英语入门语法总结

1、5种根本句式主语：S谓语：V主语执行的动作系动词：V连接作用,无实意表语：P描述性词语宾语：O动作执行的对象间宾：人直宾：物宾补：CBe动词后接名词、形容词、地点副词、短语代词：代替,人或事物；有主格和宾格之分主：I he she it you 单、复同形we they宾：me him her it you us them形容词性物主代词：可以修饰名词“的My your his her its one SOur your their名词性物主代词：独立使用相当于one's + nMine yours his hers itsone'sOurs yours theirsMine=

2、my book反身代词：某人自己,做宾语、做同位语Myself yourself herself himself it selfYouiselvesour selvesthem selvesPlease help yourself to some fish 宾语We enjoyed ourselves last night 宾语The thing itself is not important 同位语Take good care of yourself 宾语She gained 限制control of herself.宾语实意动词：具有实在意义的动词有时态和数量上的变化Come read g

3、o watch play fly疑问词When where who what howHe bought three books yesterday.Who bought three books yesterday?主语成分的提问What did he buy yesterday?宾语When did he buy three books?时间对不是主语的成分进行提问,需要使用be动词或助动词进行提问,加在疑问词后面.How long how far how often whyThey have been in china for 3 years.How long have they been

4、in china?It is about 3 kilometers from Beijing to shanghai.How far is it from Beijing to shanghai?They come to visit me once a week.How often do they come to visit me?She came late, because she missed the bus.Why did she come late?名词：可数、不可数不可数：salt coffee water history (抽象 n) love (抽象 n)可数变化： 加s fri

5、endss/z/x/ch/sh 力口 es buses辅音+y y变为i再力口 es candies 除aeiou 这5个元音字母O结尾,如果不是外来词或缩写词,就加 es tomatoeshippo-hippos(缩)代词：指示代词和不定代词指示代词：this(these) that(those)不定代词：指代不确定的人或事物One the other some any something nothingNo one knows where he is.Some of the boys want to go to shanghai, but the others want to go to

6、beijing.Each of the student s has got a book.形容词：修饰名词, 名词前 be动词后The +形容词=复数名词,表示一类,后面的动词使用复数The old need more care than the young.副词：修饰动词、形容词,其它副词以及其他结构He runs fast. (v)She is very beautiful. (adj)They work very hard.(adv)位置：根据情况,助动词后,实意动词前或后形容词之前,其它副词之前或之后多个助动词时,一般放在第一个助动词之后He speaks very fast.They

7、 have already left.They have already been repaired.常用的频率副词(always usually often sometimes never)的位置通常放在实意动词前面,Be动词后面,助动词和实意动词之间They always come early.Sam often writes homework at 7:00.不定量表达法：即不确定数量的表达法Some 肯 any 否,疑问 most every allsome希望得到肯定答复时,也可以用在疑问句中I d been expecting some letters the whole morn

8、ing, but there weren't any for me.Both either neitherBoth表两者都,可作形容词、代词和副词.Both his eyes were severely burned.There are trees on either side of the street.Neither answer is correct.Many：修饰可数名词many booksMuch：修饰不可数名词much waterA lot of lots of , plenty of 均可修饰可数和不可数名词a lot of/lots of books/waterA fe

9、w：肯定含义,"几个"可数名词复数a few books are put into the boxFew：否认含义,“没几个"可数名词复数 few books are put into the boxA little：肯定含义,"一点儿"不可数 there is a little water in the bottleLittle：否认含义,"没多点"不可数 there is little water in the bottleNone、no one：意思相同,主要作代词,译为“一个也不,一点也不",用法稍有区别N

10、one可以接of短语,谓语动词可用单数,也可用复数No one不能接of短语,谓语动词只能用单数No one knows the answer.None of us have hasarrived.There be 有句型 Here be 是句型There is a book on the bookshelf.There are some books on the bookshelf.Here is the bus stop.Here are your books.一般现在时和现在进行时一般过去时和过去进行时将来时Will/shall+动词原形Be going to钠词原形,“打算；就要&qu

11、ot;,用来表示近期或事先考虑过的将要发生的动作 以及已有迹象说明必将发生某事.There are going to play football this afternoon.She is going to learn French next year.Be doing表位置转移的动词如：go come leave start arrive可用现在进行表将来They are leaving for Japan.She is arriving tomorrow.They are coming here soon完成时现在完成时：have/has+过去分词动作过去发生,已经完成,对现在造成影响或后

