英美诗歌选读复习内容

1、名词解释1、Epic:A long and narrative poem written in an elevated style that recounts the adventures of a hero, who often embodies the traits of a nation or people. Theearliest epic tales survived for centuriesas oral traditionsbefore they werefin ally writte n dow n.Epics typically share a wide variety o

2、f characteristics:1) the protag onist is a hero of great stature and sig nifica nee;2) the setting is vast in scope, often involving more than one nation;3) the action requires no ble, fan tastic, and eve n superhuma n actions;4) the theme reflects timeless values, such as courage and honor, and en

3、compasses uni versal ideas, such as good and evil or life and death;Beowulf is the oldest surviv ing epic poem in En glish.2、Sonnetth cen tury, sonnetA sonnet is a poetic form which origi nated in Italy .In the 13 refers to a 14-line lyric poem with a complicated rhyme scheme and a defined structure

4、, usually written in iambic pentameter. Sonnet can be divided into 3 types accord ing to differe nt structures:1) Petrarchan sonnet. It was derived from the great Italian poet Petrarch;2) Shakespearean sonnet. The shakespearean sonnet form contains 3 quatrainsand a heroic couplet. The rhyme scheme i

5、s abab cdcd efef gg. The most famous sonn eteer is William Shakespeare;3) Spenseriansonnet.It was introducedin Britain by Sir Thomas Wyatt. Itcontains 3 quatra ins and a couplet. What is unique to the Spen seria n sonnet isthe in terlock ing rhyme scheme:abab bcbc cdcd ee.3、PastoralA pastoral is a p

6、oem that prese nts shepherds in idealized rural sett in gs.Renaissance poets like Marlowe and Raleigh used the pastoral form to expresstheir feeli ngs and thoughts about love and other subjects. Shepherd in pastoraltend to use courtly speech. The poems usually have metrical patter ns and rhyme schem

7、es that help give them a musical or son glike quality. The imagery derives from com mon place country sett in gs.4、Metaphysical poetryMetaphysical poetry is term adopted by Samuel Joh nson to describe a school of highlyin tellectualpoetry marked by bold and ingeniouscon ceits,incongruousimagery, com

8、plexity of thought,frequentuse of paradox, and ofte n by deliberate harsh ness or rigidity of expressi on. The main themes of the metaphysical poets are love, death, and religi on. The metaphysical poetry can be difficult to un dersta nd. They share several traits:1) simple, conven ti onal vocabular

9、y, but complex sentence patter ns;2) Metaphysical conceits, a type pf extended metaphorcomparingverydissimilar thi ngs;3) Paradoxes, or statements that seem to contradict themselves;4) Disruptions of poetic meter;5) Witty and imaginative plays on words.The chief represe ntative of this school was Jo

10、h n Donne.5、ElegyElegy is derived from the Greek work“elego s ” , which mean s mournful poemor song . The forms of elegies we see today were introduced in the 16th century.Elegy is a form of literature which can be defined as a poem or song in the formof elegiac couplets, writte n in honor of some o

11、ne deceased. It typically lame ntsor mour ns the death of the in dividual.Elegy is one of the richest literary forms because it has the capacity to hold emoti ons that deeply in flue nce people. The str on gest of the tools elegy uses isits relianee on memories of those who are no more. Most of the

12、poets who wrote elegies were evide ntly awed by the frailty of huma n beings and how the world completely forgets about the deceased at some point.A famous example is “ Elegy Writtenin a Country Churchyard ” by ThomasGray.6、SatireSatire is a technique employed by writers to expose and criticize fool

13、ishness andcorrupti onof anin dividualor a society byusing humor, irony, exaggeration or ridicule. It intends to improve humanity by criticizing its follies and foibles. A writer in a satire uses fictional characters, which sta nd for real people, to expose and condemn their corrupti on.Usually sati

