专四语法考点梳理

1、专四语法考点梳理一：虚拟语气Section One：概述虚拟语气类型宾语从句状语从句名词性从句（主语从句，同位语从句，表语从句）定语从句特殊类型（感叹句）省略if的虚拟法（倒装）ExamplesThe rapid change of society requires that college students adapt to the world outside campus by getting to know the society.I would rather that you did nothing for the time being I wish that I were a stu

2、dent again.I wished that I had followed his suggestion 名词性从句中的虚拟主语从句（it is +adj /p. p that）同位语从句（The +n. that ）表语从句（n+be that）省略if的虚拟法（倒装）（1）虚拟语气中如果从句引导词if/whether省略，从句中需要倒装，提前助动词（系动词） 或情态动词。Eg. If it should rain tomorrowt we would not be able to have the sports meeting=Should it rain tomorrow, we s

3、hould not be able to have the sports meeting 省略if的虚拟法（倒装）（2）Eg Whether it （may） be fine or rainy we would have the sports meeting =Bc it fine or rainy, we would have the sports meetingIf she had been given more information, she could have answered the questions = Had she been given more information,

4、 she could have answered the questions Section Two：虚拟语气的动词标志” insist, suggest, require, request, demand t propose > prefer, maintain, move, urge, recommend, command» order11等动词表”建议、愿望”时，北后宾语从句中谓语动 词要用虚拟语气。Should +Vwish其后宾语从句中谓语动词要用虚拟语气。虚拟语气的爼词标志1 "necessity"或“suggestion”等需词后而的表语从句或

5、同位语从句中的谓语动词要 用虚拟语气。2划词word表'命令”时，其后主语从句、表语从句或同位语从句中，谓语动词需 用虚拟语气 （should） +V。3 wish作名词时其后主语从句，表语从句或同位语从句中，谓语动词需用虚拟语气 （should） +V。虚拟语气的形容词标志It is + adj. that 句型中出现形容词如 necessary, important, vital, decisive critical, cruciaL urgent strange, desirable, advisable, disappointing, 或过去分词充当的形容 词如 suggest

6、ed, proposed advised> demandedt requested, required 等时，that 句中 用should + V 表示虚拟。虚拟的介词标志But for 相当于 if it had not been forcBut for her help, I would have lost my way.Without, in the absence of等组成的短语可相当于一个虚拟的条件从句。Without the light and heat of the sun, what would become of all the animals on earth?I

7、n the absence of water, plants would not grow well.Under-condition,也可相当于一个虚拟条件从句。Under more favorable conditionst we would have made more achievements 错综时间的虚拟条件状语从句中谓语动词的形式可与主句中谓语动词的形式不“配套”，即错综时间的 虚拟。If he had done as I had suggested theib he wouldn't be regretful now.If they hadnft found us the

8、n, we would still be missing on the seaIf I hadnt made sufficient preparation for the exam then, I wouldn't be in college now. 虚拟和事实（前虚拟后事实）标志：butEg I would have gone to the party with you, but I was too busy.= If I hadnft been too busy, I would have gone to the party with you.（前事实后虚拟）标志：otherwi

9、seEg. I was too busy （hen, otherwise I would have gone to the party with youMore Informationwas （were） +to have done （不立式完成式）表示“原来想做而未做”后面通常but （陈述语气）。Eg. I was to have arrived home on （imc, but my car was held up by a bad traffic jamhad hoped表示过去未实现的愿望，其从句中谓语动词要用虚拟would+ V0Eg. I had hoped that he w

10、ould agree to lend me the money.专四语法考点梳理二：反义疑问句Tag Questions反意疑问句Detailed Points首先判断是助动词还是情态动词1 Have to反意疑问句的陈述部分谓语有have to时，附加疑问句通常用助动词do。You have to study hard, don*t you?I don't have to get up early, do I?They had to obey the rules and regulations of the school, didn't they?She didn't

11、 have to do it herself> did she?2. Need反意疑问句的陈述部分谓语有need时，need做情态动词，附加疑问句仍用need, need 做实义动词时，附加问句用助动词do。They needn*t make such a loud noise, need they?He needs the money for his son's education > doesn't he?3. Had better反意疑问句的陈述部分为had better时，附加问用助动词had。You had better go at once, hadn*

