江苏省淮安市金湖二中高二英语 Book 7 Unit 1 Grammar

1、Book 7 Unit 1 Grammar( Transitive verbs and intransitive verbs)实义动词分为及物动词和不及物动词两类。及物动词与不及物动词的区别从是否需要宾语来分 1)及物动词： 后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的实义动词，叫做及物动词(transitive verb)。如： I believe that the committee will consider our suggestion.我相信委员会将会考虑我们的建议。 2)不及物动词： 本身意义完整后面不须跟宾语的实义动词，叫做不及物动词(intransitive verb)。如： It happen

2、ed in June 1932.这件事发生于一九三二年六月。 She spoke at the meeting yesterday evening. 她在昨天晚上的会上发了言。 3)兼作及物动词和不及物动词： 英语里有不少实义动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。这样的动词又有两种不同的情况： a)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时，意义不变。试比较： Shall I begin at once? 我可以立刻开始吗?(begin作不及物动词) She began working as a librarian after she left school.她毕业后当图书馆管理员。(began作及物动词) Wh

3、en did they leave Chicago?他们是什么时候离开芝加哥的？(leave 作及物动词) They left last week. 他们是上周离开的。(left 作不及物动词) b)兼作及物动词和不及物动词时，有时意义不尽相同。如： Wash your hands before meals.饭前要洗手。 Does this cloth wash well? 这布经得起洗吗? 4) 与汉语的比较 有时英语动词的及物和不及物的用法，与汉语的用法不一样，请注意下列两种情况： a)有的动词在英语里只能用作不及物动词，而汉语则可用作及物动词，如arrive到达，agree同意，1ist

4、en听。英语里这些动词后面常接介词。如： We arrived at the railway station at noon.我们于中午到达火车站。(at不能省去)(比较：We reached the railway station at noon.) Everybody listened to the lecture with great interest.每个人都很有兴趣地听讲课。(to不可省去) Do they agree to the plan? 他们同意这个计划吗?(to不可省去) b)有的动词在英语里能用作及物动词，而在汉语里则不能用作及物动词，如serve为服务。 Our chi

5、ldren are taught to serve the people wholeheartedly.我们的儿童被教以全心全意为人民服务 及物动词后可以加宾语，不及物动词后不可以加宾语！ 如果你想要分得仔细一点就看下面的讲解和例句！ (一) 分清及物不及物: 分清动词的及物不及物是在英语学习中必须解决的首要问题。动词及物与不及物通常有以下几种情况： a主要用作及物动词。及物动词后面必须跟宾语。可以用于："主谓宾"；"主谓双宾"；"主谓宾宾补"结构。如： He reached Paris the day before yesterda

6、y. Please hand me the book over there. They asked me to go fishing with them. 类似的还有：buy, catch, invent, found, like, observe, offer, prevent, promise, raise, find, forget, receive, regard, see, say, seat, supply, select, suppose, show, make, take, tell. b主要用作不及物的动词。不及物动词后面不跟宾语。只能用与："主谓"结构。

7、 This is the room where I once lived. 类似的还有：agree, go, work, listen, look, come, die, belong, fall, exist, rise, arrive, sit, sail, hurry, fail, succeed. c既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的动词，其意义不变。如begin 都是作"开始"讲。类似的还有：start, answer, sing, close, consider, insist, read, learn, prepare, pay, hurt, improve.

8、d既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的动词，其意义完全不同。 这类动词作不及物动词是一个意义；而作及物动词时却是另一个意义。如lift作不及物动词时指： （东西）被提/抬/举起 还可指（云雾等）"消散"；（心情）变舒畅The baggage is so heavy; it wont lift a bit.这行李太重了，根本提不起来。we saw the mountain when the clouds lifted.If you feel sad, sing a song and your blues will lift. 作及物动词时是"升高；举起"。 H

9、e lifted his glass and drank. 类似的还有：beat vi.跳动 vt. 敲、打; grow vi.生长 vt. 种植 play vi.玩耍 vt. 打（牌、球）,演奏 smell vi.发出（气味） vt. 嗅 ring vi.（电话、铃）响vt.打电话 speak vi.讲话 vt. 说（语言） hang vi. 悬挂 vt. 绞死 operate vi.动手术 vt. 操作 及物动词不需要介词 在英语错误中，"及物动词介词宾语"（transitive verb+preposition+object），是常见的一种。所谓及物动词，就是谓语动词

10、（predicative verb），不必通过介词引荐宾语。相反的，不及物动词（intransitive verb）是不带宾语的。有许多动词，虽然性质是及物的，但不一定要有宾语，如下列的a和a便是这种情形： a. We study every day. b. Do you study English every day. a. Please write clearly next time. b. Can you write your composition now? 如果本质上就是不及物动词，就不会有宾语；若要宾语，就要借介词之助，一起连用才行，如b和b; a和a是错的； a. The chi