14、re has two style:1) the gentle, playful, and sympathetic approach of Horatian satireThe famous writer who wrote satiric poetry in Horatian mode is Alexander Pope, pok ing fun at the dan dies and ladies of high society and address ing moral political, and philosophical issues in clever, elega nt coup

15、lets.2) The darker, biting style of Juvenalian satireThe representative writer of this kind of satire is Jonathan Swift, who attackededucators, politicia ns, churchme n, and any others he saw as corrupt.诗歌分析The Passi on ate Shepherd to His LoveBy Christopher Marlowe (paraphrase)Come live with me and

16、 be my love. We will try all the pleasure offered by valleys, roves, woods and mountains.singI want us to sit upon the rocks with shallow rivers falling under our feet, seeing those shepherds far away feedi ngtheir sheep, and hear ing birdsbeautifully around us.And I will use roses to make beds deco

17、rated with a thousa nd sweet-smelli ng posies for you to lie. I will weave a flower cap, and make you kirtle fringed with myrtle leaves.We pull out of the fin est wool from our lambs to make a pretty gow n. And a pair of high-qualited slippers will be made for you, to keep you from being cold. On th

18、e slippers I will put buckles, which was made of purest gold.Also, I will make you a belt of straw and ivy buds with coral clasps and amber studs. If these pleasure may touch your heart, come live with me and be my love.The young shepherd shall dance and sing in each May morning to delight you, and

19、if you may be touched by these delights, then live with me and be my love.An alysis“ The Passi on ate Shepherd to His Love ” is a love poem that contains six quatra ins of rhy ming couplets in iambic tetrameter. The rhyme meter is aabb.Its simple, musical Ian guage and fan ciful imagery create an id

20、yll of innocent love. The tone of the poem is passi on ate, eager and fan ciful.In this poem, the shepherdpersona speaksto his beloved,evoking“all thepleasures ” of a peaceful springtime nature. He promises her the delights of nature and his courtly atte nti on. The first quatrain is the in vitati o

21、n to“ Comelive with me and be my love. ” Next, the speaker describes the pleasa nt n atural sett ing in which he pla ns that they will live. Their life will be one of leisure; they will “ sit upon the rocks, ” watch the shepherds, and liste n to the birds. The writer used a lot of n atural images su

22、ch as valleys, groves, hills, etc, to express a typical atmosphere of pastoral poem, describing life in a idealized way.Marlowe ' s “ The Passi on ate Shepherd to His Love ” is a celebrati on of youth, innocence, love, and poetry. The poem participates in an ongoing tradition of lyrical love poe

23、try. It casts the lovers as shepherds and shepherdesses who are at home in a beneficent natural setting.The Nymph ' s Reply to the ShepherdBy Sir Walter RaleighThe Nymph ' s Reply to the Shepherd, by Walter Raleigh, is a poem that responds to and parodies the poem "The Passi on ate Shep

24、herd to His Love " by Christopher Marlowe .In her reply to the shepherd' s in vitatjompltheprese nts her rejecti on of the shepherd's courtship for a life of pastoral idyll.Raleigh uses the exact same meter ( iambic tetrameter ) and form ( six quatra ins,or four-li ne sta nzas) in "

25、;The Nymph's Reply". Sometimes he uses spon dee todisrupt the meter and express his view, like“ Time drives the flocks from fieldto fold ”In the Marlowe poem, the shepherd proposes to his beloved by portraying their ideal future together: a life filled with earthlypleasures in a world ofete

26、r nal spri ng. Raleigh ' reply, however, deb unks the shepherd ' fan ciful vision. While Marlowe ' sspeaker promises nature' beauty and a litany ofgifts, Raleigh' s ny mph resperthat such promises could only remain valid“if all the world and love were young.” Thus, she in troduce

27、s the con cepts oftime and change. In her world, the seasons cause the shepherd ' “shallow rivers "to “ rage, "rocks to “ grow cold ” and roses to “ fade. "The shepherd ' s gifts might be desirable, but they too are transient: theybreak, soon wither ” and are “ soon forgotten.

