to cause multiple disabling injuries, a fatality or damage in excess

52、 of RMB 500,000.高风险 - 已知与一项作业有关的危险可能导致多人丧失行动能力、一人死亡或损失超过RMB 500,000。风险评估风险评估 Risk Assessment何时需要进行作业危险分析？何时需要进行作业危险分析？When Should We Do a JHA?A specific JHA is a requirement where the task is known to have a significant hazard, where the task is complex, where there may be hidden hazards or where a

53、high degree of coordination between workers is required. JHAs will be required for the following tasks as a minimum:某项作业任务存在重大隐患，或者任务非常复杂，或者可能存在潜在的事故隐患，或者需要众多的工人一起协调作业时，有必要进行工作危险性分析。至少应该对下列作业任务进行工作危险性分析： Any new or non-routine task that has not been performed before on site that may be hazardous. 工地

54、没有实施过的新的或者非常规性的作业任务。 All permit work, confined space entry, hot work, lockout-tag out, electrical, radiation sources etc所有需要许可证的作业、进入封闭空间、高温作业、上锁和标示、电气作业、射线探伤等 Deep excavations, pile driving, excavations near existing u/g lines or cables.在有地下电缆和地下管线附近进行深度开挖、打桩、开挖等工作。风险评估风险评估 Risk Assessment何时需要进行作业危

55、险分析？何时需要进行作业危险分析？When Should We Do a JHA? Pneumatic or hydro testing of pipelines or equipment对管线或设备进行气压或水压试验 Multiple crane hoisting operation or heavy lifts.多台吊车吊装作业或大件吊装 Erection of tall structures: elevators, tower cranes, ringer cranes, etc高层钢结构的安装：升降塔、塔吊、起重机等 If there is no existing safe work

56、practice for a particular task or work activity or if existing safe work practices are not sufficient to control the risks, conduct a JHA.如果对于一项特定的任务或作业没有现成的安全工作规程，或者如果现有的安全规程不足以控制风险，那么就要进行一次工作危险性分析。.风险评估风险评估 Risk Assessment何时需要进行作业危险分析？何时需要进行作业危险分析？When Should We Do a JHA?Existing JHA have to be re

57、viewed for jobs that are repeated, however care must be taken to ensure the conditions are the same as before.对于重复的作业，必须审核现有的工作危险性分析，但是必须注意确保作业条件应和上一次作业相同。风险评估风险评估 Risk Assessment作业危险分析步骤作业危险分析步骤What Are The Steps in Performing a JHA?限定作业。Define the job.将作业拆分成各个具体步骤，描述所执行的工作内容，而非如何执行。Break the job d

58、own into a series of steps. Describe what is being done, not how.找出危险并确定哪些将渐趋严重并导致事故发生？Identify the hazards and determine what can go wrong and result in an accident.编制建议性的安全作业程序，该程序必须能够消除或控制危险条件或运作。Develop a recommended safe job procedure that eliminates or controls the hazardous conditions or oper

59、ations. 将风险控制措施与工作具体步骤相结合形成作业标准运行程序。Integrate the risk control measures with the job steps together to form the jobs standard operation procedures (SOP). 风险评估风险评估 Risk Assessment工作限定工作限定Defining the job 为了确保有效性，工作危险评估应针对不是复杂但也不要太简单的工作进行。To be effective, JHA should be applied to a job that is not too

60、 broad nor too simple. 例如：炼油和揿下按钮这两项工作对此类评估而言，一个相对太简单，而另一个则太过于复杂。一个For example, oil refining and pushing a button are respectively too broad and too simple for such analysis. 焊接、打桩、喷涂、开挖和重型设备等诸如此类的工作较为适合进行作业危险性评估。Welding, pile driving, spray painting, excavation and heavy lifts are examples of jobs that are suitable for JHA.风险评估风险评估 Risk Assessm