第一讲名词和冠词

1、第一讲：名词和冠词一、高考考查内容定位名词在高考中占有重要地位，从2013年和2014年高考中可以看出，各省市试卷几乎都涉及到对名词的考查。涉及的内容主要有：抽象名词具体化、名词的可数与不可数问题、名词作定语、名词所有格、名词词义辨析以及常见名词的固定搭配等。冠词也是高考英语的常考点，主要考查考生对冠词的基本用法的理解和掌握情况，冠词包括定冠词、不定冠词和零冠词。此外，还涉及很多冠词与名词共同考查的问题。冠词与名词有三种表现形式：即定冠词与单数可数名词可表示类指；不定冠词与单数可数名词也可表示类指；零冠词与可数名词的复数表示类指。【知识网络】一、名词（一）、名词的种类：1、专有名词：1）Chi

2、na, Japan, Beijing, London, Tom, Jack（不加冠词）2）the Great Wall, the Yellow River, the Peoples Republic of China, the United States等。（由普通名词构成的专有名词，要加定冠词。）2、普通名词：1）不可数名词注意：不可数名词前一般不加冠词，尤不加不定冠词：若加a(an)则使之具体化了。如：have a wonderful time.不可数名词作主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。不可数名词一般无复数形式。部分物质名词在表不同类别时，可用复数形式如：fishes, newspap

3、ers, waters, snows | | | |各种各样的鱼 各种报纸 河湖、海水 积雪有些抽象名词也常用复数，变为可数的具体的事物。如：times时代，works著作，difficulties困难在表数量时，常用“of”词组来表示。如：a glass of milk, a cup of tea, two pieces of paper.2）可数名词：可数名词除用复数形式表一类之外，一般都要加冠词：A bird can fly .The frog is a kind of hibernating animal. Vegetables sold at this shop are usuall

4、y fresh.有复数形式：a）规则变化加“s”或“es”（与初中同，略）b）不规则变化child (children), foot (feet), tooth (teeth), man (men), woman (women), mouse (mice), goose (geese), Englishman (Englishmen), phenomenon(phenomena)注意：c）单、复数同形：sheep, deer, Chinese, Japanese, fish（同一种鱼）如，a sheep, two sheepd）只用复数形式： thanks, trousers, go

5、ods, clothes, socks, shoes,e）形复实单：physics, politics, maths, news, plastics（塑料），means.f）形单实复：people (人民，人们），the police, cattle等g）集合名词如：family, public, group, class等。当作为整体时，为单数；当作为整体中的各个成员时，为复数如：My family is a big one. My family are music lovers.h）复合名词变复数时，a）只把复合名词中的主体各词变为复数形式。如：sister(s)-in-law嫂子，弟妹；

6、step-son (s)继子；editor (s) -in-chief总编辑。b）如没有主体名词则在最后一个词的后面加“s”。如：grown-up(s)成年人，go-between(s)中间人c）woman, man作定语时，要与被修饰的名词的数一致。如：a man servantmen servants, a woman doctorwomen doctors二、冠词（一）、不定冠词的用法1.表示one, the same, everyThey are of an age.I earn 10 dollars an hour as a salesman.2.用在物质、抽象名词前，表示“一种、一

7、类、一份、一场、一阵”Thats a green tea. They were caught in a heavy rain.It is a great pleasure to have a talk with you.3.用于某人姓名前，表示“某个名叫的人”；用于星期中的某一天的名称前，表示“某星期几” He died on a Sunday.A Mr. Smith is waiting for you outside.4.不定冠词的特殊位置：What/such/rather a(an) +(adj.)+单数名词So/as/too/how/however + adj.+ a/an单数名词Ma

8、ny a(an) +单数名词 许多Not a(an) +单数名词 不止一个Half a(an) +单数名词What a clever boy he is!=How clever a boy he is! Many a young man wants to learn English.He is quite a good player. It is rather a cold day.However clever a boy he is, he is to follow the teachers instructions.5.用在某些固定词组中：Have a swim/talk/walk/dan

9、ce/look/quarrel, have a cold, have a good time, keep a diary, in a hurry, once in a while, at a loss, for a while, once upon a time, all of a sudden, tell a lie, do sb. a favor, at a mouthful, at a distance, as a matter of fact（二）、.定冠词的用法1. 专有名词The Englishmen the English The Frenchmen the FrenchThe

10、Englishmen in the dining-room are having supper now.The Englishmen/English use a knife and fork in their meals.2. 固定习惯用语The Greens are at table. The Chens will move to Nanjing.The Tang Dynasty, the Spring and Autumn Period, in the 1870sHe plays the violin but gives lessons on the piano. I have hired

11、 the car by the hour.The windows face to the south. On the left/rightIn the daytime the other day=a few days agoHit sb. in the face Wound sb. in the legthe first, the tallest, the taller of the two boys Who invented the telephone? The rich, the woundedthe blind the rich the wounded the new the unkno

12、wn the learned the dying In the morning, in the end, in the least, in the distance, in the way, on the whole大体上, on the other hand, at the same time, at the moment, in the 1980s, go to the cinema/theatre, go to the doctors, for the time being, on the radio/phone.（三）、零冠词的用法1、一日三餐、一年四季、节假日Spring comes

13、 after winter. They came to Beijing in the winter of 2004.We have few classes on Saturday. This happened on a Sunday toward the end of June.He likes playing basketball. He studies biology at university. Comrade Li was chairman of the meeting.2.系动词turn（变成）后的单数名词作表语用零冠词His brother has turned writer. 3

