直接引语变间接引语及宾语从句讲解

1、英语语法复习直接引语变间接引语语法讲解一、人称人称变化可以遵循如下顺口溜一随主，二随宾，第三人称不更新”。一随主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被 第一人称所修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变 化，如：She said. My“ brother wan ts to go with me. ”f She saidher brother wan ted to go with her.二随宾”是指直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称，或被第二人 你”所修饰，从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语，也可以用第一人称，如：He

2、said to Kate， "How is your sister now?"f He asked Kate howher sister was the n.第三人称不更新”是指直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语及宾语是 第三人称或被第三人称所修饰从句中的人称一般不需要变化，如：Mr. Smith said， Jack is a good worker. ”f Mr. Smith said Jack was a good worker.二、时态直接引语在改为间接引语时，时态需要做相应的调整。其基本法则和我们刚 刚学过的宾语从句的时态变化一致， 也就是说从句时态要和主句时

3、态一致。如果 从句是过去时，主句要向后退一格时态，变成一种过去时。1. She said. haVe lost a pen. ” f She saihadniost a pen.（现在完成 d过去完成）2. She said.hope so. ” f She said thteyped so.（一般现在 d 般过去）3. She said, wHle go to see his friend ”f She said hewould go to see his friend. 一般将来 f 过去将来）但要注意在以下几种情况下。在直接引语变为间接引语时，时态一般不变化。 直接引语是 客观真理。如：

4、“Thearth moves around the sun and themoon moves around the earth ” , the teacher told me.f The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth。 直接引语是过去进行时，时态不变。如：Jack said,“Jwlhrere were you going when I met you in the street? ”f Jack asked Johnwhere he was going w

5、hen he met him in the street. 直接引语中有具体的 过去某年、某月、某日作状语，变为间接引语时， 时态不变。如：Xiao Wang said, “was born on April 20, 1980.”f Xiao Wang said hewas born on April 20, 1980. 直接引语如果是一般现在时。表示一种反复出现或习惯性的动作，变 间接弓I语，时态不变。如： He said, “I get up at six every morningf He said he gets up at six every morning. 如果直接引语中的 情态

6、动词没有过去时的形式（例：ought to，had better, used to)和已经是过去时的形式时 ,(例：could, should, would, might ) 不再变。如： Peter said “ Yodnad better come have today. ” f Peter said Ihad better go there that day.4、时态的变化(1) 引述动词如果用一般现在时或一般将来时，间接引语的时态不变。(2) 引述动词如果用一般过去时，间接引语的时态要变成相应的过去时态 的一种。具体变化如下：一般现在时f一般过去时一般过去时f过去完成时现在进行时f过去

7、进行时现在完成时f过去完成时一般将来时f过去将来时(1) 含有情态动词的直接引语变成间接引语是，情态动词也要相应地变成 过去时态。(2) 若直接引语为客观真理或自然规律，变为间接引语时，时态不变。(3) 有时由于直接引语有特定的过去时间状语，变为间接引语时，时态不 变。三、其它直接引语变间接引语，具有 指代性的词也需要变化，一些具体 变化如下： 指示代词this -thatthese - those表示时间的词now - the ntoday - that daythis week(m on th, etc.) - that week (mo nth, etc.)yesterday - the

8、 day beforelast week(m on th) - the week(m on th) beforethree days(a year)ago - three days(a year)before tomorrow - the n ext (followi ng ) dayn ext week(month)-the n ext(followi ng)week(m on th) 表地点的词 here - there动词bring - take come - go四、句型： 直接引语如果是陈述句，间接引语应改为由that引导的宾语从句。如: She said, “ Our bus wi

9、ll arrive in five minu tes.”f She saidthat their bus would arrive in five minu tes. 直接引语如果是 反意疑问句，选择疑问句或一般疑问句，间接引语应改为 由whether或if引导的宾语从句如：He said,“Can you swim, John? ” f He asked John if he could swim.“You have finished the homework, havent you? ” my mother asked.f My mother asked me whetherI had f

10、ini shed the homework.“ Do you go to school by bus or by bike? ”f He asked me if I went to school by bus or by bike. 直接引语如果是特殊问句，间接引语应该改为由疑问代词或疑问副词引导的宾语从句(宾语从句必须用陈述句语序)。She asked me, “ When do they have their dinner? ”f She askedme when they had their dinner. 直接引语如果是祈使句，间接引语应改为“tell(ask,order, beg等)

11、sb.(not)to do sth. 句型。女口：“ Don' t make any noise, ” she said to the children.f She told (ordered) the children not to make any noise.“ Bring me a cup of tea, please, she. saidf She asked him to bring her a cup of tea. 直接引语如果是以“Let 开头的祈使句，变为间接引语时，通常用“ suggest动名词(或从句)。”如：He said, “ Let ' s go

