英国文学史复习

1、1.选择题（作家作品主要人物）The middle age1.Beowulf the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons2.Geoffery Chaucer 杰弗里乔叟 (father of English poetry)The literature is remarkable for its bright, romantic tales of love and adventure (chivalry and courtly love) The Canterbury Tales>坎特伯雷故事集： it re

2、fers to a narrative(叙事技巧) which was composed for the purpose of introducing and connecting a series of tales: The Thousand and One NightsThere are all together 24 tales with the knights tale at the beginning, the Parsons tale at the end, and the Clerks tale and other tales in between作品： <The Cant

3、erbury Tales>坎特伯雷故事集： first time to use heroic couplet(双韵体) by middle English <Troilus and Criseyde>特罗勒斯与克丽西德  <The House of Fame>声誉之堂  <The book of the Duchess>公爵夫人之书  <The Parliament of Fowls>百鸟议会The Renaissance1.William Shakespeare威廉莎士比亚Historical plays:

4、Henry VI ; Henry IV : Richard III ; Henry V ；Richard II；Henry VIII Four Comedies: <As You Like It>皆大欢喜; <Twelfth Night>第十二夜; <A Midsummer NightS Dream>仲夏夜之梦; <Merchant Of Venice>威尼斯商人 Four Tragedies: <Hamlet>哈姆莱特; <Othello>奥赛罗; <King Lear>李尔王; <

5、Macbeth>麦克白 Shakespeare Sonnet :154 <The Sonnets> Three quatrain and one couplet, ababcdcdefefgg The Period of Revolution and RestortionJohn Donnethe Metaphysical poet(17世纪玄学派诗人) He was the most outstanding of the English Metaphysical Poets作品：Songs and Sonnets 歌与十四行诗sonnet: D

6、eath Be not ProundThe Flea 跳蚤The Good-Morrow 早安Break of Day破晓Epithalamions, or marriage songs 颂歌n Elegies 挽歌On His MistressTo His Mistress Going to bed  Divine poems 圣歌Holy Sonnets 神圣十四行诗特点1. conceits or imagery奇思妙喻 2. syllogism三段论The Age of Enlightment1. Daniel Defoe丹尼尔笛福小说家，新闻记者，小册子作者；十八世纪英国现

7、实主义小说的奠基人。He started The Review, a political and literary magazine in prison. 1704年，他创办评论杂志，这是英国第一份定期出版的社会和政治刊物。The Father of the English fiction”（英国小说之父） He is the first writer study of the lower-class people, his language is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular, and he is the founder of

8、realistic novel. 作品： The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe鲁宾逊漂流记It is an adventure story, Robinson, narrates how he goes to sea, gets shipwrecked and marooned on a lonely island, struggles to live for 24-years there and finally gets relieved and returns to England. Capta

9、in Singleton 辛格顿船长 Moll Flanders 摩尔·弗兰德斯 A Journal of the Plague Year 大疫年日记 Roxana 罗克萨娜 2. Jonathan Swift乔纳森斯威夫特 十八世纪杰出的政论家和讽刺小说家a master satirist 作品：A Tale of a Tub 一只桶的故事The battle of the Books 书籍之战The Drapiers Letter 布商来信A Modest Proposal 一个温和的建议Gullivers Travels 格列佛游记 A Modest Proposal

10、 一个温和的建议Gullivers Travels 格列佛游记Four parts:Lilliput 小人国 Brobdingnag 大人国Flying Island 飞岛 Houyhnhnm 马岛  The Romantic PeriodWilliam Wordsworth威廉华兹华斯与Samuel Taylor Coleridge柯尔律治、Robert Southey骚塞同被称为Lake Poets“湖畔派”诗人l with Coleridge helped to launch the Romantic Age in English literature with the 179

11、8 joint publication Lyrical Ballads.抒情歌谣集，the Prelude is considered as the declaration of Romanticism英国浪漫主义的宣言. 作品： <Lyrical Ballads>抒情歌谣集(with Samuel Taylor Coleridge) <I Wondered Lonely As A Cloud>Theme: 1. Nature embodies human beings in their diverse circumstance. It is nat

12、ure that gives him “strength and knowledge full of peace”  2. It is bliss to recall the beauty of nature in poet mind while he is insolitude. Comment: The poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture

13、 of lively and lovely daffodils(水仙) and poets philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts.Samuel Taylor Coleridge塞缪尔泰勒科尔律治17721834 The Lake Poets Jane Austen简奥斯丁She compared her works to a fine engraving upon a literary piece of ivory only inches squire.作品 <Sense and Sensibility>理智与感情&

14、#160;<Pride and Prejudic> 傲慢与偏见 <Mansfield Park>曼斯菲尔德庄园 <Emma>爱玛 <Persuasion>劝导 <Northanger Abbey>诺桑觉寺 In the opening of Pride And Prejudice, Jane Austen states: “It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good