11、ldren are listening the music. b. The children are listening to the music. a. She is laughing the crippled man. b. She is laughing at the crippled man. 反之，及物动词不必靠介词，就可以带宾语，如上述的b和b ，又如和 ： John is giving a book to me. Who will answer this question? 如果无意中把介词加上，就错了，如： Who will answer to this question? 下

12、列这句从房地产广告中看到的句子，也犯了同样的错： "We have many buyers awaiting for available units here." "Awaiting"是个及物动词，后面的介词"for"是多余的，要去掉；不然把"awaiting"改为"waiting for"也行。 许多人习惯上喜欢把介词加到及物动词后面，然后才带出宾语。最常见的是"emphasize/stress on/upon"和"discuss about"，如： S

13、ingaporeans seem to have emphasized on material gains. In our education system, we stress upon examination results. World leaders spent a lot of time discussing about worsening economic problems. 显然，这三句里的介词"on/upon"和"about"是多余的，不必要的。 下面是些类似的错误：Nothing can escape from his parents&

14、#39; eyes. Do you hope to serve for your nation? When did Susan marry with Paul? 介词"from, for, with"都要去掉才对。 为什么会有这些错误呢？主因是分不清楚及物动词和不及物动词的性质。其次，就是对同一个动词及其名词的句型有些混淆。被动语态用法概述1.被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，由“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词构成。使用被动语态时，应特别注意以下几点：(1)少数被动语态也可用“get(become，come，feel，go，grow，look，seem等)+过去分词”构成，但

15、这种构成后面一般不接by短语He got burnt in the accidentFruit easily goes rotten in hot weather(2)动词clean，close，cook，cut，keep，lock，open，read，run，sell，shut，wash，wear，write等与well，smoothly，easily，badly等修饰语连用，说明主语的内在“品质”或“性能”时，用主动语态代替被动语态。This meat cooks at least two hours. 这肉至少要煮两个小时。 Will this food keep in hot weat

16、her? 这种食品在热天能经久不坏吗? The sign reads“No Smoking”The machine runs wellEggs sell by the dozen. 蛋按打出售。 This oil painting sells for 500 dollars. 这幅油画售价五百元。 Is that item selling? 那商品好销吗? I'm sure your idea will sell. 我相信你的观点能被接受。The door won't shutThis kind of cloth washes well and lasts longThe pe

17、n writes smoothly(3)表示状态特征的连系动词feel，look，prove，smell，sound，stay，taste等，用主动语态表达被动意义。Cotton feels soft Good medicine tastes bitterEinstein's theory proved true(4)下列动词后没接反身代词作宾语时要用被动语态：devote，dress，hide，lose，seat，station等。I was seated in the front of the classroomThe boy was hidden behind the treeT

18、he boy was soon lost in the book (=The boy soon lost himself in the book.) 这男孩不久便专心地看起书来。 Two guards were stationed at the gate. 在大门口有两名警卫站岗。 (5)不及物动词不能用被动语态，但不及物动词加上相应的副词或介词，使之相当于一个及物动词，则此动词短语可用被动语态。但其后的副词或介词不能丢。The girl is looked after carefullyWomen were looked down upon in the past(6)下列动词(短语)不能用

19、被动语态：cost，enter，fit(合身)，happen，have，hold(容纳)，join，last，occur，own，reach，spread，suit(适合)，wish，add up to，belong to，burst forth，come about，come true，come up，lose heart，take place，break out，die out，give out(精疲力竭)，go out，run out等。The car cost him around ten thousand US dollars. 这车花去他一万美元左右。 The error cost

20、 the company one million pounds. 这错误使公司损失了一百万英镑。 The film lasts about two hoursA cry of horror burst forth from the children. 孩子们中间突然发出一声惊叫。How did the quarrel come about?A number of questions came up at the meeting.会议上提出了许多问题。(come up“被提出,被讨论”)Our food soon ran out. 我们的食物不久就吃光了。 (run out “被用完,被耗尽”)

21、(7)某些可用于“主语+谓语+主补”结构中的不及物动词，如wear，blow等，其主动结构表达被动意义。The cloth has worn thinThe door blew open (8)省略to的不定式作宾补变成被动语态的主补时要加to。His grandfather was made to work day and night in the past(9)在“be + adj.+不定式”结构中，做表语形容词状语的不定式中的动词要用主动形式。因为不定式表示的动作与主语之间存在动宾关系，不定式常用主动形式表示被动意义。此结构中常见的表示事物的性质、特征的形容词有：comfortable，

22、dangerous，heavy，impossible，interesting，light，nice，pleasant， difficult， easyfit，hard等。Cotton is more comfortable to wear than nylon.  棉布比尼龙穿着舒服。The question is difficult to answer This bag is heavy to carryThis story is not interesting enough to publishThe water is not fit to drink（10）在there be句型中，可用不定式主动式表示被动意义。There is another exercise to do注意：区别 There is nothing to do There is nothing to be done .(11)在“be + to blame”结构中，常用主动式表示被动意义。Nobody was to blame for the accident(12)少数含有持续状态的动词，如print，publish，cook等习惯用进行时表示被动意义。 The teachers reference-books