12、t you?We'd better call off our appointment, hadn't we?4 Would rather反意疑问句的陈述部分为would rather时，附加问句用情态动词would0You'd rather not do it, would you?She would rather die than surrender to the enemy, wouldn't she?5 Used to反意疑问句的陈述部分为used to时，附加问句用助动词didoYou used to stay up late every evening

13、 watching TV, didn't you?6. Ought to反意疑问句的陈述部分为ought to时，附加问句用助动词should.She ought to go by plane, shouldn't she?We ought not to laugh at others'mistakes, should we?7. Must反意疑问句的陈述部分有must,附加问句分三种情况：(1) must do mustn't 必须(2) must be-随人称用系动词一般现在时(3) must have done didn't(4) must 有必要

14、needn't Wc must book the ticket in advance, mustn't we? (必须) She must be in the officet isn*t she? (肯圧)对现在事情的肯立猜测。 He must have done his homework, didn't he?(肯立)对过去事情的肯左猜测。4 you must go and have a look .needift you?8. Wish反意疑问句的陈述部分是Wish时，附加问句用情态动词may。I wish to shake hands with you, may

15、I?人称和数1. 陈述部分主语是T时，附加问句的人称分二种情况：(1) 1 hope that,don't you?I can't believe it, can you?(2) 1 will be 14 tomorrow, aren't I?I am interested in it> aren't I?2陈述部分主语是everything、nothing、something等时看作单数，附加问句用it指代。陈述部分主语是 everyone、everybody、nobody、somebody、someone、no one . anybody、 any o

16、ne等时看作复数，附加问句用they指代。陈述部分主语是不立代词one时，附加问句用one指代。3Nothing is amazing there> is it?Something will have to be done about the price, won't it?Nobody is leaving tomorrow, are they?Everyone hopes to get promoted > don't they?Someone left their umbrella in the bus, didn't they?One can*t b

17、e too careful > can one?祈使句后而的附加问句1. 祈使句后而的附加问句，分三种情况；表客气、委婉、邀请、劝诱、愿望等时，用woMyou。Have a cup of coffee,won't you?表命令、强制的要求、请求时，用will you.Do it at once, will you?否定祈使句用will you。Don't close the door, will you?2.Let's和Ictus后而的附加问句，分两种情况：(Diet's包括对方在内 > 用shall we或shan't we。(2)let

18、 us不包括对方在内，用will you或won*t you。Let后接非us之外的人称如me、him、hcr> them等时，附加问句用will you。3(1) Let句型let's go to the movies, shall we?let us go to the movies, will you ?let him go, will you?let me attend the farewell party will you?(2) There+be句型的反意疑问句There+be句型的反意疑问句，附加问句用be theree not there由主语人称时态和数决 定。

19、There won't be any trouble, will there?There's not much news in toda/s paper»is there?There has been much confusion since his arrival, hasn' t there?(3) This/that/It is/was the third time that 句型This/that/It is/was the third time that 等句型中，反意主句,用 it 指代。This is the third time this we

20、ek he has been late, isn't it?It was the second time that she had been to the Great Wall, wasn't it?主从复合句1I think (suppose)宾语从句结构，附加问句反意从句分两种情况；前肯定句，后用否定句。I think that he is serious, isn't he?(2)前有否定句,后面附加问句用肯定(I don't think)0I don't suppose that she is serious, is she?上述主从复合句主句主

21、语是第一人称以外的人称时，反意主句。They think Mary will pass the examination, don't they?2I hopc+宾语从句结构，附加问句用doiVt you.I hope that they study hard, don't you?感叹句后的附加问句感叹句后的附加问句指人时，根据人称、数决左用什么指代。指物时，根据单复数决上, 用it /they指代。What an interesting story, isn't it?What a funny mam isn't he?How silly they are,

22、aren't they?专四语法考点梳理三：倒装句Inversion 倒装带否定意义的副词宜于句首时带否左意义的词置于句首时，主谓语需要倒装。Rarely does he go to the movies Not for a moment did he doubt the truth of her honesty Little do I know about the meaning of this proverb Never before the night had I felt the extent of my power含有否定词的介词短语在句首时含有否定词的介词短语在句首时，句子