15、fortune, must be in want of a wife”. People marry for many reasons, including convenience, love, infatuation, and companionship throughout the novel. 浪漫主义诗人二George Gordon Byron乔治戈登拜伦17881824 l The most renowned English-language poet of his day. l His best-known works are the narrative

16、 poems Childe Harold's Pilgrimage and Don Juan. l Byron's fame rests also on his life, which featured extravagant living, numerous love affairs, debts, separation, allegations of incest and bisexuality and an eventual death from fever after he travelled to fight on the Greek side in the

17、 Greek War of Independence. 作品： <Childe Harolds Pilgrimage>恰尔德哈罗德尔游记 <Don Juan>唐璜 <Cain>该隐 诗歌：<She Walks In Beauty> Persy Bysshe Shelley波西比希雪莱17921822 评价:§ one of the major English Romantic poets § is critically regarded among

18、 the finest lyric poets in the English language § Shelley was famous for his association with John Keats and Lord Byron. 作品：<The Necessity of Atheism>无神论的必要性 <Queen Mab>麦布女王 <Revolt of Islam>伊斯兰的反叛 <Prometheus Unbound>解放了的普罗米修斯 Theme: the dr

19、ama celebraies mans victory over tyranny and oppression <The Cenci>钦契 <A Defence of Poetry>诗辩 <Ode to the West Wind>西风颂 Theme: The author express his eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the reality. Compare the west wind to destroyer of the old who dri

20、ves the last signs of life from the trees, and preserver of the new who scatter the seads shich sill come to life in the spring. This is a poem about renewal, about the wind blowing life back into dead things, implying not just an arc of life (which would end at death) but a cycle, which only starts

21、 again when something dies. Comment: Percy Bysshe Shelley's "Ode to the West Wind" is written in iambic pentameter. It contains five sonnet length stanzas, each with a closing couplet. The rhyming scheme form is aba bcb cdc ded ee. The tone is poignant. Many will agree that this p

22、oem is an invocation for an unseen force to take control and revive life. Artistic features: Using rerza rima(三行诗aba bcb cdc ded efe )<To a Skylark>致云雀 Johnl Keats约翰济慈17951821 “美即是真，真即是美”是他的著名诗句。作品l On First Looking into Chapmans Homer 初探恰普罗译荷马 “Sleep and Poetry ”睡与诗&#

23、160;l Endymion 恩底弥翁l Isabella伊莎贝拉 Four great odes: <Ode on a Grecian Urn>希腊古瓮颂 Ode to a Nightingale>夜莺颂 Ode to Psyche>心灵颂 Ode On Melancholy> 忧郁颂 To Autumn>秋颂n Theme: The theme of John Keats' poem, "To Autumn", is that change is both natur

24、al and beautiful. The poem praises the glories of the fall season by using almost every type of imagery to both charm and appeal to the reader. Comment: The speaker in the poem acknowledges that time passes by, but also asserts that this change usually yields something new and better than what

25、came before. Each of the poem's three stanzas represents the evolving of two different types of change. One type of change shown in the poem is the change of periods in a day.The Victorian Age1. Charlotte Bronte夏洛蒂勃朗特18161855 Due to her upbringing, she often wrote about religious hypocrisy宗

26、教的虚伪those who preach one doctrine but live by another 作品：  <Jane Eyre>简爱  <Shirley>雪莉 <Villette>维莱特 <Professor>教师 2. Charles Dickens (1812-1870) Oliver Twist: the dehumanizing workhouse system and the dark, criminal underworld life CharactersBumb

27、le: the parish beadleFagin: an old miserable Jew leads a gang of young thieves.Bill Sikes: a co-leaderNancy: Sikess loverMonks: Edward Leeford, Olivers half brotherMr. Brownlow :the best friend of Olivers fatherRose: Olivers auntMrs. Maylie作品：l On First Looking into Chapmans Homer 初探恰普罗译荷马 Sleep and

28、 Poetry ”睡与诗  Endymion 恩底弥翁  Isabella伊莎贝拉 Four great odes: <Ode on a Grecian Urn>希腊古瓮颂  <Ode to a Nightingale>夜莺颂  <Ode to Psyche>心灵颂  <Ode On Melancholy> 忧郁颂 The 20th CenturyThomas Hardy Tess of the DUrbervillesMain characters Tess Alec DUr

29、bervilleAngel Clare作品: Desperate Remedies, 1871计出无奈The Hand of Ethelberta, 1876埃塞贝妲的婚事 A Pair of Blue Eyes, 1873一双湛蓝的眼睛Two on a Tower, 1882塔中恋人The Well-Beloved, 1897 意中人 Under the Greenwood Tree, 1872 绿荫下Far from the Madding Crowd, 1874 远离尘嚣The Return of the Native, 1878 还乡The Mayor of Casterbridge,

