澳大利亚英语词汇特征描述

1、Features of Australian Lexicon 1120302108 张颖彤 1120302127 沈丹恬11203021030 费碟-History and Development of Australian-Character of Australians-Study Habits of AustraliansGeneral IntroductionAustralian is a variant of British English. It has changed sound, vocabulary and grammar in British English and get

2、s its own character.SoundSound of Australian can be divided into 3 types:Cultivated Australian 有教养的澳大利亚英语 It is the one closest to British English.General Australian 普通澳大利亚英语Broad Australian 宽式澳大利亚英语VocabularyEnglish colonists expanded vocabulary because the former number was not enough.They added w

3、ord by 3 ways:From Australian Aboriginal ToneForming new compound words eg. Backblock远郊(sparsely偏僻(人口稀少的)内地inhabited area far from the city) Giving new meaning to existing wordsGrammarThe grammar of Australian reflect education of individual.For well-cultivated Australians, their grammar is almost t

4、he same as British.Australian With vast land but little population and relatively less social rank, there are less regional differences in Australia than in other countries.However, differences indeed exist because different regions, race, economic ability, and so on.History and Development of Austr

5、alianAustralia is a country of immigrants and has a multi-cultural society.During the history, Australian was influenced by many languages:British EnglishAmerican EnglishAustralian Aboriginal ToneChineseBritish EnglishIt is British who built the first colony in Australia for the arrangement for pris

6、oners. Then many immigrants came, and the number was increasing. Gradually, Australian separated from British English.Australian has lots of British English lexicon, but many of them got new meaning and usage in Australian. In term of spelling, Australian is relatively closer to British English than

7、 to other kinds of English.American EnglishGold rush in Australia and The Second World War, of course the mass media enlarged the influence of American English to Australian.Nowadays, the effect of American English is deeper with each passing day and it is likely to be a developmental model for Aust

8、ralian.Australian Aboriginal ToneThere are many vocabularies of Australian being from Australian aboriginal tone, such as kangaroo, koala, waratah (a kind of flower), koori, and so on. ChineseAustralian lexicon related to Chinese, especially Cantonese, always has something with The Gold Rush in 19th

9、 century .Fairdinkum 粤语：真金 ； 英语：这是真的Yum cha 广东话的早茶Dim sum 点心Character of People and LanguageThe language of a nation can reflect its peoples character, values, thoughts, and so on.Chinese collectivism: Many hands make light work.(众人拾柴火焰高)American individualism：self-centered, self-made, egotism, ego-

10、ideal. (self-/ego-)Character of AustraliansAdoring freedomHumorous and optimisticCasualEqualitarianismPursuing equality Humor and Optimism of AustraliansThe society is full of humor, so Australians like to use humorous words.They like joking and replying with joke is proper. Australians like to use

11、nickname(especially for politicians, close friends and pets) and slangs. dogs disease 流感 no biscuit in the tin 一点劲也没有当时的囚犯需面对残酷的生活环境当时的囚犯需面对残酷的生活环境, ,喋喋不休的抱怨会遭到严喋喋不休的抱怨会遭到严厉的惩罚厉的惩罚, ,伤心绝望也只会是死路一条。于是伤心绝望也只会是死路一条。于是, ,囚犯们常常自嘲囚犯们常常自嘲自讽、苦中作乐来减轻痛苦。这样自讽、苦中作乐来减轻痛苦。这样, ,他们借用幽默、讥讽、委他们借用幽默、讥讽、委婉的语言来发泄痛苦婉的语言来发

12、泄痛苦, ,乐观面对恶劣的生活。囚犯们把自己称乐观面对恶劣的生活。囚犯们把自己称为为 canary, canary,因为他们登陆时都穿着黄色的囚服因为他们登陆时都穿着黄色的囚服; ;他们吃的粗面他们吃的粗面包是包是 scrubbing brush, scrubbing brush,因为面包中含有大量的糙糠因为面包中含有大量的糙糠; ;经过抽打经过抽打的脊背像穿上了一件的脊背像穿上了一件 red shirt; red shirt;罚犯人踩踏的踏车被称为罚犯人踩踏的踏车被称为 dancing academydancing academy。此外。此外, ,澳大利亚早期的囚犯把服刑三个月说澳大利亚早期

13、的囚犯把服刑三个月说成是成是 sleep ( sleep (睡一觉睡一觉) ,) ,把服刑六个月说成是把服刑六个月说成是 dream ( dream (做场做场梦梦) ,) ,把服刑一年说成是把服刑一年说成是rest(rest(休息休息) ,) ,把无期徒刑说成是把无期徒刑说成是 the the lot(lot(命中注定命中注定) ,) ,甚至绞死也被称为甚至绞死也被称为 drop ( drop (倒下倒下) )。这些词汇生动地描绘了澳洲人民的幽默情调。更深层次地说这些词汇生动地描绘了澳洲人民的幽默情调。更深层次地说, ,反映了当时囚犯不畏艰难甚至死亡的乐观心理。反映了当时囚犯不畏艰难甚至死亡

14、的乐观心理。Randomness of AustraliansAustralians are careless and easy-going, they love simple and equal language, such as acronyms in Australian.roo (kangaroo), kanga(kangaroo), Vic (Victoria), New South (New SouthWales), nana (banana), Brit(British) Afternoon-this after-this afto-this arvo and sarvo- sa

15、rve; Communist commo-com; on the sustenance -on the susso-on the sussEqualitarianism- The Fair Go Ideal-Core of National FeaturesAustralians sympathize with losers and those with lower social status. Eg. struggler, little Aussie battlerThe spirit of matership 伙伴精神 Mate:(团结合作、伙伴精神的典型词语)指因为环境所迫,客观地走到一

16、起的好伙伴。 How are you going? Or right, mate.(一种亲切的称呼,象征着澳洲人无论权势,人人平等) Matership:指伙伴情谊,它表达了团结一致、忠诚不二、相互依赖、在困难和艰险中相依为命的文化内涵。澳洲人的伙伴精神是平等主义的再现。在澳大利亚，团结合作的伙伴精神已深入人心。追溯到囚犯时期和淘金热时期，那时严酷的自然环境，艰苦创业的人们在与环境进行不屈不挠的生存抗争中，需要患难与共、助人为乐、团结合作的伙伴精神。难能可贵的是，在现代澳洲人同舟共济、患难与共的品行中，依旧延续着团结合作的伙伴精神。Vulgarity of Australians澳洲人的粗俗味

17、儿和澳英的粗俗语有着密切的联系。尤其在工人、农民和下层民众使用的语言中，澳洲人的粗俗味甚为明显。回顾历史，我们得知那时的囚犯都是些下层的劳苦大众，他们没有受过良好的教育，因此他们的语言不可能像上流社会达官贵人那样高雅有礼。他们有着不同于寻常人的境遇，从而形成了自身的一套语言，他们喜欢用放荡不羁的粗俗语来表达情感。在英国被视为禁忌的字眼在现今的澳英中已得以升格,贬义大大减少,反而频繁出现。例如, damn和 fucking这类诅咒语和禁忌语已失去其“该死的”原意,在日常生活中使用,已成为表示一种情感的强势语。这类词还有 shit, hell, dash。Whinger, wowser, wanker这一类骂人话也是澳洲人粗俗味儿的又一方面。 Whinger 是指无缘无故地、