23、主谓倒装。这类介词短语包括：in no case, at no time> in no way> by no means, on no accounts in no sense, under no circumstances>等等。意思为“决不，在任何情况下都不。”“Only+状语”置于句首时的倒装“Only+状语”置于句首时，主谓语需要倒装。1) Only by practicing a lot outside class can we speak English fluently.2) Only when I saw him did I remember that I p

24、romised to bring him a gift.3) Only then did I know that I was wrong not only位于句首时的倒装句首是not only且连接分句结构时，引起局部(部分)倒装。Not only did we lose our money» but we were also in danger of losing our livesNot only can he sing very well, but he can also play some musical instrument very skillfully neither,

25、 nor表示“也不”时的倒装句首是neither, nor表示“也不”时，主谓语需要倒装。I couldn't solve the problem> neither /nor could my brother=I couldn't solve the problem My brother couldn't > eitherI didn't go to school, nor did Mary=I didn*t go to school Mary didn't, either.so表示“也是，同样”时的倒装句首是so表示“也是，同样”时，主谓语

26、需要倒装。Copper is a good conductor： so is silverJohn failed in the exam： so did MarkHe takes part in sports activities, so do his classmates.I have been to the Temple of Heaven» so has she 平衡倒装There+be 或它不及物动词 come, go, happen, occur< stands exist 等结构中，为避 免句子头重脚轻，平衡倒装。There stands an old house

27、that is being pulled downThere existed a hostile relationship between the two familiesThere are many hobbies involving the creativity of a person Such/sothat句型中的倒装Such/so-that句型中such4-,词或so+形容词，副词等位于句首时，主句中主谓倒装。So badly was he injured in the accident that he had to stay in the hospital for treatment

28、.So excited was I that I didn' t know what to say.比较状语从句中的倒装than引导的比较状语从句中，主从句谓语趋向中间以达到平衡，此时从句要求主谓倒装。Nowadays, with the rapid development of science and technology, man is less limited by nature than were his forefathers/ancestors 表频率的状语至于句首倒装表频率的状语至于句首，倒装。Many a time has he given us sound advic

29、e Twice a week does he go to visit his grandparents More than once have we heard him make such promises As, though让步状语从句中倒装在以as, though引导的让步状语从句中，从句常用倒装语序，把表语或状语提前。（名， 形，副，动词）Child that he is, he can distinguish between right and wrong.Intelligent as/though you arc. you should be modestMuch as I adm

30、ire him, I don't think he is perfect.Try as she did, she failed again虚拟语气中的倒装虚拟语气中省略“if”或“whether”时的倒装。Were it left to me to choose, I prefer the latter to the formerHad it not rained so heavily, we would have visited the Summer Palace yesterday.Be we rich or poor, we should have our own dignity

31、 副词至于句首Here、there、in、out. up、down等表示方位的副词至于句首时，主谓需要倒装。Here conics the bus There they went.专四语法考点梳理四：主谓一致Subject & Verb Agreement主谓一致集体名词做主语集体名词做主语时，谓语动词情况有三种 有些集体名词如cattlen folk、people、youth、clergy （教士、police等常做复数 看。The police have caught the murderer集体名词做主语 有些集体名词（表示总称）如 machinery、stationery, m

32、erchandise （商品）、foliage> （树和植物叶子的总称）furniture .equipment等看作单数。 New machinery is being installed in the factory.集体名词做主语 有些集体名词如 army, audience> classclub, committeex company* crowd, family、 group, government, jury, party staff, teann union, public、poultry 等根据意思 决定，有时做单数看待，有时做复数看待。The committee

33、meet every Monday.He is on the committee that controls publicspendin g单复数同形的名词作主语单复数同形的名词作主语，要根据意义决定谓语的形式。This means of transportation is the most convenient one There are various means of transportation being developed 成双成对的东西的名词表示成双成对的东西的名词，若被a pair of修饰，要求单数谓语：否则，用复数谓语形 式。A pair of gloves is a ni

34、ce present.My shoes need repairing My trousers want mending表示时间、重量、长度、距离、价值等单位的名词做主语表示时间、重量、长度、距离、价值等单位的名词以及概念上属于整体的一个单元的 名词虽然形式上是复数，但谓语动词仍用单数形式。Ten years is only a moment in history Two copies is enough Three hours is not a long time to wait.表数量名词做主语number> varietyproportionmajority x population