30、 1886 卡斯特桥市长Tess of the d'Urbervilles, 1891德伯家的苔丝Jude the Obscure, 1896 无名的裘德3. 名词解释1.Epic poetrya long, narrative poem written in an elevated style which celebrates the deeds of a legendary hero or god. Epic hero: super human hero.2.Satire Satire is primarily a literary genre体裁 or form. In sati

31、re, vices不道德行为 , follies愚蠢 , abuses不正之风 , and shortcomings are held up to ridicule嘲笑戏弄, ideally with the intent of shaming individuals, and society itself, into improvement. Although satire is usually meant to be funny, its greater purpose is often constructive social criticism, using wit才智 as a wea

32、pon.A common feature of satire is strong irony or sarcasm"in satire, irony is militant好战的”. This "militant" irony or sarcasm often professes to approve of (or at least accept as natural) the very things the satirist wishes to attack. 3.SonnetPoem of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentame

33、ter, restricted to a definite rhyme scheme.There are two prominent types: the Italian, or Petrarchan, sonnet, composed of an octave and a sestet (rhyming abbaabba cdecde), and the Elizabethan, or Shakespearean, sonnet, consisting of three quatrains and a couplet (rhyming abab cdcd efef gg).4. Renais

34、sancein essence, is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to lift the restriction in all areas placed by the

35、 Roman Catholic authorities.5、Novel Broadly speaking, the term novel, apparently derived from Italian Novella, which means “tale or piece of news”, is now applied to any prose work of some length, which tells a story, attempts rounded characterization, amuses, shocks and entertains the reader. In a

36、narrow sense, a novel is a realistic fiction, complete in itself and contains the essential elements of story, character, and setting.6、Metaphysical poemThe name was given to a group of English lyric poets of the 17th cent. The term was first used by Samuel Johnson (1744).The hallmark(标志) of their p

37、oetry is the metaphysical conceit (a figure of speech that employs unusual and paradoxical images), a reliance on intellectual wit, learned imagery, and subtle argument. Although this method was by no means new, these men infused new life into English poetry by the freshness and originality of their

38、 approach. The most important metaphysical poets are John Donne, George Herbert, Henry Vaughan, Abraham Cowley, Richard Crashaw, and Andrew Marvell. Their workhas considerably influenced the poetry of the 20th cent.7、Pride and prejudiceCharacter list: Mr. Bennet, Mrs. Bennet  Jane, Charles Bing

39、ley Mary, Kitty, Elizabeth , Fitzwilliam Darcy  Lydia,George Wickham  Mr. Collins, Charlotte LucasPlot：8、Heroic couplet(英雄偶句诗) it is a traditional form for English poetry; it refers to poems constructed from a sequence of rhyming pairs of iambic pentameter(抑扬格五音步) lines. O could I flo

40、w like thee, and make thy stream My great example, as it is my theme Though deep yet clear, though gentle yet not dull Strong without rage, without oer flowing full9、Oliver twistPlot:Characters:Bumble: the parish beadleFagin: an old miserable Jew leads a gang of young thieves.Bill Sikes: a co-leader

41、Nancy: Sikess loverMonks: Edward Leeford, Olivers half brotherMr. Brownlow :the best friend of Olivers fatherRose: Olivers auntMrs. Maylie10、Victorian AgeQueen Victorian was the ruler of English from 1837 to 1901, so it is customary to call the writing produced during this long stretch of years Vict

42、orian literatureThe age “is one of strenuous activity and dynamic change, of ferment(发酵,骚动) of ideas and recurrent social unrest, of great invention and expansion.”11、BildungsromanIt is, most generally, the story of a single individual's growth and development within the context of a defined soc

43、ial order. The growth process, at its roots a quest story, has been described as both "an apprenticeship to life" and a "search for meaningful existence within society." 12、Ode typically a lyrical verse written in praise of, or dedicated to someone or something which captures the

44、 poet's interest or serves as an inspiration for the ode.13、Humanism express the idea that man has a potential for culture which distinguishes him from lower orders of beings, and which he should strive constantly to fulfillplace emphasis on the dignity of man and the human life in this worldHum

45、anists focus on pleasure rather than morality Individual achievement, breadth of knowledge, and personal aspiration were valued3.文本赏析1. Ode on Gercian Urm第一段：It has existed for centuries without undergoing any changes (it is “unravished”) as it sits quietly on a shelf or table A “foster-child of sil

46、ence and time” because it is has been adopted by silence and time, parents who have conferred on the urn eternal stillness. The urn as a “sylvan historian” because it records a pastoral scene from long ago This scene tells a story (“legend”) in pictures framed with leaves (“leaf-fringd”)a story that the urn tells more charmingly with its images than Keats does with his pen The last stanza records the poets epiphany, his sudden awareness of art in