12、to the filnf He sug gested going to the film. f He suggested that they should go to see the film.4.感叹句一变成由that引导的宾语从句He said“ What a lovely garde n it is!”He exclaimed that it was a lovely garde n.宾语从句宾语从句小口诀：宾语从句三注意，时态语序引导词；主句一般现在时，从句不需受限制；主句一般过去时，从句须用相应时；陈述句转化that弓I，一般疑问句用if/whether,特殊问句疑问词，弓I导词后陈

13、述式。一、基本讲解1概念:在句中担当宾语的从句叫宾语从句，宾语从句可作谓语动词的宾语，也 可做介词的宾语，就是一般是放在动词或者动词加介词后面的。Eg: He said he was good at drawing.动词宾语)He asks him how long Mike has been down .动词宾语)Miss Zhang is angry at what you said.介词宾语)2. 连接词(1).陈述句转化成宾语从句时，引导词用that，口语中常常省略。e.g, She told me (that) she would like to go with us.以whethe

14、r或if引导的宾语从句，主要用来引导一般疑问句意思或选择疑 问句意思的宾语从句，从句同样是陈述语序eg, I won der if /whether u have told the new to Li Lei .注意：一般情况下，whether和if可以互用，但有些情况例外。a. 当从句做介词的宾于是只用 whether不用ifeg, We are talk ing about whether we'll go on the pinic.b. 引导词与动词不定式或 not连用时， 只用whether.eg. Please let me know what to do n ext. Co

15、uld you tell me whether u go or not?c. if当如果讲时，引导的是条件状语从句，这时不能用whether.(3) .特殊疑问句转化成宾语从句时，引导词用特殊疑问词；引导词后要用陈述句 语序。E.g. Could you tell me what's the matterwrong with you?特殊情况：当do you think后接特殊疑问句转化成宾语从句时，句式结构 应为引导词+ do you thi nk +陈述句语序。3. 宾语从句时态a. 当主句是一般现在时，一般将来时或祈使句时，从句不受主句的限制，根据自 身的需要选用相应的时态。例如

16、：Do you know (if/whether he has seen the film ) ?b. 当主句是一般过去时，从句要用过去时的相应时态。例如：I did n't know(if/whether he had see n the film.)注意：当主句是一般过去时，而从句表示的是客观真理，自然现象，科学原理， 格言等，从句仍然要用一般现在时。例如：He said (that the earth moves round the sun.)The teacher told us (that light travels much faster tha n sound.)4. 、

17、人称的变化和标点的使用a. 从句的主语如果是第一人称，变为宾语从句则与主句的主语一致；如果是第二人称，则与主句的宾语一致；如果是第三人称，不用变化。如：(一主二宾三不变)“May I use your knife? ” He asked me.f He asked me if he might use my knife.“ Do you know her teleph one nu mber? ” He asked me.f He asked me if I know her teleph one nu mber.b. 宾语从句的标点均由主句决定。主句是陈述句，用句号；主句是疑问句，用 问号。

18、如：Who will give us a talk? I don ' t know. f I don ' t know who will give us a talk.Do you know ? Where does he live? f Do you know where he lives?二、宾语从句的转化1.2.当主句谓语动词是 hope，wish，decide，forget， plan，agree 等，且主句主语与从句主语相同时，从句可简化为不定式结构。如：She agreed that she could help me with my maths.f She agr

19、eed to help me with my maths.2. 当主句的谓语动词是 know, learn, forget, remember, decide 等后面带特殊疑问句转化的宾语时，主从句的主语也须一致这时从句可以简化成疑问词+不定式结构”例如：I don't know which sweater I should buy.f I don't know which sweater to buy.3. 当主句的谓语动词是ask, tell, show, teach等后面带双宾语时，从句的主语和 间接宾语一致，且从句是由特殊疑问句转化来时，从句可以转化成疑问词+不 定式结

20、构”或者在连接代词/副词引导的宾语从句中，当从句主语与主句主语或 间接宾语一致时，宾语从句可简化为 连接代词/副词+不定式”结构。如：f Could you tell me how to get to the park?4. 当主句谓语动词是find，see watch，hear等感官动词时，从句常简化为 宾 语+宾补”结构，宾补为不带to的不定式或V-ing形式。如：She found that the wallet lay/was lying on the ground.f She found the wallet lie/ly ing on the ground.Passage 1 (2

21、015新课标全国I )阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。Yangshuo， ChinaIt was raining lightly when I1 (arrive) in Yangshuo just before dawn.But Idid n't care.A few hours 2， rd bee n at home in Hong Kong，with 3 (it)choking smog.Here, the air was clean and fresh even with the rain.rd skipped nearby Guilin，