35、percent、total 等词有时做单数， 有时作复数看待，从意思上决泄。（分数、百分数、部分）20 percentage of the polluted water goes into the sea20 percentage of the families say that they enjoy watching this TV program 不可数名词不可数名词前加表示数量的复数爼词，后而跟复数谓语。There are two cups of coffee Here are several pieces of valuable information for you to refer

36、 to / make reference to. 书划、电影划或格言等专有需词做主语如果主语是一本书的划字、电影的名字或一个格言等专有名词，谓语动词用单数。”Gone with the Wind” is an interesting novel.”The Scent of a Woman” is an awarded filmNo Pains, No Gains is a widely quoted proverb学科名词做主语表示学科名称的名词如 physics, mathematics, economics, politics, electronics,做 主语，虽然形式上以结尾，但应为单

37、数，谓语动词多用单数。In my opinion, physics is a difficult subject.Politics is an interesting topic for many men.表示疾病的名词做主语表疾病轻称的名词如diabetes, tuberculosis» measles等做主语，虽然形式上以结尾, 但应为单数，谓语动词多用单数。Diabetes is considered a disease that belongs to the wealthy/the rich. （富贵病） Tuberculosis is no longer threateni

38、ng people's life.就近/毗邻一致原则There或here引起的句子中主语不止一个时，谓语就近一致。由 or、either-or 或 neither- nor> not only、but also、not> but等连接的两个主语 谓语就近一致。谓语动词多用单数的情况（1）Many a /More than one所修饰的名词作主语时谓语动词多用单数。Many a brave soldier has died in that battle More than one question has been raised in the lecture 谓语动词多用单

39、数的情况（2）Either/neither做主语通常作单数看待，谓语动词多用单数。Either of the methods is effective Neither of the roads leads to the town 谓语动词多用单数的情况（3）each、some、any、no、every等构成的复合代词，都作单数看待，谓语动词多用单数。There is somebody on the phone for you.Nobody was working when I came in.Everything is all right.Each is given a copy of the

40、 book 谓语动词多用单数的情况（4）主语中包括“and”时，若表示一个单一概念，谓语动词应做单数。力口： （and连接两个 单数名词前面如有each、every many a, no等）The poet and writer has come All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.Every man and woman is eager to find a life-long companion.谓语动词多用单数的情况（5）主语是单数,后面尽管有 with、togetherx with、along with、besides、as well a

41、s 等 引导的短语，谓语动词仍用单数。The teacher, together with some of her students > was cleaning the classroom.We as well as he agree with you.one of+名词/代词做主语"one of+宾语”后的定语从句中谓语动词的形式有两种情况：（1）（only） one of + 宾语 that 复数（2）the （only） one of + 宾语 that 单数He is only one of the students in our class who have pas

42、sed the CET4.He is the one of the students in our class who has passed the CET6 谓语动词多用单数的情况（6）None在代表不可数名词时总是单数.I am afraid that we can't have coffee； there is none left.None of +轻词短语做主语谓语动词总是用单数。None of us is interested in the suggestion.None of the students has passed the exam 谓语动词多用复数的情况（1）由b

43、oth-and连接的两个部分总是作复数看待。Both my mother and father are satisfied with my job Both John and Jack have ever got a summer job 谓语动词多用复数的情况（2）the +adj （或过去分词）表一类人需作复数看待。The old need our care The wounded are being taken good care of.The young are our country hopcThe injured were sent to the hospital immediat

44、ely.谓语动词多用复数的情况（3）ch、sh、一esc等结尾的表示国籍的词，也作复数看待。The British are very fond of their sense of humorThe French are well-known for their romanceThe Chinese are famous for their hospitality.The rest of +名词/代词做主语The rest of +名词/代词做主语时，谓语动词有三种情况：1）Tlie rest of +可数名词复数做主语，谓语动词用复数。2）The rest of +可数需词单数做主语，谓语动词