12、果,可能还会持续already yet过去完成时：had+过去分词句中的动作发生在过去之前,即过去的过去,已经完成,对过去造成了一定的影响或后果动词的用法分为四类：实意动词、系动词、助动词帮助构成句子成分、情态动词动词有数量和时态的变化,现在、过去、将来一般、进行、完成He goes to school every day.He went to hospital last night.情态动词Can/could表示 水平,可用 be able to代替现在/过去的水平客观可能性can的可能性大表示请求和允许He can /could/is able to swim.水平He can/could

13、 come tomorrow.可能性Can/could I stay here?请求could 更委婉May/might表示可能性,may的可能性大；请求、允许, might更委婉在口语中常用的答复：yes, please.no, you can't/ mustn 't. mustn't=禁止,不许He may/might come here by bus.May/Might I join you?yes, please./ no, you can 't.Must/have to :表示必须、必要. Must表示主观多一些,have to表示客观多一些Mustn

14、't禁止,不准Don't have to 不必you mustn't go你不准去you don't have to go你不必去You must get up early 主观It s going to rain, I have to go home now.客观Should/ought to：劝告、建议、命令, should主观看法；ought to客观要求 在疑问句中,通常用 should代替ought toYou should/ought to do the job right now.Should they stay here now?Need/don

15、't have to：Need情态动词/实意动词时态,数量变化情态动词： He need come here early.He needn't come here early.Need he come here early?yes, he need/no, he needn 't.实意动词： He needs to come here early.He doesn't need to come here early.Does he need to come here early?yes, he does/ no, he doesn't.答复must和ha

16、ve to的提问句时.否认形式使用needn't / don't have toMust I come here early tomorrow?No, you needn't. / no, you don 't have to.had better/would rather:Had better表示“最好做某事,had虽然是过去式,但不表征过去,better后面接动词原形He had better eat more.You d better finish it right now.Would rather表示“宁愿、宁可、最好、还是 为好,语感上比"h

17、ad better轻You would rather deal with it now.否认形式为：后面直接加notHe had better not eat more.You would rather not deal with it now.Used to/ would ：表示过去习惯性的动作,“过去常常 "Used to可指过去的状态或情况,would不能表反复发生的动作,而非状态The novel used to be popular.状态I used to live in Beijing.状态He would practice English every day. 动作Us

18、ed to表示过去经常性或习惯性的动作或状态,现在已经结束,Would那么表示有可能再发生People used to believe that the earth was flat.He would go to the park as soon as he was free.情态动词的疑问和否认否认：情态动词+not+动词原形疑问：情态动词+主语+动词原形-Can he sing an English song?-yes, he can/no, he can't.-Must he go there?-yes, he must/ no, he needn 't.-Does he

19、 have to go there?-yes, he does. / no, he doesn't.情态动词+have+过去分词：a.表达过去事实b.推测的含义should除外He can/could have arrived.He may/might have arrived.He must have arrived.Should + have+过去分词：本应该 Needn't + have+过去分词：本不需要 He should have arrived.They should have finished the job.You needn't have done

20、so.Must have +过去分词：准是已经 Can't have +过去分词:不可能已经 He must have arrived.He can't have arrived.被动语态：be +动词的过去分词by sbHe is taken to America by his mom.各种时态：The information is needed by us.The book was being read by him.The computer has been used by her.The room will be cleaned.The computer could h

21、ave been used by her. 电脑可能已经被她用过了被动态和情态动词结合：Can/could + be +动词过去分词May/mightmust / have toShould/ought toHad better/ would ratherUsed to/ wouldneed + doing / to be +动词过去分词被动含义有数量上的变化, need/ needs The food could be taken awayThe food needs taking away.The food had better be taken awayBooks used to be

22、returned in two days.被动语态中,by+行为者可以省略被动语态的疑问句：助动词+主语+ 其它助动词+动词过去分词？一般疑问句Is the information needed by him?Has the computer been used by her?Will the room be cleaned?疑问词+助动词+主语+ 其它助动词+动词过去分词？特殊疑问句What is needed by them?Where is the girl taken ?How many times has the book been read?非谓语动词：to + V / V-ing

23、动词不定式：主语,宾语,宾补,定语,表语,状语To get there by bike will take us an hour. 主The driver failed to see the car in time. 宾We believe him to be guilty. 宾补The next train to arrive is from China. 定My suggestion is to put off the meeting. 表 put off 推迟I come here only to say goodbye to you. 状目 的状语动名词：具有动词的特征和变化形式,但在