22、a dream place for tourists seeking the limestonemountain tops and dark waters of the Li River 4 are pictured by artists in somany Chinese 5 (painting).lnstead， rd headed straight for Yangshuo.For thosewho fly to Guilin，it's only an hour away 6 car and offers all the scenery of the better known c

23、ity.Yan gshuo7 (be) really beautiful.A study of travelers 8(con duct) bythe website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in theworld.And the town is fast becoming a popular weekend destination for people inAsia.Abercrombie & Kent，a travel company in Hong Kong, says it 9 (

24、regular) arra nges quick getaways here for people 10 (live) in Shan ghai and Hong Kong.【语篇导读】桂林山水甲天下，阳朔风光甲桂林。作者讲述了从香港去阳朔旅游时的所见。1. 解析 考查动词的时态。主句谓语动词使用了过去进行时，根据语境此处要用 一般过去时态。答案 arrived2. 解析 考查副词的用法。由语境可知，几个小时之前我还在香港的家中，由此可知before/earlier符合句意。答案 before/earlier3. 解析 考查形容词性物主代词的用法。空格后面有名词smog,故要使用形容 词性物主

25、代词。答案its4. 解析考查定语从句关系代词的用法。由句子结构不难判断这是一个定语从句。先行词为指物的 mountain tops and dark waters关系词在从句中作主语，因此 答案为 that/ which。答案 that/ which5. 解析 考查名词的复数。“so many+复数名词”为一常用短语。答案 pain ti ngs6. 解析 考查介词的固定用法。根据句意可知，这只是驱车一小时的路程。“ by+交通工具名词”为一固定短语。答案 by7. 解析 考查主谓一致和动词时态。本段介绍阳朔的自然条件，属客观事实，要is。用一般现在时，由于主语是单数第三人称形式，因此答案为

26、答案is8. 解析 考查过去分词短语作后置定语的用法。study与con duct之间为动宾关系,故用表示被动的过去分词形式。此外，by是解题的关键词，con ducted by.意 为“由所做的”。答案 con ducted9. 解析 考查副词的用法。该词修饰谓语动词arrange故要用其副词形式。答案 regularly10. 解析考查现在分词短语作后置定语的用法。由于live与其所修饰的名词people之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，故用表示主动意义的现在分词形式答案 livi ngPassage 1 （2015新课标全国I ）假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文

27、。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的 增加、删除或修改。增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（人），并在其下面写出该加的词。删除：把多余的词用斜线（）划掉。修改：在错的词下画一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。注意：1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；2. 只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。When I was a child, I hoped to live in the city.I think I would be happy there.Now I am living in a city，but I miss my home in countryside

28、.There the air is clean or the mountains are green.Unfortunately， on the development of industrialization，the en vir onment has bee n polluted.Lots of studies have bee n show n that global warm ing has already become a very seriously problem.The airs we breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier.Much

29、 rare ani mals are dying out.We must found ways to protect your environment.If we fail to do so，we'll live to regret it.答案thi nkWhen I was a child， I hoped to live in the city.I thought 丨 would be happythere.Now I am living in a city , but I miss my home inair is cleanorandAthethe mountains are

30、gree n.U nfortun ately,coun tryside.There theonwiththe developme nt ofindustrialization , the environment has been polluted.Lots of studies haveshow n that global warm ing has already become a veryseriouslyseriousproblem.Theairsairwe breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier.MuchManyrare an imals ar

31、e dying out.We mustfoundfindways to protectyourour/theenvironment.If we fail to do so, we'll live to regret it.1解析 考查动词的时态。根据前面一句可知，这是发生在小时候的事情，故用一般过去时态。答案 第 2 句：th inkthought2. 解析 考查冠词的用法。in the cou ntryside在乡村）为固定短语。答案 第3句：countryside前加the3. 解析 考查并列词的用法。那儿的空气洁净，群山葱绿。由句意可知两个分句之间显然为并列关系，而非选择关系。答

32、案第4句：or and4. 解析 考查介词的用法。with the developme nt of.为一固定短语，意思是 “随着的发展”。答案第5句：onwith5. 解析 考查被动语态的用法。众多研究表明，全球变暖已经成为一个十分严重的问题。由句意可知，studies和谓语show之间为主动关系，故要用主动语态答案第6句：去掉been6. 解析考查形容词的用法。修饰名词 problem应当用形容词。答案 第 6 句: seriously serious7. 解析 考查不可数名词的用法。air作“空气”讲时为不可数名词答案 第 7 句：air厂air8. 解析考查代词的用法。 Animals 为可数名词复数，故用 many。答案第8句：Mu