28、 ” the end, the nymphack no wledges that she would accept the shepherd' s offer “ could youth lastand “ had joys no date.” Likshiepherd, she longs for such things to betrue, but like Raleigh, she is a skeptic, retaining faith only in reason discount the“ folly ” of “ fancy ' s spring. ”Sonn

29、et 75By Edm und Spe nserThis sonnet written is a typical Spenserian sonnet. It has 3 quatrains and arhyming couplet. Its meter is iambic pentameter and it has a unique rhymescheme, in terlock ing rhyme scheme: abab bcbc cdcd ee.In the first stanza, the poet wrote his lover' s name on the sand bu

30、t the wavescame and washed it away. And the poet tried again and again the tide cameand the letter vanished. In the second stanza, the poet' s lover did not have thecon fide nee in his efforts of tryi ng to immortalize his love towards her. Sheargued it is a waste of time as love is a mortal thi

31、ng. But in the third stanza, thepoet claimed that he can make their love last forever despite mortality. Hebelieve by using his verse their love can pass on eter nally. Fin ally in the couplet,the poet says death will destroy mortal things on earth but their love will neverdie through the prese nee

32、of the sonn et.The Sonnet 75 is a poem about a man promis ing his lover an eter nal love. Thetone is sweet, soft and determ in ed.The theme of the sonnet is eternal lovethrough verses. The poet believes love can be eter nalized through his sonn et,thus express ing his belief in the power of art.Sonn

33、 et 29By William ShakespeareSON5ET 29'hen, inwith fomine and men s ey«TI all iloupmy oittcasr emwAnd ri oiildpuith myriips.And Uolc upon inye-lf jnd ciitMe my 偽片务WialiiiirE me like to out more nch in hop眞Fea tilted like hiim lik 它 liiiii iiTitliIheuiitig iliis iniEi ait juid that tH3Dv«

34、; scope, ilh whjit I nwst pnjoy routeniedlXet m thougkhnlmostHnply I thiEik on lii申务 and fhc*ii oiy 打耐肛 Like to tli? lai'k al bieak of day amkuigFrom sidkn pai ill. 兰葺 liymns al h?jn pn1 fFor thy "sweet love remember!dl such wealth biuissTint then I teoi u to change my state with kinp.PARAP

35、HRASE hen I:ve fallen out of favor fortune und men.All£ 苗直直p oier tuy position as i ;ochlAnd |ny to IwawB, but my crif go unl)taild1iAnd 1 look at tny讀也 ruring mt fate, 占hio< I were like one who had more hojx.khing I look翟d lit:电 him: wiliing I were siu i ouiided by fritnd,WKliing I hail lli

36、k man1% ikill ai>d that iiuni1% freed Mil.I piii I past ccnitpiitpdl with wlut 1 used to ptijoj- most.But. ith thoughts * almost depL$LH£ myself-L by cbanceu tiiiBk of you stud th my mhiicbQl Lite file l.aik ji tht Lr帕k of tlay.From tlie durk purth Jiidl (I) ing livniii io kor thinking of yo

37、ur love briags such liuppiness Thnt fliu I would iioi change my poidon in life wifh IdugThis sonnet is a typical Shakespearea n sonn et, with 3 quatra ins and a rhy ming couplet .Its is composed in iambic pen tameter and rhyme scheme is abab cdcd efef gg.In the first sta nza, the poet describe him a

38、s outcast and ignored by God. He is indreadful mood and feeling very depressed. The second stanza tells that the poet became jealous of the rich and wish to become more like others. But inthird stanza, he suddenly thinked of a person he loves, his mood changed greatly. He felt extremely happy and ex

39、cited. Then in the couplet he just told us that he was so happy with his lover ' s love that he would n ever wan ted to cha nge his state with king.The theme of the sonnet is love, wealth and religi on. Through the whole sonn et,the poet express that as long as he in in love, he wouldn' t ca