45、用单数。3）Tlic rest of +不可数爼词做主语，谓语动词用单数。 what引导的主语从句由what引导的主语从句，一般用单数谓语。若从句谓语或从句后表语为复数，则用复 数谓语形式。What he has told me is not tme.What ideas he has are his wife's.动名词短语，不定式短语&名词从句作主语动爼词短语，不定式短语和名词从句作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。Collecting foreign coins is my favorite hobby.To die for the people is a glorious de

46、ath When they will come hasn*t been made public 专四语法考点梳理五：强调句Emphatic Structure强调句词汇强调用强调性形容词表示强调。（very、utter）This is the very book I am looking for.You are the very person whom I want to make friends with This is the utter place where the accident took place 用强调性副词表示强训。（absolutelyx only、just-）What

47、you have said is absolutely true I am only too happy to do that.I have had just enough用反身代词表示强调。（self）I myself did it.I did it myself.比较级结构中通常在形.副词比较级前加副词even、much等表示强调。This problem is even more complicated than the previous one The train runs much faster than the bus 最高级前用by far等表示强调。She is by far

48、the most ambitious student I have ever met.This is by far the most urgent problem that the government should solve 在疑问词（wh词）后加上on earth, in the world等一些特殊词语，加强疑问语气表示 强调。What on earth do you want?Where in the world can I find such a valuable painting?在否圧句中用at alk in the least等加强否定语气表示强调。He was not at

49、 all satisfied with his job.She is not in the least ignorant/foolish在人称代词所有格后加own表示强调。The small boy went to the seaside on his own.They wanted a house of their own.She gave her own lunch to the poor old man So表强调“的确，确实”。He has succeeded in doing the experimentSo he has She passed the difficult test

50、of English So she did.The small boy can recite more than 300 ancient poems So he can.语法强调用助动词（do、does, did）强调动词谓语。I do believe that you can succeed He does know how to do that They did go there and arrest the murderer1. 句型强调句型what-is/was结构可用来强调句子的表物的主语或宾语。What I need is your support What matters is

51、quality.What was really important was that it brought about many benefits *It is/was+-+that/who可强调主语，宾语，状语等。Last year she visited Singapore with her parentsIt was she that/who visited Singapore withIt was Singapore that she visited with It was with her parents that she visited S It was last year tha

52、t she visited S with 另:is not until-!-a time +thatIt was not until then that he had realized the importance of hard work.It was not until she told me that I had known my mistake 2. 强调句型的疑问形式It was purely by accident that I came across the book Was it purely by accident that you came across the book?

53、It is his teacher that he usually turns to for helpWho is it that he usually turns to for help?3. 其它句型*柿is /lias been4-表一段时间的词+ sincc(从句中用一般过去时)It has been a year since we last saw each otherIt is a decade since we carried out the policy of market economy.*It/This/That is/was + 序数词+time that sb. has

54、/had done sth.This is the third time within one month that he has gone to the cinema That was the fourth time that he had made changes to the original design. 修辞强调通过句子倒装表示强调。请参考倒装一课。From under the bush conies a strange sound Down jumped the man from the cliff.In the letter I found a photo.专四语法考点梳理六：

55、非谓语动词Gerund动名词，非谓语动词英语中，不作句子的谓语，而是用于担任貝它语法功能的v，叫非谓语动词，它不受 主语人称、数等因素的限建，又被称作非限定动词。三大非谓语动词：动名词，分词和不泄式。动名词的语法功能1. 作主语Seeing is believing Listening to music is one of my hobbies Studying abroad has many advantages Getting to know the world is what the future society requires of us.习惯用法A. It is no use /

56、good/liarm+VingIt is no use quarreling with herIfs no use crying over the spilt milkB There is no-FVing.There is no denying (the fact) that women are playing an important role in the world today. There is no joking about this matter.这事开不得玩笑。2. 作表语My favorite pastime is collecting stamps Her hobby is

57、 swimming and cyclingOne of the good virtues of a young person is being punctual.My job is teaching One of the most difficult tasks you may encounter is learning a foreign language3. 作动词宾语She enjoys listening to rock music We appreciate your offering to help We must avoid making such mistakes again.People who like travelling have their reasons跟动名词作宾语的v.及v. phrase 常见的能跟动名词作宾语的v.及v. phrase： admix apprccialc, avoid, confess