24、句子中的用法及功能类同名词在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语它也可以被副词修饰或者支配宾语Reading is an art.主They went on walking and never stopped talking.宾Your task is quickly cleaning the windows. 表This is a reading room.定假主语/真主语：It形式主语It s a great honor to be invited.It no use crying over spilt milk.由于被溅出去的牛奶而哭是没有用的-覆水难收假宾语/真宾语：It形式宾语We thin

25、k it important to learn English.I found it pleasant walking in the park.对动名词或不定式进行否认时,在不定式或动名词前加notHe pretended not to see her.He regrets not joining them.不定式表目的：In order to : 句首、句尾 in order not toSo as to： 句尾so as not toI have written it down in order to remember it.He shouted and waved so as to be

26、 noticed.常见的不定式和动名词句型：too-to：太.以至于不能 :The room is too small to live.enough + n + to + V enough作形容词,修饰名词adj + enough + to + V enough作副词,放形容词后面,修饰形容词足够可以There is enough food to eat.The box is big enough to contain six apples.Once doing ： 一 就 Once seeing the snake, the girl was very frightened.There is

27、 no hope of doing ： 没希望 There is no hope of seeing him.Feel like doing :想要 I feel like eating ice cream nowHave a hard time doing ： 做 又艮难They have a hard time solving the problem themselves.现在分词/过去分词,分词句：现在分词：和动名词形式一样,Writing books is his job.动名词分词不可能作主语He is writing a book.现在分词过去分词：用在完成时和被动语态当中He h

28、as written the homework. 完成时The homework is written.被动语态分词句：是包含现在分词和过去分词的分句伴随状语伴随状语The students went out of the classroom, laughing and talking . Accompanied by his friend , he went to the railway station.过去分词表完成或被动,现在分词表进行原形不定式 1： 使役动词 have make let + 宾语 + VHe made me laugh.I let him go.Please have

29、 him come here.get helpget + 宾语 + to dohelp + 宾语 + to doI can't get anyone to do the work properly.I helped him to repair the car.以上5个使役动词+宾语+过去分词让某物/人被别人I must get my hair cut.He couldn't make himself heard.Can you get the work finished in time?原形不定式2：感官动词see watch observe notice hear smell

30、 taste feel感官动词+宾语+动词原形/现在分词动词原形：表示动作的真实性I saw him work in the garden yesterday.现在分词doing：表示动作的连续性,进行性I saw him working in the garden yesterday.感官动词+宾语+过去分词 ,表被动含义John saw the man knocked down by the car.假设：,句首、句尾均可,单纯表示条件假设If引导,从句一般现在,主句将来If you ask him, he will help you.If you get up early, you wi

31、ll catch up with the train.She will be upset if you fail the exam.与现在事实相反的虚拟语气：if引导,从句过去式were主句：would/could/should/might + V 原形If I were you, I would join them.She would come with you if you invited her.与过去事实相反的虚拟语气：if引导,从句：had +动词过去分词主句：would/could/should/might +have + 动词过去分词If I had got there earl

32、ier, I should have met her.If he had taken my advice, he would not have made such a mistake.Wish/ as if + 过去/过去完成时：Wish 愿望,是不可能实现的假设与现在事实相反的愿望I wish I were as tall as you.般过去时与过去事实相反的愿望He wished he hadn't said that.过去完成时将来不大可能实现的愿望I wish it would rain tomorrow. would/should/could + 动词原形As if看起来好

33、似如果从句表示与现在事实相反You look as if you didn't care.从句表示与过去事实相反He talks about Rome as if he had been there before.从句表示与将来事实相反He opened his mouth as if he would say something.定语从句【关系代词】That which who whom whose在从句中做一定的成分,代替先行词,起到连接先行词和从句的作用The girl whom/ that I spoke to is my girlfriend.做宾语成分先行词： 人 that

34、 who whom whose whom 从句中做宾语 who that 从句中做宾语 /主语They are the people that/ who were seen yesterday.主语They are people whom/ that/ who I saw yesterday. 宾语They are the people whose wallets were lost yesterday. whose + n物 which that whosewhich that从句中做主语和宾语做宾语时可以省略He came back for the book which/ that he had forgotten.宾语He came back for the book which/ that was on the desk.主语This is the chair whose legs were broken.属格定语从句【关系副词】why when wherewhy:用于修饰表示原因的名词the reasonWe don't know the reason why he didn 't show upwhen ： 修饰表示时间的名词next weekWe ll put off the picnic until next week, whe