40、re how screw uphis life is. The tone cha nges from upset to ecstasy. The poet first describe how terrible his life was so as to contrast with the last part when he express how happy he was to be in love, thus show ing his belief in the power of love. It is like a hymn for love.Sonn et 116By William

41、ShakespeareLet me not to th© e自"話 gaof trueniindfAdmit impedirrieriIs. Love is not loveWinch 制电 r, when ii aiterarior finds,Dr hprd /ith thp rpmaypr tn rpnrrvp0 no. i: is an ewer-flxed rrarkThar lcck$ on tempests snd isneer shaken：It im th电 £tar to eryand'ring b制k,A'Hq5e wanh&

42、#39;s urikrown Ithcugh hisli-ignt be taken.I ntip'roJ timp fool, though rny I 口只 nd rhanlcw Widnin hisbending sickles compasscome:Love dhis riot with his b ief hours and week$MODERN TEXTI hope Irmy never jcknowldg any reatonhy minds that truly love each other bou dn't be joined togethtr Love

43、 待if: real y love if it changesicsethe belovedrhmgt nr if it di4ppr< vihpn rh hplcwpd Ipnwpw, Oh no, love h a ttn scant and unchanging I ghl thatshines on yenns witriQLt t>einq rken; it isthestsr Thar cjices every wandering nozL And lik« ait& value i± beyondmeasure. tliQLgh “$ he

44、ight car be meajured. Love is rat under cops pc war. though tirre has ih 吏 power Lo destroy roq、lips and rhpek<i I c»je dops not alter with thf> passage of b-ief hauraand weeks, but lasts unLil Ooorrtsday. If I m wronq aboui this and can be proven wremq* I neer wrote.ard narrane/er loved.

45、tf :h s be error and UBon me proved.Irevei rii,riui nun dnevti lovec.Sornpt 116Typical Shakespearea n sonn et.In the first sta nza the poet expressed his str ong belief in love, say ing that love will never change despite obstacles such as disloyalty. If it does, then that is not true love. In the s

46、ec ond sta nza, he said the value of love sta nds high in the skys beauty't in flue neewill keep shi ning. In the third sta nza, he stressed that eve n man will fade away as time pass by, love will still survive. Time could n love. Then in the couplet, he said if he can be prove n wrong, the n t

47、here is no true love in man. He sta nds firmly of his judgme nt.The theme is true love and timeA Valedicti on: Forbiddi ng Mour ningBy Joh n DonneSo let us melt, and make no no ise.No tear-floods, nor sigh-tempests move,If they be two, they are two soAs stiff twin compasses are two;Thy soul, the fix

48、ed foot, makes no showTo move, but doth, if th ' other do."A Valedict ion: Forbiddi ng Mour nin g" is a metaphysical poem by Joh n Donne.Written in 1611 or 1612 for his wife Anne before he left on a trip to ContinentalEurope. Based on the theme of two lovers about to part for an exte n

49、ded time,the poem is no table for its use of con ceits and ingenious an alogies to describethe couple's relati on ship. The poem hasan ABAB rhyme scheme and an iambictetrameter meter.Donn e's speakerbegi nswith the very weird metaphor of an old mandying. Thenhe shifts gears and compares shal

50、low love to earthquakes thatmake a big scene and cause a big fuss, but don't have tremendous lasting effects. On the contrary, his love is like the unnoticed, subtle movements of the stars and pla nets that con trol the fates of every pers on. Then he says that heand his wife are like a compass

51、whe n draw ing a circle. One foot of the compass (Donne) goes way out and travels around, while the other (his wife) pla nted at home and lea ns after it.The theme: death, love, loyalty, n atural phe nomenonHoly Sonnet 10By Joh n DonnePetrarcha n sonnetTheme: Death, Life, Mortality, Religio nThe LambBy William BlakestaysmadeIn theThis poem has a simple rhyme scheme : AA BB CC DD AA AA EF GG FE AA. The layout is set up by two stanzas with the refrain: "Little Lamb who thee/Dost thou know who made thee". I n the