14、.用在“表示类型的名词+of”这一结构后的单数名词用零冠词。The warmth of the sweater will of course be determined by the sort of wool used.4.“零冠词+单数名词+as/though +主语+谓语，+主句”意味“虽然/尽管，但是”。Hero as he is, he has some shortcomings.5.在独立主格结构中的某一形式中The teacher came in, book in hand.6.固定短语day and night, pen and ink, husband and wife, fa

15、ther and son, sun and moon, master and servant, face to face, hand in hand, side by side, shoulder to shoulder, neck and neck, step by step, from top to bottom, in case of fire, from morning till night, from beginning to end, at noon/ dawn/ daybreak/ dusk/ night/ midnight, to/at/from work, catch fir

16、e, catch sight of, come to light, come to power, give birth to, watch TV/ on TV, every few days, on second thoughts, come/ rank/ come out first, take office.（四）、冠词常考易混点1.the world, a peaceful world ,the moon, a bright moon -Have you had supper?-We had a wonderful supper.He starts his day by playing

17、the violin.He is playing a borrowed violin.This book is too expensive for me. I want to look at a cheaper one.It is a most useful book.2.Can you give me a second chance, please?He got a first prize in mathematics.We played two draws the other day, but when I tried a third time, I was beaten.3.由动词转化来

18、的抽象名词，有定语修饰时与不定冠词连用A knowledge of English, a wide knowledge of trade and musicAn understanding of, a collection of experience 经历 ；经验success 成功的人或事；成功exercise 练习，习题，体操； 锻炼，运动4.牢记纯不可数名词。Information, fun, weather, progress, advice, news, space, word (news)。2、 高考考查内容揭密（一）抽象名词的具体化与冠词1.抽象名词具体或特定时，前面应有不定冠词

19、。（1）表示某种特性、状态、行为的具体表现，常用a/an+抽象名词；a/an+adj.+抽象名词的形式表示具体行为、一个方面。如：A pity/pleasure/surprise/success/failure/shame/an honor等；A bright future, a strong character, a great help, a length of one metre ,a waste of time,等。（2）状态、思维行为的一次、一种、一类、一顿，常与have/take/get等词搭配。如：take a look/have a sleep/have a life/die

20、a death/get a high opinion/make an apology/take a great interest等。经典考题It is often said that _teachers have _very easy life. (2005·北京卷)A. 不填；不填         B. 不填；a    C. the；不填         D. the ；a（3）表示具有某种特性

21、、状态、特点、情感、情绪的人和事等。She is a success in cause but a failure in marriage.2.抽象名词有前置或后置修饰语时，前面用不定冠词，使之具体化。如：A happy life, a good education in that university, a wide knowledge of nature 等。注意：抽象名词表示泛指时一般不与冠词连用。如：what fun, fine weather, common knowledge, foreign trade。但如受of 短语修饰或在上下文中给予限定特指时，则在名词前加the经典考题

22、If you grow up in _large family ,you are more likely to develop_ ability to get on well with_ others.A./;an ; the              B. a ;the ;  / C. the ;an ;the           D. a ;the ;t

23、he （二）冠词有无意义不同有无冠词含义有别，这种现象常常是一些固定搭配，学习时可通过对比记忆。如：out of question 毫无疑问的/out of the question 不可能的；take place 发生/take the place(of) 代替；two of them 他们中的两个/the  two of them 他们两个；by day 在白天/by the day 按天计算；on earth 究竟/on the earth 在地球上等。 经典考题 This book tells_ life story of John Smith, who

24、left_ school and worked for a newspaper at the age of 16.（辽宁卷)A. the ;the     B. a ;the     C. the ;不填     D. a ;不填（三）名词的数和所有格名词的数主要包括名词的可数或不可数、可数名词的单复数问题、名词的类指以及名词复数的使用。1.可数名词的单复数（1）可数名词复数形式的基本变化：（2）不可数名词一般没有复数形式，若计量时，通常使用“数词或a/an/many+单位词

25、+of +不可数名词”。如：There are two pieces of work for you to do: to buy a bowl of rice and to make three cups of tea.有两项工作给你做：去买一碗米饭，去沏三杯茶。经典考题The head office of the bank is in Beijing, but is has _all over the country.（2005·辽宁卷）A. companies   B. branches   C. organizations &#

26、160;     D. businesses2.名词所有格名词所有格通常可分为三种：(1).-s型所有格，主要用于生物名词，也可用于表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命名词的所有格，如：todays newspaper; 如果已是复数形式结尾的名词，则在其后加“ ”。(2).of 短语型所有格，主要用于无生命名词的所属关系，有时表示逻辑上的主谓、动宾、或同位关系。(3).of短语型与-s型并用的双重所有格，即被修饰的名词前如有一个表示数量的词，如：a ,two, some, any, several, few, no, many, this,

27、that, these, those等（常不能用the ）修饰时，可用“of+所有格（或名词性物主代词）”，如：This is a picture of his grandfather.这是他爷爷的一张照片。只表示他爷爷的一张照片，并非双重所有格而属of短语型所有格。再如：This is a picture of his grandfathers(pictures).这是他爷爷照片中的一张。强调他爷爷照片中的其中一张，属双重所有格。经典考题_car broke down on the way home, but luckily they knew how to fix it .A. Toms

28、and Jims  B. Toms and Jim    C. Tom and Jims     D. Tom and Jim 经典考题 The railway station is _from our school.A. two hours drive     B. two hours drive   C. two hour drive     D. two hours drive （四）名词作

29、定语经典考题The _is just around the corner and you wont miss it. (2001·上海卷)A. bicycles shop        B. bicycle  shop   C. bicycles shop         D. bicycle shop  (五)集合名词与谓语1.某些集体名词，如：family, team, class, club, audience, committee, crowd, government, party, public, enemy, group, population, couple等作主语时，如果